Exam 2 Abnormal

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

Exaggerated emotional reactions, approaching theatricality, in everyday behavior.

Passive Avoidance

Correct responses involve learning to avoid responding to a previously punished stimulus.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of poor impulse control and instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image

Graduated Exposure

a procedure in which clients gradually expose themselves to increasingly challenging anxiety-provoking situations

Marijuana

a psychoactive substance derived from the hemp plant whose primary active ingredient is THC

Depressant

a psychoactive substance that causes the depression of central nervous system activity

Sedative

a psychoactive substance that has a calming effect on the CNS o Medications include:

Stimulant

a psychoactive substance that has an activating effect on the central nervous system

Heroin

a psychoactive substance that is a form of opioid, synthesized from morphine

Opioid

a psychoactive substance that relieves pain

Tics

a rapid, recurring, involuntary movement or vocalization

Methamphetamine

an addictive stimulant drug that is related to amphetamine but provokes more intense central nervous system effects

Anxiolytic

an anti-anxiety medication

Pathways Model

approach to pathological gambling, which predicts that there are three main paths leading to three subtypes

Elimination Disorders

are characterized by age-inappropriate incontinence and are generally diagnosed in childhood • Enuresis: bed wetting or urination in their clothing after the age when they should be toilet trained • Encopresis: child who is at least 4 years old repeatedly has bowel movements either in its clothes or in another inappropriate place.

Derealization

condition in which people feel as though they are living in a dream and that their surroundings are not real. Feel a sense unreality or detachment from their surroundings

Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition

conditions in which a client's physical illness is adversely affected by one or more psychological states such as depression, stress, denial of diagnosis, or engaging in poor or even dangerous health-related behaviors

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A childhood disorder characterized by intense and inappropriate anxiety, lasting at least 4 weeks, concerning separation from home or caregivers.

Substance Use Disorder

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life o impaired control, o social impairment, o risky use o pharmacological changes

Hoarding Disorder

A compulsion in which people have persistent difficulties discarding things, even if they have little value

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A disorder characterized by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness that results in significant family or school problems Generally becomes evident between ages 8 and 12 Often progresses into a conduct disorder

Factitious Disorder

A disorder in which people fake symptoms or disorder not for the purpose of any particular gain, but because of an inner need to maintain a sick role *Munchausen's Syndrome *Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A disorder involving a severe disturbance in the ability to relate to others.

Malingering

A fabrication of physical or psychological symptoms for some ulterior motive *Not an actual diagnosis of DSM-5

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of regard for society's moral or legal standards and an impulsive and risky lifestyle

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A personality disorder involving intense perfectionism and inflexibility manifested in worrying, indecisiveness, and behavioral rigidity.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder whose outstanding feature is that the individual is unduly suspicious of others and is always on guard against potential danger or harm.

Psychopathy

A personality type characterized by a cluster of traits that constitutes the core of what is now called antisocial personality disorder

Hassles

A relatively minor event that can cause stress

Pain Disorder

A somatoform disorder in which only the symptom is pain that has no physiological basis

Caffeine

A stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks, diet pills, and headache remedies

Personality Trait

An enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

An impulse-control disorder involving an inability to hold back urges to express strong angry feelings and associated violent behaviors. • The rage shown by people with this disorder is out of proportion to any particular provocation or stress, and their actions are not premeditated. Afterward, they feel either significantly distressed, suffer interpersonal or occupational consequences, or may suffer financial or legal consequences. • Estimated 4 to 7 percent of people in the U.S. population have intermittent explosive disorder; • Treatment • SSRIs, mood stabilizers • Cognitive behavioral therapy

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Assesses life stress in terms of life change units (LCU)

Naltroxone

Blocks the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids, through involving dopamine

Uplifts

Events that boost your feelings of well-being

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders characterized by intense, irrational, and incapacitating apprehension Most prevalent of all psychological disorders Lifetime prevalence of 28.8 percent and a 12 month prevalence of 18 percent

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Indifference to social and sexual relationships, Prefer to be alone, No desire to love or be loved, Cold, reserved, withdrawn, Insensitive to feelings of others

Personality Disorder

Ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, Dating back to adolescence or early adulthood

Insanity Defense Reform Act

Meant that people with personality disorders would no longer be able to plead insanity.

