Exam 2

43) The protein known as _____ is used to make ATP during the electron transport system.

ATPase

What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?

Electrochemical gradient

Water moves via osmosis _______.

From an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

Hydrolysis

31) A balloon with a semipermeable membrane is filled with freshwater and placed in a container of saltwater. The balloon is

Hypotonic

What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

Identification of the cell

Exclusive anaerobes would not be expected to possess which organelle?

Mitochondrion

Which organelles are believed to have originated as single-celled free-living bacteria that evolved a beneficial relationship with the larger cells that consumed them?

Mitochondrion

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as:

Phagocytosis

Cellulose and starch are example or:

Polysaccharides

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by ________.

Vacuoles

20) The cytoskeletal protein network includes

a) Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers

37) A small, ionic molecule needs to be transported across a membrane. Which factor decides if it uses facilitated diffusion or active transport?

c) If it's going down or against the concentration gradient

33) A difference between enzymes and transport proteins is

c) Only enzymes catalyze reactions

12) What kind of bond is used to bond amino acids together to form polypeptide chains?

c) Peptide bonds

46) During the pre-Krebs stage, _______ is used to make _______.

c) Pyruvate; acetyl CoA

39) Throughout aerobic fermentation, NAD+ is ________ to form NADH (and an accompanying H+).

c) Reduced

Although the summary balanced chemical equation for the most common form of glycolysis indicates a single reaction step to get from glucose to pyruvate, this process is known to require _____ enzymatically mediated steps?

10

For each glucose molecule, how many cycles does the Krebs cycle compete?

2

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?

By expelling more cations than are taken in.

27) Proteins found within a membrane are _____ while proteins found on the surface of a membrane are ______.

b) Integral proteins; peripheral proteins

21) The smallest components of the cytoskeleton are _______ and they are an important part of ________.

b) Microfilaments; muscle contraction (Actin Filaments)

9) Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

b) The type of sugar

45) How many NET ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration?

c) 36

25) What do all cells have?

c) A cellular membrane

6) A monoglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and

c) A fatty acid

28) Cellular membranes are selectively permeable. Which of the following molecules could passively cross a cell membrane?

c) A small, nonpolar molecule

44) Using a H+ gradient to do work is an example of

c) Chemiosmosis

34) A small ion moving down its concentration gradient would use

c) Facilitated diffusion

1) Which of the following monomers are correctly matched with their polymer?

c) Fatty acid and glycerol; lipid

49) An example of organisms/cells that use facultative fermentation are

c) Human muscle cells

18) What does the rough ER possess that the smooth ER does not?

c) Ribosomes (Nucleous)

30) Which of the following modes of transport across membranes is not passive?

d) Active transport

41) During which stage of aerobic respiration does oxygen act as the final electron acceptor?

d) Electron transport system

The tertiary structure of proteins are

d) Folding pattern caused by R groups

26) Which of the following is not a major component of cell membranes?

d) Ionic compounds

8) Which of the following macromolecules is incorrectly matched with one of its functions?

d) Nucleic acids (store genetic information): precursors to hormones(steroids)

13) Which of the following statements are true?

d) Only eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus

35) The proteins involved in active transport are

d) Protein pumps

15) The organelle responsible for protein synthesis is

Ribosomes

Which of the following refers to the substance with which an enzyme interacts?

Substrate

11) What would be the complementary strand to the following DNA strand: ATTCGATGC?

TAAGCTACG

What is the highest level of structure or Organization exhibited by insulin which is the primary (protein) hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in mammals?

Tertiary

Chemiosmosis involves _______.

The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?

The nucleoplasm

Phospholipids are important components of _______.

The plasma membrane of cells

40) During glycolysis, one glucose molecule produces

a) 4 ATP b) 2 NADH c) 2 pyruvate

42) The Krebs cycle produces

a) 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

14) A bacterial cell would possess

a) A nucleoid

38) Energy releasing pathways resulting from the breakdown of macromolecules is

a) Catabolism

2) A function of proteins is

a) Components of membranes b) Defense c) Hormones

5) The reaction used to bond monomers together to make longer polymers is a ______ reaction.

a) Dehydration-removal of water

47) What series of reactions are used in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?

a) Glycolysis

10) Which of the following statements about DNA is true?

a) It forms a double helix

23) Prokaryotic cells lack which cytoskeletal fiber?

a) Microtubules b) Microfilaments c) Intermediate fibers

24) Which of the following is not a difference between plant and animal cells?

a) Plant cells have cell walls instead of cell membranes like animal cells

16) The organelle responsible for receiving, completing, and "packaging" proteins would also

a) Store proteins b) Produce vesicles c) Synthesize polysaccharides

32) Osmosis occurs

a) When solutes in an aqueous solution cannot cross a membrane

19) The mitochondria are thought to be an example of endosymbiosis because

a)They have two membranes b) They have their own DNA and ribosomes

36) The most common protein pump in animal cells transports

b) 2 K+ in for 3 Na+ out

48) Fermentation pathways produce a total of ____ molecules of ATP.

b) 4

7) Phospholipids are

b) Amphipathic- part of it is polar and the other part is nonpolar

22) Microtubules

b) Are the largest fiber in the cytoskeleton

17) Lysosomes are responsible for

b) Breaking down macromolecules with enzymes

4) _______ is/are an important structural component of plant cell walls.

b) Cellulose- beta for linkage

50) Which of the following are products of the 2 fermentation pathways

b) Ethanol and lactic acid

29) The model used to describe cellular membranes is the

b) Fluid mosaic model

How many NADH molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle during the breakdown of a single glucose molecule?

6

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A cell that makes steroid hormones

A reducing chemical reaction _______.

Adds an electron to the substrate.

Bacteria that lack fimbria are less likely to _____.

Adhere to cell surfaces

Which of the following is associated with water transport across a membrane?

Aquaporin

What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?

Carbon dioxide

Chemical pathways that release energy by breaking the bonds of complex molecules (which can be used to do work) are referred to collectively as:

Catabolism

Which enzyme, associated with peroxisomes, is responsible for breaking down highly reactive hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen before it can cause damage to the cell?

Catalase

The _____ is the basic unit of life.

Cell

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?

Cellulose

Which of the following is an alternative name for the Krebs cycle (named after its discoverer Hans Krebs)?

Citric Acid Cycle

The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the _______.

Concentration gradient

What of the following refers to the unfolding of a protein?

Denaturing

Prokaryotes depend on _____ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes.

Diffusion

Although animal cells lack cell walls, their cells are supported by a mixture of proteins and polysaccharides called the:

Extracellular matrix

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Lactic acid fermentation

Which of the following organelles does not possess a double membrane?

Lysosome

During aerobic cellular respiration, where does ATP form?

Matrix of the mitochondrion

The energy molecule, ATP, is most closely related to which monomers (I.e. building blocks of macromolecules)?

Nucleotides

Which of the following would not be considered part of a cell's cytoplasm?

Nucleus

What type of bond is produced when the carboxyl group of one amino acid react (and bonds) with the amino group of another amino acid?

Peptide

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

Protein

Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?

Provide energy for muscle movement