Exam 2 Abnormal
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Exaggerated emotional reactions, approaching theatricality, in everyday behavior.
Passive Avoidance
Correct responses involve learning to avoid responding to a previously punished stimulus.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of poor impulse control and instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image
Graduated Exposure
a procedure in which clients gradually expose themselves to increasingly challenging anxiety-provoking situations
Marijuana
a psychoactive substance derived from the hemp plant whose primary active ingredient is THC
Depressant
a psychoactive substance that causes the depression of central nervous system activity
Sedative
a psychoactive substance that has a calming effect on the CNS o Medications include:
Stimulant
a psychoactive substance that has an activating effect on the central nervous system
Heroin
a psychoactive substance that is a form of opioid, synthesized from morphine
Opioid
a psychoactive substance that relieves pain
Tics
a rapid, recurring, involuntary movement or vocalization
Methamphetamine
an addictive stimulant drug that is related to amphetamine but provokes more intense central nervous system effects
Anxiolytic
an anti-anxiety medication
Pathways Model
approach to pathological gambling, which predicts that there are three main paths leading to three subtypes
Elimination Disorders
are characterized by age-inappropriate incontinence and are generally diagnosed in childhood • Enuresis: bed wetting or urination in their clothing after the age when they should be toilet trained • Encopresis: child who is at least 4 years old repeatedly has bowel movements either in its clothes or in another inappropriate place.
Derealization
condition in which people feel as though they are living in a dream and that their surroundings are not real. Feel a sense unreality or detachment from their surroundings
Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition
conditions in which a client's physical illness is adversely affected by one or more psychological states such as depression, stress, denial of diagnosis, or engaging in poor or even dangerous health-related behaviors
Separation Anxiety Disorder
A childhood disorder characterized by intense and inappropriate anxiety, lasting at least 4 weeks, concerning separation from home or caregivers.
Substance Use Disorder
A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life o impaired control, o social impairment, o risky use o pharmacological changes
Hoarding Disorder
A compulsion in which people have persistent difficulties discarding things, even if they have little value
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
A disorder characterized by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness that results in significant family or school problems Generally becomes evident between ages 8 and 12 Often progresses into a conduct disorder
Factitious Disorder
A disorder in which people fake symptoms or disorder not for the purpose of any particular gain, but because of an inner need to maintain a sick role *Munchausen's Syndrome *Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy
Reactive Attachment Disorder
A disorder involving a severe disturbance in the ability to relate to others.
Malingering
A fabrication of physical or psychological symptoms for some ulterior motive *Not an actual diagnosis of DSM-5
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a lack of regard for society's moral or legal standards and an impulsive and risky lifestyle
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
A personality disorder involving intense perfectionism and inflexibility manifested in worrying, indecisiveness, and behavioral rigidity.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A personality disorder whose outstanding feature is that the individual is unduly suspicious of others and is always on guard against potential danger or harm.
Psychopathy
A personality type characterized by a cluster of traits that constitutes the core of what is now called antisocial personality disorder
Hassles
A relatively minor event that can cause stress
Pain Disorder
A somatoform disorder in which only the symptom is pain that has no physiological basis
Caffeine
A stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks, diet pills, and headache remedies
Personality Trait
An enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
An impulse-control disorder involving an inability to hold back urges to express strong angry feelings and associated violent behaviors. • The rage shown by people with this disorder is out of proportion to any particular provocation or stress, and their actions are not premeditated. Afterward, they feel either significantly distressed, suffer interpersonal or occupational consequences, or may suffer financial or legal consequences. • Estimated 4 to 7 percent of people in the U.S. population have intermittent explosive disorder; • Treatment • SSRIs, mood stabilizers • Cognitive behavioral therapy
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Assesses life stress in terms of life change units (LCU)
Naltroxone
Blocks the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids, through involving dopamine
Uplifts
Events that boost your feelings of well-being
Anxiety Disorders
Disorders characterized by intense, irrational, and incapacitating apprehension Most prevalent of all psychological disorders Lifetime prevalence of 28.8 percent and a 12 month prevalence of 18 percent
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Indifference to social and sexual relationships, Prefer to be alone, No desire to love or be loved, Cold, reserved, withdrawn, Insensitive to feelings of others
Personality Disorder
Ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, Dating back to adolescence or early adulthood
Insanity Defense Reform Act
Meant that people with personality disorders would no longer be able to plead insanity.