Type A Behavior Pattern

Pattern of behaviors that include being hard-driving, competitive impatient, cynical, suspicious of and hostile toward others, and easily irritated

Emotional Focused Coping Strategy

Person does not change the situation itself but tries to improve his or her feelings about the situation

Excoriation

Recurrent picking at one's own skin which can be healthy skin, or skin with mild irregularities.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Reduce the frequency of self-destructive acts and to improve the client's ability to handle disturbing emotions, such as anger and dependency.

Acomprosate

Reduces the risk of relapse by reducing the individual's urge to drink and thereby reducing the drive to use alcohol as a way of reducing anxiety and other negative psychological states

Cluster C

The anxious and fearful behaviors (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, which share anxious and fearful behaviors.)

Cluster B

The dramatic and emotional behaviors (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, which share overdramatic, emotional, and erratic or unpredictable attitudes and behaviors.)

Competency to Stand Trial

a prediction by a mental health expert of the defendant's cognitive and emotional stability during the period of the trial.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

The individual desires, but is fearful of, any involvement with other people and is terrified at the prospect of being publicly embarrassed

Dependent Personality Disorder

The individual is extremely passive

Problem Focused Coping Strategy

The individual reduces stress by acting to change whatever makes the situation stressful

Cluster A

The odd and eccentric behaviors (Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders, which share the features of odd and eccentric behavior.)

Retrograde Amnesia

amnesia involving loss of memory for past events

Maturation Hypothesis

The proposition that people with antisocial personality and the other Cluster B disorders become better able to manage their behaviors as they age.

Nicotine

The psychoactive substance found in cigarettes

Anxiety

The sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future

HIPAA

US legislation intended to ensure adequate coverage and protect consumers from loss of insurance coverage when they change or lose their jobs o Title I- protects workers and their families from loss of health insurance o Title II- regulates the ways in which providers and insurance companies

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Unrealistic, inflated sense of self-importance and lack of sensitivity to other people's needs

Guardian ad Litem

a person appointed by the court to represent or make decisions for a person (e.g. a minor or an incapacitated adult) who is legally incapable of doing so in a civil legal proceeding

Anterograde Amnesia

amnesia involving the inability to remember new info

Flooding

a behavioral technique in which the client is immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation in its entirety

Imaginal Flooding

a behavioral technique in which the client is immersed through the imagination in the feared situation

Relaxation Training

a behavioral technique used in the treatment of anxiety disorders that involves progressive and systematic patterns of muscle tensing and relaxing

Substance

a chemical that alters a person's mood or behavior when it is smoked, injected, drunk, inhaled or swallowed in pill form

Thought Stopping

a cognitive-behavioral method in which the client learns to stop having anxiety-provoking thoughts

Factitious Disorder by Proxy

a condition in which a person induces physical symptoms in another person who is under that person's care

Panic disorder with agoraphobia

a disorder in which agoraphobia is considered to be a subcategory within panic disorder

Dissociative Fatigue

a dissociative disorder in which a person, confused about personal identity, suddenly and unexpectedly travels to another place and is unable to recall past history or identity

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

a dissociative disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a dissociative disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, in which an individual develops more than one self or personality *At least two distinct identities *Has not been found in other countries *Possibly due to roleplaying at therapists suggestion

Inhalants

a diverse group of substances that cause psychoactive effects by producing chemical vapors

Psilocybin

a form of a hallucinogenic drug found in certain mushrooms

PCP

a form of a hallucinogenic drug originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic • Symptoms that mimic schizophrenia, mood disturbance, memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, weight loss, and depression

LSD

a form of a hallucinogenic drug that users ingest in tablets, capsules, and liquid form

Peyote

a form of a hallucinogenic drug whose primary ingredient is mescaline

Wernicke's Disease

a form of aphasia in which the individual is able to produce language but has lost the ability to comprehend, so that these verbal productions have no meaning

Ecstasy

a hallucinogenic drug made from a synthetic substance chemically similar to methamphetamine and mescaline

Cocaine

a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that an individual snorts, injects, or smokes

Insanity

a legal term that refers to the individual's lack of moral responsibility for committing criminal acts

Substance Dependence

a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by a cluster or cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms during a 12-month period and caused by the continued use of a substance

Buprenorphine

a medication used in the treatment of heroin addiction

Naltrexone

a medication used in the treatment of heroin addiction

Panic Attack

a period of intense fear and physical discomfort accompanied by the feeling that one is being overwhelmed and is about to lose control

Korsakoff's Syndrome

a permanent form of dementia associated with long-term alcohol use in which the individual develops retrograde and anterograde amnesia, leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information.

