Exam 2 Review

The U.S National Science foundation defines three types of research misconduct:

-Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record -Appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit -Making up results and recording or reporting them

Dr. Fontenot argues that engineering communication deals with:

-Performing Tasks -Answering questions -Making questions -Persuasions

According to Dr. Fontenot, learning about communication helps prepare students for the professional part of engineering.

True

According to Dr. Fontenot, oral and written communication is an essential part of the profession of engineering.

True

Volkswagen of America C.E.O Michael Horn told a House subcommittee investigating his company's ongoing emissions scandal that it was not a corporate decision to cheat on emissions tests by installing "defeat" software on eleven million diesel cars. Instead, Horn said, it was "a couple of rogue software engineers".

True

Dr. Fontenot states the following about PowerPoint Presentations.

-It is over used -Powerpoint should not be used as a substitute for "3x5" card presentation notes

Henry's Daughters highlights ethical issues encountered by the characters, such as ...(Incorrect answers result in negative partial credit. Choose only those issues highlighted in the video)

A. professional relationships CorrectB. conflicts of interest CorrectC. favoritism CorrectD. confidentiality of proprietary information CorrectE. intellectual property CorrectF. sexual harassment CorrectG. individual privacy CorrectH. technical tradeoffs between safety and cost. CorrectI. political and social factors that can influence technical decisions.

In research studies, only 1% of college students say they have cheated on a major assignment. Fewer than 10% of college students say they will be willing to purchase cheating services.

False

Individuals, companies, institutions and government agencies that have implemented strong encryption are no longer subject to massive data breaches and cyber theft.

False

It is ethical for engineers to issue subjective, partial, biased statements leaving out relevant facts as long as such statements are in writing and serve to protect the financial interests of their clients or employers.

False

It is ethical for engineers to review, sign, and place their engineering seals on engineering documents that are not in conformity with applicable standards.

False

It is ethical for engineers to sign and seal engineering plans or documents for which they lack competence if they have a good faith belief that such plans or documents were competently prepared by another qualified engineer.

False

It is very unlikely that students who cheat in academics are more likely to cheat after they graduate and enter their careers.

False

Some US lawmakers are working on legislation that would prevent federal judges from ordering tech companies to help law enforcement access encrypted data.

False

The Hiding Test addresses how well I am able to conceal what I am doing from other people.

False

The US environmental protection agency was the agency that detected the VW emissions cheating scandal.

False

The appropriate response to sexual harassment depends on the setting — for example, whether one is in a situation with one's peers versus with one's supervisor.

False

There are rarely if ever any consequences of exposing scientific misconduct for the individual who exposes it.

False

Volkswagen is not be vulnerable to lawsuits by shareholders who accuse the company of violating laws requiring it to disclose information that could affect the stock price.

False

While ethics is an integral component of engineering practice, ordinary business decision-making should take precedence over engineering ethics.

False

While there's no denying that research fraud is an issue in today's universities, a recent survey from the British Medical Journal indicates that no more than 1 in 100 UK scientists surveyed indicated they had witnessed research fraud. The survey data indicates that research fraud is extremely rare.

False

With Apple's consent it would be ethical for Apple engineers to reveal software security source code to third parties even if this endangered the health, welfare, and safety of the public.

False

Match the following characters with their roles in Incident at Morales.

Fred Correct I. Chemical Engineer hired by Phaust to design a new plant to manufacture a new paint remover. Wally Correct F. Fred's supervisor at Phaust. Dominique Correct E. Corporate liaison from Chemistré (parent company in France) to Phaust. Maria Correct C. Fred's wife, a compliance litigator for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hal Correct A. Market Analyst at Phaust. Jen Correct D. Research Chemist at Phaust. Peter Correct B. Project Manager of the construction firm that builds the new plant in Morales Jake Correct G. Plant Manager for the SuisseChem plant in Big Spring, Texas Manuel Correct H. Plant manager for the new Phaust plant in Morales, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Match the characters with their roles in Henry's Daughters

