Exam 2 A&P

Which of the following is/are mechanism(s) to end neural transmission at the neuromuscular junction? -ACh binds to ACh receptors. -ACh is taken up by the axon terminal via endocytosis. -ACh is broken down into acetic acid and choline by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). -ACh diffuses away from the synaptic cleft.

-ACh is broken down into acetic acid and choline by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). -ACh diffuses away from the synaptic cleft.

Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings. Word Bank: brachi, capit, orb, syn, quad The prefix ________- means "arm." The prefix ________- means "head." The prefix ________- means "circular." The prefix ________- means "together." The prefix ________- means "four."

-The prefix brachi- means "arm." -The prefix capit- means "head." -The prefix orb- means "circular." -The prefix syn- means "together." -The prefix quad- means "four."

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings. Word Bank:quadriceps , orbicularis occuli, synergist, capitis, brachialis The ___________ femoris is a four-headed muscle in the thigh. The _________ is located in the arm and flexes the elbow. The ____________is a circular muscle surrounding the eye. A ________ and a prime mover work together to produce a movement. Seminspinalis _________extends and rotates the head.

-The quadriceps femoris is a four-headed muscle in the thigh. -The brachialis is located in the arm and flexes the elbow. -The orbicularis occuli is a circular muscle surrounding the eye. -A synergist and a prime mover work together to produce a movement. -Seminspinalis capitis extends and rotates the head.

Rank the sequence of cross bridge cycling, starting with the myosin-binding sites being exposed and ending with relaxation due to cross bridge cycling ending. Do not overlap any events. top: first event-> last

1. Myosin head forms cross bridge with actin 2. Power stroke moves thin filament 3. ATP attaches to myosin head 4. Cross bridges detach from actin 5. Myosin head is re-energized 6. Calcium ions pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum 7. Calcium ion concentration decreases below the threshold for binding to troponin 8. Myosin binding sites covered

Sequence of Events at the Neuromuscular Junction: The site where a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction. 1.Ca2+ enters the axon terminal. 2.Synaptic vesicles release ACh. 3.ACh binds to ACh receptors 4.Ligand-gated cation channels open. 5.Na+ enters and K+ exits. 6.Membrane potential is less negative.

1.Ca2+ enters the axon terminal. 2.Synaptic vesicles release ACh. 3.ACh binds to ACh receptors 4.Ligand-gated cation channels open. 5.Na+ enters and K+ exits. 6.Membrane potential is less negative.

the measurements of different regions of the sarcomere to their respective locations (bins) to describe what happens during the sliding filament mechanism of sarcomere shortening Word Bank: Length of I band, Length of H zone, Distance between Z discs, Length of A band, Length of thick filament, and Length of thin filament Decrease in length: No chance in length or distance: Increases in length or distance:

Decrease in length:(I, H, Z) Length of I band, Length of H zone, Distance between Z discs No chance in length or distance: (A, Thick, Thin) Length of A band, Length of thick filament, Length of thin filament Increases in length or distance:

During the crossbridge cycle, what binds actin to pull the thin filament past the thick filament closer to the M line? a. Myosin head b. Sarcomere c. Tropomyosin d. Troponin

Myosin head

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings: endomysium, epimysium, myofibril, sacromere. -The connective tissue covering an individual muscle fiber is the: -The connective tissue covering on the outside of a whole muscle is the: -The part of a muscle fiber that contracts is called a/an: -The connective tissue covering around a fascicle is the: perimysium -The structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle is called a/an:

The connective tissue covering an individual muscle fiber is the: endomysium The connective tissue covering on the outside of a whole muscle is the: epimysium The part of a muscle fiber that contracts is called a/an: myofibril The connective tissue covering around a fascicle is the: perimysium The structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle is called a/an: sacromere

Match these prefixes to their meanings. The prefix _________- means "flesh." The prefix _________- means "muscle." The prefix _________- means "within" or "inner." The prefix _________- means "above," "upon" or "over." The prefix _________i- means "around."

The prefix sarco- means "flesh." The prefix myo- means "muscle." The prefix endo- means "within" or "inner." The prefix epi- means "above," "upon" or "over." The prefix peri- means "around."

T or F: The muscle named gluteus maximus tells us two facts: 1) it is located in the buttocks (gluteus), and 2) it is a large muscle (maximus).

True

A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected? a. A series of proteins that control calcium release. b. Voltage-gated sodium channels. c. Myosin cross-bridge binding sites. d. Potassium leak channels.

a. A series of proteins that control calcium release.

What do skeletal muscle contractions share in common with smooth muscle contractions? a. Both types of contractions result from thick and thin filaments sliding past one another. b. Both types of contractions do not require calcium ions for a contraction to occur. c. Both types of contractions consume very little ATP. d. Both types of contractions generate little force or a weak force.

a. Both types of contractions result from thick and thin filaments sliding past one another.

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers? a. Calcium ions. b. Action potentials. c. Sodium ions. d. Acetylcholine.

a. Calcium ions.