Compulsion

a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules. Carried out in an effort to neutralize the obsession

Illness Anxiety Disorder

a somatic symptoms disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal bodily functions as signs of serious illness *Hypocondriases

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

a somatoform disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with the idea that a part of their body is ugly or defective *Frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder, social phobia, OCD, and eating disorders

Somatization Disoder

a somatoform disorder in which multiple and recurrent bodily symptoms, which lack a physiological basis, are the expression of psychological issues *Multiple Body Systems

Conversion Disorder

a somatoform disorder involving the translation of unacceptable drives or troubling conflicts into physical symptoms Only involves one body system Wide ranger of physical ailments -Pseudoseizures, movement disorder, paralysis, weakness, disturbance of speech, blindness, and other sensory disorders, cognitive impairment Generally shows up between ages 10 - 35 years of age More common in women Virtually all clients with this do not suffer from a true medical illness

Amphetamine

a stimulant that affects both the central nervous and the autonomic nervous systems

Substituted Judgment

a subjective analysis of what the client would decide if he or she were cognitively capable of making the decision

Hypnotic

a substance that induces sedation

Methadone

a synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin and that is used in treating heroin addiction

Dual Process Theory

a theory regarding alcohol use proposing there are automatic processes that generate an impulse to drink alcohol and controlled, effortful processing that regulates these automatic impulses

Relapse Prevention

a treatment method based on the expectancy model, in which individuals are encouraged not to view lapses from abstinence as signs of certain failure

Least restrictive alternative

a treatment setting that provides the fewest constraints on the client's freedom

Somatoform Disorders

a variety of conditions in which psychological conflicts become translated into physical problems or complaints. Involving physical problems and/or concerns about medical symptoms *Somatic Symptom Disorder *Illness Anxiety Disorder *Conversion Disorder *Somatization Disorder *Pain Disorder *Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by an anxiety that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence

Social Phobia

an anxiety disorder characterized by irrational and unabating fear that one's behavior will be scrutinized by others, causing the individual to feel embarrassed and humiliated

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which an individual has panic attacks on a recurrent basis or has constant apprehension and worry about the possibility of recurring attacks

PTSD

an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences several distressing symptoms for more than a month following a traumatic event, such as a re-experiencing of the traumatic event, an avoidance of reminders of the trauma, a numbing of general responsiveness, and increased arousal

Acute Stress Disorder

an anxiety disorder that develops after a traumatic event, with symptoms such as depersonalization, numbing, dissociative amnesia, intense anxiety, hypervigilance, and impairment of everyday functioning. People with this disorder may re-experience the vent and desperately avoid reminders of the trauma. These symptoms arise within the month following the trauma and last from 2 days to 4 weeks

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by an inability to maintain normal weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception o Classify individuals as: restricted type and binge eating/purging type o The depletion of nutrients that occurs in people with anorexia leads them to develop a series of health changes • Bones, muscles, hair, and nails become weak and brittle, low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse, lethargic, sluggish, fatigued, gastrointestinal system functions abnormally, heart and brain damage, multiple organ failure • Lifetime prevalence is .9% for women and .3% for men

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder involving alternation between the extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time, and then compensating for the added calories either by vomiting or other extreme actions to avoid gaining weight

Cimmitment

an emergency procedure for involuntary psychiatric hospitalization

Stressor

an event that disrupts the individual's life; also called a stressful life event

Duram Rule

an expansion of the insanity defense based on determining that the individual was not criminally responsible if the unlawful act was due to the presence of a psychological disorder

Munchausen's Syndrome

an extreme form of factitious disorder in which the individual goes to great lengths to maintain a sick role. The person's whole life becomes consumed with the pursuit of medical care

Trichotillomania

an impulse-control disorder involving the compulsive, persistent urge to pull out one's own hair Prevalence rate of .6 percent Not easily diagnosed and usually it happens in secret

Pyromania

an impulse-control disorder involving the persistent and compelling urge to start fires *not for money or because of other medical or psychiatric conditions *Higher Male prevalence