Henry- Father of two girls, professional engineer, semi-retired lobbyist for GUIDEME. Laura- Henry's older daughter, professional engineer, in charge of special projects for the state DOT. Julie Henry's younger daughter, working her first post-college job with OUTOCAR. Bob State Senator and friend (crony) of Henry. Jeff Chief Engineer for DOT, professional engineer and good friend of Henry Warren & Marty Two DOT engineers on Laura's OUTOCAR team. Barry Project manager for OUTOCAR, Julie's boss. Vik & Cho Two GUIDEME engineers on Laura's team.

Although the chemical process was supposed to be automated, Fred allowed Manuel to volunteer to control the process manually. Under what conditions would this be a safe and reasonable thing to do?

If the process were designed from the outset with an option for manual operation with proper safety controls and protection for operators, then manual operation would be a safe and reasonable thing to do during regular production.

If a work was made "for hire" within the meaning of the copyright act of the United States the author will continue to own the copyright.

Incorrect

Plagiarism only involves submitting someone else's work as your own work.

Incorrect

The assertion that something is Common Knowledge is a sufficient reason not to cite another's work if you are using their work.

Incorrect

The copyright law of the United States protects the names of businesses, organizations, and groups.

Incorrect

You are permitted to take passages from your own published work without providing proper reference citations for that work. This is not considered plagiarism.

Incorrect

The Rule of 7 states the following about PowerPoint Presentations:

No more than 7 words across No more than 7 words down

Inflating a project budget as a hedge against potential budget cuts ...

None of the other answers are correct statements nor are they considered ethical practice.

Identify which, if any, of the following statements are correct regarding proprietary information.

Proprietary information is a form of intellectual property. CorrectB. Proprietary information is valuable information that is owned by a company. CorrectC. Proprietary information gives a company a competitive edge. CorrectD. Employees of a company frequently must sign non-disclosure agreements regarding proprietary information as a condition of employment.

Dominique asks whether it is ethical to hire an engineer who has recently worked for a competitor, and Chuck replies that while employed as a contractor at Chemitoil, Fred was not required to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Select the best answer regarding an engineer's ethical obligations.

Regardless of whether the engineer being hired signed a non-disclosure agreement or not, ethical issues are always a consideration.

What is the primary motivation for Phaust hiring a licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.) away from Chemitoil, a competitor?

To obtain proprietary knowledge of a competitor's product and production processes.

A magistrate judge in Brooklyn ruled that the government couldn't force Apple to help break into an iPhone and questioned the government's legal rationale using an 1789 law called the All Writs Act.

True

Apple is closing the technological loophole that lets authorities hack into iPhones, angering police and other officials and reigniting a debate over whether the government has a right to get into the personal devices that are at the center of modern life.

True

At Penn State, professor Craig Grimes has been accused of defrauding the National Institutes of Health and Advanced Research Projects Agency of federal grant monies, to the tune of $3 million. Grimes requested grants to study the measurement of gases in a patient's blood , but the money was not spent on this research. Instead, clinical trials were never performed, and the grant funds were misappropriated, largely for the personal use of Grimes. Grimes has been charged with making false statements, money laundering, and fraud. He faces up to 35 years in prison and a fine of $750,000.

True

At Syracuse University the NCAA found that academic work submitted wasn't done by Syracuse players. As part of the investigation, Syracuse used metadata analysis and found that "the 'Author' and 'Last edited by author' field was attributed to someone other than the student-athlete.

True

Based on one of many investigations taking place at Volkswagen and around the world, at least thirty managers were involved in the emissions cheating.

True

Car giant Volkswagen has been fined 1bn (880m) by German prosecutors over its diesel emissions scandal.