Type A Behavior Pattern
Pattern of behaviors that include being hard-driving, competitive impatient, cynical, suspicious of and hostile toward others, and easily irritated
Emotional Focused Coping Strategy
Person does not change the situation itself but tries to improve his or her feelings about the situation
Excoriation
Recurrent picking at one's own skin which can be healthy skin, or skin with mild irregularities.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Reduce the frequency of self-destructive acts and to improve the client's ability to handle disturbing emotions, such as anger and dependency.
Acomprosate
Reduces the risk of relapse by reducing the individual's urge to drink and thereby reducing the drive to use alcohol as a way of reducing anxiety and other negative psychological states
Cluster C
The anxious and fearful behaviors (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, which share anxious and fearful behaviors.)
Cluster B
The dramatic and emotional behaviors (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, which share overdramatic, emotional, and erratic or unpredictable attitudes and behaviors.)
Competency to Stand Trial
a prediction by a mental health expert of the defendant's cognitive and emotional stability during the period of the trial.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
The individual desires, but is fearful of, any involvement with other people and is terrified at the prospect of being publicly embarrassed
Dependent Personality Disorder
The individual is extremely passive
Problem Focused Coping Strategy
The individual reduces stress by acting to change whatever makes the situation stressful
Cluster A
The odd and eccentric behaviors (Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders, which share the features of odd and eccentric behavior.)
Retrograde Amnesia
amnesia involving loss of memory for past events
Maturation Hypothesis
The proposition that people with antisocial personality and the other Cluster B disorders become better able to manage their behaviors as they age.
Nicotine
The psychoactive substance found in cigarettes
Anxiety
The sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future
HIPAA
US legislation intended to ensure adequate coverage and protect consumers from loss of insurance coverage when they change or lose their jobs o Title I- protects workers and their families from loss of health insurance o Title II- regulates the ways in which providers and insurance companies
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Unrealistic, inflated sense of self-importance and lack of sensitivity to other people's needs
Guardian ad Litem
a person appointed by the court to represent or make decisions for a person (e.g. a minor or an incapacitated adult) who is legally incapable of doing so in a civil legal proceeding
Anterograde Amnesia
amnesia involving the inability to remember new info
Flooding
a behavioral technique in which the client is immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation in its entirety
Imaginal Flooding
a behavioral technique in which the client is immersed through the imagination in the feared situation
Relaxation Training
a behavioral technique used in the treatment of anxiety disorders that involves progressive and systematic patterns of muscle tensing and relaxing
Substance
a chemical that alters a person's mood or behavior when it is smoked, injected, drunk, inhaled or swallowed in pill form
Thought Stopping
a cognitive-behavioral method in which the client learns to stop having anxiety-provoking thoughts
Factitious Disorder by Proxy
a condition in which a person induces physical symptoms in another person who is under that person's care
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
a disorder in which agoraphobia is considered to be a subcategory within panic disorder
Dissociative Fatigue
a dissociative disorder in which a person, confused about personal identity, suddenly and unexpectedly travels to another place and is unable to recall past history or identity
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
a dissociative disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
Dissociative Identity Disorder
a dissociative disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, in which an individual develops more than one self or personality *At least two distinct identities *Has not been found in other countries *Possibly due to roleplaying at therapists suggestion
Inhalants
a diverse group of substances that cause psychoactive effects by producing chemical vapors
Psilocybin
a form of a hallucinogenic drug found in certain mushrooms
PCP
a form of a hallucinogenic drug originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic • Symptoms that mimic schizophrenia, mood disturbance, memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, weight loss, and depression
LSD
a form of a hallucinogenic drug that users ingest in tablets, capsules, and liquid form
Peyote
a form of a hallucinogenic drug whose primary ingredient is mescaline
Wernicke's Disease
a form of aphasia in which the individual is able to produce language but has lost the ability to comprehend, so that these verbal productions have no meaning
Ecstasy
a hallucinogenic drug made from a synthetic substance chemically similar to methamphetamine and mescaline
Cocaine
a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that an individual snorts, injects, or smokes
Insanity
a legal term that refers to the individual's lack of moral responsibility for committing criminal acts
Substance Dependence
a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by a cluster or cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms during a 12-month period and caused by the continued use of a substance
Buprenorphine
a medication used in the treatment of heroin addiction
Naltrexone
a medication used in the treatment of heroin addiction
Panic Attack
a period of intense fear and physical discomfort accompanied by the feeling that one is being overwhelmed and is about to lose control
Korsakoff's Syndrome
a permanent form of dementia associated with long-term alcohol use in which the individual develops retrograde and anterograde amnesia, leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information.