The inferior oblique muscle of the eye pulls the anterior eye superiorly and laterally, meaning the right eye would move how? a. It would roll up and to the right. b. It would roll down and to the right. c. It would roll down and to the left. d. It would roll up and to the left

a. It would roll up and to the right.

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle? a. Smooth muscle cells contain actin and myosin. b. It can be controlled voluntarily. c. It has striations and sarcomeres. d. Muscle contraction does not depend on calcium ions.

a. Smooth muscle cells contain actin and myosin.

The muscle that generates the most power during elbow flexion is the __________. a. brachialis b. triceps brachii c. biceps brachii d. brachioradialis

a. brachialis

The levator ani muscle group inserts on the: a. coccyx. b. iliac crest. c. sacrum. d. ischial spine.

a. coccyx.

Where is the origin of the frontalis muscle? a. epicranial aponeurosis b. mandible c. frontal bone d. occipital bone

a. epicranial aponeurosis

Wrist abduction occurs through the actions of __________ muscles. a. four b. two c. five d. three

a. four

What is the basic function of all muscle tissue? a. generate muscle tension b. regulate body temperature c. stabilize joints d. produce voluntary contractions

a. generate muscle tension

The origin of the long head of the triceps brachii is on the __________. a. infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula b. olecranon process of the ulna c. anterior shaft of the humerus d. posterior shaft of the humerus

a. infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

The trapezius muscle may be separated into all of the following groups, except __________. a. lateral b. inferior c. superior d. middle

a. lateral

To keep the humeral head centered within the glenoidal cavity the rotator cuff muscles must be __________. a. located in the same plane b. located anteriorly c. located posteriorly d. located distally

a. located in the same plane

Which of the following is a neck muscle? a. platysma b. mentalis c. gracilis d. serratus anterior

a. platysma

The two heads of the biceps brachii muscle come together distally to insert on the __________. a. radial tuberosity b. deltoid tuberosity c. ulnar tuberosity d. styloid process of the radius

a. radial tuberosity

What is the functional contractile unit of the myofibril where muscle tension is produced? a. sarcomere b. I band c. A band d. Sarcolemma

a. sarcomere

The neck muscles, with an origin at the sternum and clavicle, and an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone, are the __________. a. sternocleidomastoid muscles b. scalene muscles c. trapezius muscles d. platysma muscles

a. sternocleidomastoid muscles

What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma? a. transverse or T tubules b. terminal cisternae d. motor endplates e. sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. transverse or T tubules

Which of the following is NOT a role of ATP in muscle contraction? a. Exposing myosin binding sites on actin b. Detaching the cross bridge from actin c. Transporting calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. Energizing the power stroke of the cross bridge

a.Exposing myosin binding sites on actin

Which of the following statements about muscles of the forearm is true? a. Contraction of the pronator quadratus and the supinator results in forearm pronation. b. The pronator teres originates on the medial epicondyle and inserts on the radius. c. The pronator quadratus is a two-headed muscle. d. The pronator quadratus originates on the radius and inserts on the ulna.

b. The pronator teres originates on the medial epicondyle and inserts on the radius.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the sliding filament mechanism? a. Z discs slide over the thick and thin filaments. b. Thin filaments slide past thick filaments towards the M line. c. Thick filaments shorten while thin filaments remain unchanged. d. Both thick and thin filaments shorten

b. Thin filaments slide past thick filaments towards the M line.

A reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be called __________. a. abduction b. adduction c. extension d. flexion

b. adduction

Which of the following muscles is not part of the shoulder? a. supraspinatus b. brachialis c. infraspinatus d. subscapularis

b. brachialis

An origin of the supinator is the __________. a. supinator crest of the humerus b. lateral epicondyl of the humerus c. radius d. ulna

b. lateral epicondyl of the humerus

Which of the following proteins is a component of thick filaments? a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. tropomyosin

b. myosin

Which of the following muscles is NOT associated with the mouth? a. depressor labii inferioris b. orbicularis oculi c. orbicularis oris d. depressor anguli oris

b. orbicularis oculi

The muscles that extend the forearm are located __________. a. anteriorly b. posteriorly c. laterally d. medially

b. posteriorly

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the: a. sarcoplasmic reticulum. b. sarcolemma. c. sarcomere. d. myofibril.

b. sarcolemma.

The action of rising up on your toes is an example of a __________. a. first-class lever b. second-class lever c. third-class lever d. fourth-class lever

b. second-class lever

All fibers of the trapezius muscle are innervated by the __________. a. axillary nerve b. spinal accessory nerve c. coxal nerve d. scapular nerve

b. spinal accessory nerve

This is a __________. a. muscle fiber b. thin filament c. thick filament d. sarcomere

b. thin filament

Which of the following proteins forms elastic filaments? a. troponin b. titin c. actin d. myosin

b. titin

Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as: a. myofibrils. b. transverse tubules (T-tubules). c. myofilaments. d. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

b. transverse tubules (T-tubules).

Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction? a. Sodium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction. b. Voltage-sensitive proteins change shape. c. Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction. d. Action potentials propagate into the interior of the skeletal muscle fiber.

c. Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process? a. Excitation refers to the propagation of action potentials along the axon of a motor neuron. b. Excitation refers to the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. c. Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action pot entials along the sarcolemma. d. Excitation refers to the shape change that occurs in voltage-sensitive proteins in the sarcolemma.

c. Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.

Predict the name that might be assigned to a muscle that attaches to the sternum and the hyoid bone. a. Hyosternum b. Deltoid c. Sternohyoid d. Sternocleidomastoid

c. Sternohyoid -In nomenclature, the origin comes first, then the insertion.

The temporalis muscle is involved in mastication, or chewing. It has attachments to the temporal bone and the mandible. ____ serves as the origin, and ____ is the insertion.. a. Lever, Fulcrum b. Mandible; temporal c. Temporal; mandible d. Fulcrum; lever

c. Temporal; mandible

The location of the rotator cuff muscles in relation to the glenohumoral joint minimizes the upward pressure against the __________. a. coracoid process of the scapula b. clavicle c. acromion of the scapula d. humerus

c. acromion of the scapula

Which of the following muscles is named for its action? a. biceps brachii b. deltoid c. adductor magnus d. gluteus maximus

c. adductor magnus

Which of the following is not true of the deep fascia of the leg? a. aids in venous return b. separates anterior and posterior muscles c. an insertion for the majority of lower leg muscles d. prevents excess swelling of the muscles

c. an insertion for the majority of lower leg muscles

Forearm supination is assisted by the __________. a. triceps b. brachiibrachioradialis c. biceps brachii d. supinator

c. biceps brachii

The actions of the muscles that cross the hip do not include __________. a. extension b. flexion c. inversion d. medial rotation

c. inversion

To allow for flexion, the __________ unlocks the knee joint. a. biceps femoris b. semimembranosus c. popliteus d. sartorius

c. popliteus

When the diaphragm contracts, __________. a. there is flexion at the waist b. the urethra is compressed c. the volume of the thoracic cavity increases d. the ribs are pulled closer together

c. the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

The act of smiling involves which of the following muscles? a. depressor anguli oris b. orbicularis oris c. zygomaticus major d. buccinator

c. zygomaticus major

Which of the following is responsible for muscle relaxation? a. Sodium ions enter into the sarcoplasm through voltage-gated channels. b. Calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterns during depolarization of the T tubule. c. ATP binds to the myosin head to cause cross bridge detachment. d. Calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm by active transport.

d. Calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm by active transport.

Which of the following statements about muscles of the elbow joint is true? a. The biceps brachii has two heads that share the same origin site. b. The brachioradialis originates and inserts on the ulna. c. The biceps brachii is a posterior extensor. d. None of these statements is correct.

d. None of these statements is correct.

What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated? a. Motor neurons always innervate thousands of skeletal muscle fibers. b. A skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by multiple motor neurons. c. A motor neuron typically innervates only one skeletal muscle fiber. d. Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.

d. Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.

Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called __________. a. adduction b. flexion c. extension d. abduction

d. abduction

A muscle that opposes or slows an action is called a(n) __________. a. fixator b. synergist c. agonist d. antagonist

d. antagonist

Triceps brachii and biceps brachii perform opposing actions and are classified as: a. synergists. b. agonists. c. prime movers. d. antagonists.

d. antagonists.

Of the nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the humerus, which muscle is considered to be a prime mover? a. pectoralis minor b. supraspinatus c. coracobrachialis d. deltoid

d. deltoid

The prime mover of wrist extension is the __________. a. extensor carpi radialis longus b. extensor carpi radialis brevis c. extensor carpi ulnaris d. extensor digitorum

d. extensor digitorum

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of ventilation, or breathing? a. external intercostal muscles b. internal intercostal muscles c. diaphragm d. external oblique muscle

d. external oblique muscle

Eversion of the foot is a function of the __________. a. extensor digitorum b. tibialis anterior c. extensor hallucis d. fibularis longus

d. fibularis longus

Which protein does NOT belong in a thin filament? a. troponin b. actin c. tropomyosin d. myosin

d. myosin

The most powerful movement at the ankle joint is __________, and the ________ is one of the prime movers of this movement. a. dorsiflexion; tibialis anterior b. plantar flexion; tibialis anterior c. dorsiflexion; gastrocnemius d. plantar flexion; gastrocnemius

d. plantar flexion; gastrocnemius

The name flexor pollicis brevis refers to a __________. a. long muscle that extends the fingers b. short chest muscle involved in flexion c. deep muscle that flexes the fingers d. short muscle that flexes the thumb

d. short muscle that flexes the thumb

Which extrinsic eye muscle elevates the eye upward, as in looking up? a. inferior rectus muscle b. medial rectus muscle c. inferior oblique muscle d. superior rectus muscle

d. superior rectus muscle

The prime mover of dorsiflexion is the __________. a. fibularis tertius b. extensor digitorum longus c. extensor hallucis longus d. tibialis anterior

d. tibialis anterior

The prime mover of elbow extension is the __________. a. anconeus b. biceps brachii c. brachialis d. triceps brachii

d. triceps brachii