True

Dr. Anil Potti resigned from his job at Duke University amid questions of research fraud. It was discovered that Potti exaggerated his credentials, claiming incorrectly that he was a Rhodes scholar. The American Cancer Society suspended hundreds of thousands of grant dollars that were to be used for the Potti's work. Nine of Potti's papers on individualized treatments for cancer have been retracted.

True

Dr. Fontenot argues that forming mental models about a person or situation leads to a type of "noise" that interferes with effective communication.

True

Dr. Fontenot states that communication is moving thoughts, ideas, feelings, emotions, concepts from your head to someone else's head.

True

Ethicana --- In the video Ethicana, Martine and Mano, ask potential suppliers and contractors for contributions for the technical college in order to be selected. Even though they do not personally benefit, such requests can be viewed as unethical.

True

Ethicana --- In the video Ethicana, the term "appreciation" is used in the sense of appreciating the support of highly placed governmental officials for a large project funded by an international agency. Even though the "appreciation" takes the form of diverting project funds into the personal accounts of these officials, this is not considered a bribe.

True

Every month, hundreds of students put assignments up for big on Freelancer.com and Upwork. The going rate for taking a class is in the range of $600-$750 to get professionals to do the work.

True

For Bengu Sezen at Columbia University, over the course of a decade, conducted a massive and sustained effort to manipulate and falsify research data. She even created fictitious people and organizations to back up her data and results. Sezen was found guilty of 21 counts of research misconduct, with at least nine papers found to be falsified, fabricated, plagiarized, or unable to be replicated.

True

Former FBI Director James Comey stated that the tension between privacy and should not be resolved by corporations that sell stuff for a living.

True

Given the scope of the problems and cheating exposed in the VW emissions cheating scandal, there's reason to believe the scandal will spread to gasoline engines and carbon dioxide emissions, which are considered a prime cause of climate change.

True

If the FBI prevails in its case against Apple it will have the authority to force Microsoft, Google, Apple, and other manufacturers to push invasive code to a device through automatic updates even when the device is not in the possession of law enforcement.

True

If the engineers employed by VW had adhered to the NSPE Code of Ethics it would have saved VW billions of dollars in direct costs as well as the reputation of the company.

True

In 2006; Korean researcher Hwang Woo-suk was found to have fabricated a series of experiments in stem cell research. Before his fraud was exposed he was famous for his two Science journal articles in which he reported success in creating human embryonic stem cells through cloning. He is now infamous for his massive case of fraud and scientific misconduct.

True

In Henry's Daughters, the two sisters unconsciously cross the ethical line by letting proprietary information slip. Creating or enhancing software using the other company's proprietary information an example of unethical conduct.

True

In spite of reaching an agreement on civil fines and penalties with the US government, Volkswagen could still face criminal charges by the US Department of Justice Department.

True

It is ethical for engineers to issue statements, criticisms or arguments on technical matters in which they are competent that are inspired or paid for by interested parties, provided they have prefaced their comments by explicitly disclosing all interested parties on whose behalf they are speaking.

True

It is ethical for engineers to publicly express technical opinions that are founded upon their knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter.

True

It is now possible for students to buy their entire on-line degree by hiring cheating companies to take their courses even students attending highly reputable universities.

True

It is unethical for engineers to participate in any matter involving any undisclosed conflict of interest that could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.

True

More than 20,000 academic writers in Kenya perform academic work for college and university students in the United States and Britain.

True

One theory about the root cause of the VW emissions cheating scandal is the VW engineering organization evolved its technologies in a way that subtly and stealthily, even organically, subverted the rules.

True

Technically competent, ethically sensitive, reasonable people may have different perspectives and can disagree when faced with complex ethical issues

True

The FBI is recommended to the White House that it decline a inter-agency review of the "hack"used to break into the San Bernardino iPhone with Apple to share the "hack" with other government agencies.

True

The FBI paid a private hacking company more than $1 million to hack the iPhone used by the San Bernardino terrorists.