Compulsion
a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules. Carried out in an effort to neutralize the obsession
Illness Anxiety Disorder
a somatic symptoms disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal bodily functions as signs of serious illness *Hypocondriases
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
a somatoform disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with the idea that a part of their body is ugly or defective *Frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder, social phobia, OCD, and eating disorders
Somatization Disoder
a somatoform disorder in which multiple and recurrent bodily symptoms, which lack a physiological basis, are the expression of psychological issues *Multiple Body Systems
Conversion Disorder
a somatoform disorder involving the translation of unacceptable drives or troubling conflicts into physical symptoms Only involves one body system Wide ranger of physical ailments -Pseudoseizures, movement disorder, paralysis, weakness, disturbance of speech, blindness, and other sensory disorders, cognitive impairment Generally shows up between ages 10 - 35 years of age More common in women Virtually all clients with this do not suffer from a true medical illness
Amphetamine
a stimulant that affects both the central nervous and the autonomic nervous systems
Substituted Judgment
a subjective analysis of what the client would decide if he or she were cognitively capable of making the decision
Hypnotic
a substance that induces sedation
Methadone
a synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin and that is used in treating heroin addiction
Dual Process Theory
a theory regarding alcohol use proposing there are automatic processes that generate an impulse to drink alcohol and controlled, effortful processing that regulates these automatic impulses
Relapse Prevention
a treatment method based on the expectancy model, in which individuals are encouraged not to view lapses from abstinence as signs of certain failure
Least restrictive alternative
a treatment setting that provides the fewest constraints on the client's freedom
Somatoform Disorders
a variety of conditions in which psychological conflicts become translated into physical problems or complaints. Involving physical problems and/or concerns about medical symptoms *Somatic Symptom Disorder *Illness Anxiety Disorder *Conversion Disorder *Somatization Disorder *Pain Disorder *Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by an anxiety that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence
Social Phobia
an anxiety disorder characterized by irrational and unabating fear that one's behavior will be scrutinized by others, causing the individual to feel embarrassed and humiliated
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment
Panic Disorder
an anxiety disorder in which an individual has panic attacks on a recurrent basis or has constant apprehension and worry about the possibility of recurring attacks
PTSD
an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences several distressing symptoms for more than a month following a traumatic event, such as a re-experiencing of the traumatic event, an avoidance of reminders of the trauma, a numbing of general responsiveness, and increased arousal
Acute Stress Disorder
an anxiety disorder that develops after a traumatic event, with symptoms such as depersonalization, numbing, dissociative amnesia, intense anxiety, hypervigilance, and impairment of everyday functioning. People with this disorder may re-experience the vent and desperately avoid reminders of the trauma. These symptoms arise within the month following the trauma and last from 2 days to 4 weeks
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an inability to maintain normal weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception o Classify individuals as: restricted type and binge eating/purging type o The depletion of nutrients that occurs in people with anorexia leads them to develop a series of health changes • Bones, muscles, hair, and nails become weak and brittle, low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse, lethargic, sluggish, fatigued, gastrointestinal system functions abnormally, heart and brain damage, multiple organ failure • Lifetime prevalence is .9% for women and .3% for men
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder involving alternation between the extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time, and then compensating for the added calories either by vomiting or other extreme actions to avoid gaining weight
Cimmitment
an emergency procedure for involuntary psychiatric hospitalization
Stressor
an event that disrupts the individual's life; also called a stressful life event
Duram Rule
an expansion of the insanity defense based on determining that the individual was not criminally responsible if the unlawful act was due to the presence of a psychological disorder
Munchausen's Syndrome
an extreme form of factitious disorder in which the individual goes to great lengths to maintain a sick role. The person's whole life becomes consumed with the pursuit of medical care
Trichotillomania
an impulse-control disorder involving the compulsive, persistent urge to pull out one's own hair Prevalence rate of .6 percent Not easily diagnosed and usually it happens in secret
Pyromania
an impulse-control disorder involving the persistent and compelling urge to start fires *not for money or because of other medical or psychiatric conditions *Higher Male prevalence
Pathological Gambling
an impulse-control disorder involving the persistent urge to gamble
Kleptomania