Pathological Gambling

an impulse-control disorder involving the persistent urge to gamble

Kleptomania

an impulse-control disorder that involves the persistent urge to steal. Don't actually wish to have the object, or the money that it's worth. Instead, they seek excitement from the act of stealing. o Symptoms • Insomnia, agitation, and irritability o Medication • Naltrexone • Cognitive behavioral treatments

Dissociative Amnesia

an inability to remember important personal details and experiences; is usually associated with traumatic or very stressful events

Fear

an innate, almost biologically based alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation

Behavioral Medicine

an interdisciplinary approach to medical conditions affected by psychological factors that is rooted in learning theory

Specific Phobia

an irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation * Believed that these may relate to abnormalities in the anterior insular cortex

Phobia

an irrational fear associated with a particular object or situation

Obsession

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress. Cause marked anxiety or distress

Psychoticism

involves unusual and bizarre experiences

College Undergraduate Stress Scale

assesses the kinds of stressors most familiar to traditional age college students *Most stressful is rape

Social Anxiety Disorder

characterized by intense, fear of anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others

Detachment

involves withdrawal from other people and social interactions

Eating Disorders

diagnosis for people who experience extreme disturbances in their everyday diet along with possible distress or concern about their body weight

Purging

eliminating food through unnatural methods, such as vomiting or the excessive use of laxatives • Nonpurging type- trying to compensate by fasting or excessive exercise

American Law Institute's Guidelines

guidelines proposing that people are not responsible for criminal behavior if their mental disorder prevents them from appreciating the wrongfulness of their behavior

Agoraphobia

intense anxiety about being trapped or stranded in a situation without help if a panic attack occurs

Antagonism

involves behaviors that put the person at odds with other people

Disinhibition

involves engaging in behaviors on impulse, without reflecting on potential future consequences. Compulsivity is the opposite pole of this domain

Negative Affectivity

involves experiencing negative emotions frequently and intensely

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

involves peculiarities and eccentricities of thought, behavior, appearance, and interpersonal style. May have peculiar ideas, such as magical thinking and beliefs in psychic phenomena

Somatic Symptom Disorder

involves physical symptoms that may or may not be accountable by a medical condition

Systematic Desnsitization

is an effective behavioral method for treating specific phobia; in this method the client learns to substitute relaxation for fear through a series of graduated steps

Depersonalization

is the condition in which people feel they are detached from their own body.

Disulfiram

known popularly as Antabuse, a medication used in the treatment of alcoholism that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and causes severe physical reactions when combined with alcohol

Treatment for Eating Disorders

o Aim of treatment is identifying and changing the individual's maladaptive assumptions that occur with the body shape and weight. o Cognitive-behavioral therapy - Clinicians attempt to change what are selective biases in people with eating disorders that lead them to focus on the parts of their bodies they dislike. o Exposure therapy in which clients view their own bodies, clinicians attempt to reduce the negative emotions that they would ordinarily experience. o Clinicians address the component of body image involving size overestimation by helping clients view their bodies more holistically in front of a mirror • Teaching them mindfulness techniques to reduce their negative cognitions and affect about their bodies. o Giving them psychoeducation about the ways that their beliefs reinforce their negative body image. • Maudsley model - Families enter treatment for 10 to 20 sessions over a 6- to 12-month period

Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

o Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- In applying cognitive behavioral therapy to clients with somatoform disorders, clinicians help their clients gain a more realistic appraisal of their body's reactions. o Hypnotherapy- In hypnotherapy, the therapist instructs the hypnotized client to, for example, move the paralyzed limb. • The therapist then makes the post-hypnotic suggestion to enable the client to sustain the movement after the therapist brings him or her out of hypnosis. o Medication- SSRIs are the medication that clinicians most likely use in conversion disorder o Interpersonal therapy- Useful to help people with BDD develop improved strategies for dealing the distress they feel in their relationships with others

Treatment of Dissociative Disorders

o Goal-integrate alters o Treatment goal- integrate the disparate parts within the person's consciousness of self, memory, and time o Methods- • Hypnotherapy- through hypnotherapy, clients recall traumatic experiences that seem to have caused the dissociation • Cognitive behavioral techniques- Clients develop a coherent sense of themselves and their experiences

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self

people show a pattern of falsifying symptoms that are either physical, psychological, or a combination of the two. The individual falsifies these symptoms not to achieve economic gain, but for the purpose of adopting the sick role.