an impulse-control disorder that involves the persistent urge to steal. Don't actually wish to have the object, or the money that it's worth. Instead, they seek excitement from the act of stealing. o Symptoms • Insomnia, agitation, and irritability o Medication • Naltrexone • Cognitive behavioral treatments
Dissociative Amnesia
an inability to remember important personal details and experiences; is usually associated with traumatic or very stressful events
Fear
an innate, almost biologically based alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation
Behavioral Medicine
an interdisciplinary approach to medical conditions affected by psychological factors that is rooted in learning theory
Specific Phobia
an irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation * Believed that these may relate to abnormalities in the anterior insular cortex
Phobia
an irrational fear associated with a particular object or situation
Obsession
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress. Cause marked anxiety or distress
Psychoticism
involves unusual and bizarre experiences
College Undergraduate Stress Scale
assesses the kinds of stressors most familiar to traditional age college students *Most stressful is rape
Social Anxiety Disorder
characterized by intense, fear of anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others
Detachment
involves withdrawal from other people and social interactions
Eating Disorders
diagnosis for people who experience extreme disturbances in their everyday diet along with possible distress or concern about their body weight
Purging
eliminating food through unnatural methods, such as vomiting or the excessive use of laxatives • Nonpurging type- trying to compensate by fasting or excessive exercise
American Law Institute's Guidelines
guidelines proposing that people are not responsible for criminal behavior if their mental disorder prevents them from appreciating the wrongfulness of their behavior
Agoraphobia
intense anxiety about being trapped or stranded in a situation without help if a panic attack occurs
Antagonism
involves behaviors that put the person at odds with other people
Disinhibition
involves engaging in behaviors on impulse, without reflecting on potential future consequences. Compulsivity is the opposite pole of this domain
Negative Affectivity
involves experiencing negative emotions frequently and intensely
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
involves peculiarities and eccentricities of thought, behavior, appearance, and interpersonal style. May have peculiar ideas, such as magical thinking and beliefs in psychic phenomena
Somatic Symptom Disorder
involves physical symptoms that may or may not be accountable by a medical condition
Systematic Desnsitization
is an effective behavioral method for treating specific phobia; in this method the client learns to substitute relaxation for fear through a series of graduated steps
Depersonalization
is the condition in which people feel they are detached from their own body.
Disulfiram
known popularly as Antabuse, a medication used in the treatment of alcoholism that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and causes severe physical reactions when combined with alcohol
Treatment for Eating Disorders
o Aim of treatment is identifying and changing the individual's maladaptive assumptions that occur with the body shape and weight. o Cognitive-behavioral therapy - Clinicians attempt to change what are selective biases in people with eating disorders that lead them to focus on the parts of their bodies they dislike. o Exposure therapy in which clients view their own bodies, clinicians attempt to reduce the negative emotions that they would ordinarily experience. o Clinicians address the component of body image involving size overestimation by helping clients view their bodies more holistically in front of a mirror • Teaching them mindfulness techniques to reduce their negative cognitions and affect about their bodies. o Giving them psychoeducation about the ways that their beliefs reinforce their negative body image. • Maudsley model - Families enter treatment for 10 to 20 sessions over a 6- to 12-month period
Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
o Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- In applying cognitive behavioral therapy to clients with somatoform disorders, clinicians help their clients gain a more realistic appraisal of their body's reactions. o Hypnotherapy- In hypnotherapy, the therapist instructs the hypnotized client to, for example, move the paralyzed limb. • The therapist then makes the post-hypnotic suggestion to enable the client to sustain the movement after the therapist brings him or her out of hypnosis. o Medication- SSRIs are the medication that clinicians most likely use in conversion disorder o Interpersonal therapy- Useful to help people with BDD develop improved strategies for dealing the distress they feel in their relationships with others
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders
o Goal-integrate alters o Treatment goal- integrate the disparate parts within the person's consciousness of self, memory, and time o Methods- • Hypnotherapy- through hypnotherapy, clients recall traumatic experiences that seem to have caused the dissociation • Cognitive behavioral techniques- Clients develop a coherent sense of themselves and their experiences
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
people show a pattern of falsifying symptoms that are either physical, psychological, or a combination of the two. The individual falsifies these symptoms not to achieve economic gain, but for the purpose of adopting the sick role.
Type D Personality
people who experience emotions that include anxiety, irritation, and depressed mood
Withdrawal
physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops taking a substance
Alcohol Myopia Theory
proposes that as individuals consume greater amounts of alcohol, they are more likely to make risky choices because the immediate temptation of the moment overcomes the long-term consequences of the behavior
Kendra's Law
provides for the state's court-ordered involuntary outpatient commitment program, termed assisted outpatient treatment (AOT).
Hallucinogens
psychoactive substances that cause abnormal perceptual experiences in the form of illusions or hallucinations, usually visual in nature
Impulse Control Disorders
psychological disorders in which people repeatedly engage in behaviors that are potentially harmful, feeling unable to stop themselves and experiencing a sense of desperation if their attempts to carry out the behaviors are thwarted o After acting on their impulses, they experience a sense of pleasure or gratification, although later they may regret that they engaged in the behavior o Before they act on their impulses, these individuals experience tension and anxiety that they can relieve only by following through on their impulses. • Threats to physical health, Coronary heart disease, Hypertension Stroke, Diabetes, Arthritis, Back/neck pain, Ulcer, Headaches, Other chronic pain. o People with this disorder often have: • Co-occurring bipolar disorder, • Personality disorder such as antisocial or borderline, substance use disorder, and cognitive disorders. o Anger management therapy uses relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, hierarchical imaginal exposure, and relapse prevention for a 12-week period in individual or group modalities
Informed Consent
psychologists are expected to provide their clients with knowledge ahead of time about what they can expect to occur in treatment
M'Naughten Rule
the "right-wrong test" used in cases of the insanity defense to determine whether a defendant should be held responsible for a crime
Insanity Defense
the argument, presented by a lawyer acting on behalf of the client, that, because of the existence of a mental disorder, the client should not be held legally responsible for criminal actions
Anxiety Sensitivity Theory
the belief that panic disorder is caused in part by the tendency to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner
Confidentiality
the client can expect that what takes place in therapy is private • Privileged communication- the clinician may not disclose any info about the client in a court of law without the client's expressed permission Exceptions: custody cases, when mental disability is used as a defense, determining competency
Duty to Warn
the clinician's responsibility to notify a potential victim of a client's harmful intent toward that individual
Potentiation
the combination of the effects of two or more psychoactive substances such that the total effect is greater than the effect of either substance alone
Tolerance
the extent to which the individual requires larger and larger amounts of a substance in order to achieve its desired effects, or the extent to which the individual feels less of its effects after using the same amount of the substance
Binge Eating Disorder
the ingestion of large amounts of food during a short period of time, even after reaching a point of feeling full, and a lack of control over what or how much is eaten o Ipecac syrup has toxic effects o Dental decay o Laxatives, diuretics, and diet pills also have toxic effects over time o Gastrointestinal damage may be permanent o Binges occur at least twice a week for 6 months o May gain weight
Substance Abuse
the pattern of maladaptive substance use that leads to significant impairment or distress o One of four criteria: • Failure to carry out major role obligations • Repeated use of substances during physically hazardous situations • Having substance-related legal problems • Having persistent interpersonal problems resulting from substance use o 8.9 percent of the population are current users of illicit drugs. • Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug
Coping
the process through which people reduce stress
Primary Gain
the relief from anxiety or responsibility due to the development of physical or psychological symptoms
Parens Patriae
the state's authority to protect those who are unable to protect themselves
Secondary Gain
the sympathy and attention that a sick person receives from other people
Substance Intoxication
the temporary maladaptive experience of behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the accumulation of a substance in the body • Alcohol is a commonly used substance
Stress
the unpleasant emotional reaction that a person has when an event is perceived as threatening
Panic Control Therapy
treatment that consists of cognitive restructuring, exposure to bodily cues associated with panic attacks, and breathing training
Multiple Relationships
unethical relationships occurring when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and has another role with that person that could impair the psychologist's "objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist" or otherwise risks exploiting or harming the other person
Conduct Disorder
violate the rights of others and society's norms or laws
Health Anxiety
worry about physical symptoms and illness
Emotional Dysregulation
• Lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions. • Inability to control the intensity or duration of emotions. • Unwillingness to experience emotional distress as an aspect of pursuing goals. • Inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing distress.