Type D Personality

people who experience emotions that include anxiety, irritation, and depressed mood

Withdrawal

physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops taking a substance

Alcohol Myopia Theory

proposes that as individuals consume greater amounts of alcohol, they are more likely to make risky choices because the immediate temptation of the moment overcomes the long-term consequences of the behavior

Kendra's Law

provides for the state's court-ordered involuntary outpatient commitment program, termed assisted outpatient treatment (AOT).

Hallucinogens

psychoactive substances that cause abnormal perceptual experiences in the form of illusions or hallucinations, usually visual in nature

Impulse Control Disorders

psychological disorders in which people repeatedly engage in behaviors that are potentially harmful, feeling unable to stop themselves and experiencing a sense of desperation if their attempts to carry out the behaviors are thwarted o After acting on their impulses, they experience a sense of pleasure or gratification, although later they may regret that they engaged in the behavior o Before they act on their impulses, these individuals experience tension and anxiety that they can relieve only by following through on their impulses. • Threats to physical health, Coronary heart disease, Hypertension Stroke, Diabetes, Arthritis, Back/neck pain, Ulcer, Headaches, Other chronic pain. o People with this disorder often have: • Co-occurring bipolar disorder, • Personality disorder such as antisocial or borderline, substance use disorder, and cognitive disorders. o Anger management therapy uses relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, hierarchical imaginal exposure, and relapse prevention for a 12-week period in individual or group modalities

Informed Consent

psychologists are expected to provide their clients with knowledge ahead of time about what they can expect to occur in treatment

M'Naughten Rule

the "right-wrong test" used in cases of the insanity defense to determine whether a defendant should be held responsible for a crime

Insanity Defense

the argument, presented by a lawyer acting on behalf of the client, that, because of the existence of a mental disorder, the client should not be held legally responsible for criminal actions

Anxiety Sensitivity Theory

the belief that panic disorder is caused in part by the tendency to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner

Confidentiality

the client can expect that what takes place in therapy is private • Privileged communication- the clinician may not disclose any info about the client in a court of law without the client's expressed permission Exceptions: custody cases, when mental disability is used as a defense, determining competency

Duty to Warn

the clinician's responsibility to notify a potential victim of a client's harmful intent toward that individual

Potentiation

the combination of the effects of two or more psychoactive substances such that the total effect is greater than the effect of either substance alone

Tolerance

the extent to which the individual requires larger and larger amounts of a substance in order to achieve its desired effects, or the extent to which the individual feels less of its effects after using the same amount of the substance

Binge Eating Disorder

the ingestion of large amounts of food during a short period of time, even after reaching a point of feeling full, and a lack of control over what or how much is eaten o Ipecac syrup has toxic effects o Dental decay o Laxatives, diuretics, and diet pills also have toxic effects over time o Gastrointestinal damage may be permanent o Binges occur at least twice a week for 6 months o May gain weight

Substance Abuse

the pattern of maladaptive substance use that leads to significant impairment or distress o One of four criteria: • Failure to carry out major role obligations • Repeated use of substances during physically hazardous situations • Having substance-related legal problems • Having persistent interpersonal problems resulting from substance use o 8.9 percent of the population are current users of illicit drugs. • Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug

Coping

the process through which people reduce stress

Primary Gain

the relief from anxiety or responsibility due to the development of physical or psychological symptoms

Parens Patriae

the state's authority to protect those who are unable to protect themselves

Secondary Gain

the sympathy and attention that a sick person receives from other people

Substance Intoxication

the temporary maladaptive experience of behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the accumulation of a substance in the body • Alcohol is a commonly used substance

Stress

the unpleasant emotional reaction that a person has when an event is perceived as threatening

Panic Control Therapy

treatment that consists of cognitive restructuring, exposure to bodily cues associated with panic attacks, and breathing training

Multiple Relationships

unethical relationships occurring when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and has another role with that person that could impair the psychologist's "objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist" or otherwise risks exploiting or harming the other person

Conduct Disorder

violate the rights of others and society's norms or laws

Health Anxiety

worry about physical symptoms and illness

Emotional Dysregulation

• Lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions. • Inability to control the intensity or duration of emotions. • Unwillingness to experience emotional distress as an aspect of pursuing goals. • Inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing distress.


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