True

The FBI sees the issue with Apple as a privacy vs. security debate while the tech community sees it as a security vs. surveillance debate.

True

The Harms Test addresses the question of whether the benefits outweigh the harms, short term and long term.

True

The reversability test addresses whether I would think a decision was a good choice if I traded places.

True

There has not been a single case where the FBI can demonstrate that if the FBI has a back door to a smartphone they could have stopped a terrorist attack anywhere.

True

Volkswagen has admitted that the emissions cheating began almost a decade earlier after engineers and managers realized that a new generation of diesel motors could not meet United States air quality standards legally.

True

Volkswagen internal memos and emails suggest that the company executives pursued a strategy of delay and obfuscation with the United States regulators after being confronted in early 2014 with evidence that VW diesel vehicles were emitting far more pollutants than allowed by the law.

True

William Josephson, a former assistant attorney general in New York who has investigated fraud, says companies that assume false identities of students violates federal laws governing interstate commerce.

True

Ethicana --- Which of the statements below best chracterizes the ethics of engineer Unoco in the video Ethicana?

Unoco's ethical behavior is ambiguous. At times he acts ethically and at other times he acts unethically.

Incident at Morales --- In "Incident at Morales", which of the following engineering decisions, if any, present ethical considerations?

Whether to use expensive controls manufactured by Lutz and Lutz, which has an inside track with Phaust. Whether to purchase pipes and connectors made with stainless steel or a high pressure alloy. Whether to line the evaporation ponds to prevent ground water contamination.

Dr. Fontenot highlights a quote from an article written by Sherri Sheppard. This quote states that "Students will see the importance of _________, _________, and ability to lead and persuade.

communication, teamwork

What are the ethical implications when Henry, a lobbyist, hosts a senator on his expensive yacht?

A. Henry is attempting to buy the senator's influence. CorrectB. Henry is creating a situation in which the senator may feel an obligation to reciprocate in an unethical way. CorrectD. Henry is creating the impression that the senator will have his support in his next bid for re-election.

____ information is information about the physical condition or characteristics of individuals.

Biometric

Failing to bring original thought into the text of an article is considered plagiarism.

Correct

Providing provided citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas is considered plagiarism.

Correct

The Fair use exception under copyright law of the United States does not remove the requirement to provide proper citation of the source

Correct

The copyright law of the United States protects the "expression" of an idea but not the "idea" itself.

Correct

Under the copyright law of the United States, exclusive copyrights normally expire 70 years after the author's death.

Correct

Using quotations, but not citing the source is considered plagiarism.

Correct

Works placed in the public domain are free for anyone to copy and use. The term "public domain" means that the work is not covered by any intellectual property rights at all (copyright, trademark, patent, or otherwise).

Correct

A federal magistrate supported the position that the 1789 All Writs Act can be used to force Apple to carry out search warrants.

False

A group of influential software engineers in Google's cloud division agreed to work on a cutting-edge security feature known as "air-gap", technology that would help Google win sensitive military contacts.

False

According to Dr. Fontenot, engineers only need to focus on written communication

False

Assuming Mexico does not have the same environmental regulations as the United States, then ethical considerations regarding the environment stop at the international border with Mexico.

False

Companies who write papers for students are often careless in removing document meta data to cover their tracks and thus protect their clients.

False

Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist, was cleared of all allegations of academic fraud that asserted he had made up his research studies.

False

Dr. Fontenot argues that communication skills are an advantage but not essential to professional advancement.

False

Dr. Fontenot argues that eye contact is helpful but not essential to effective communication.

False

Engineers are ethically obligated to acknowledge their errors only after consulting with their employers or clients and only if their clients and employers give their approval.

False

Engineers are ethically obligated to be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony, but only to the extent that they do not harm the financial interests of their clients or employers.

False

Engineers are ethically obligated to engage in truthful acts only in cases where the public health, safety, and welfare are at risk.

False

Engineers may ethically perform services outside of their areas of competence as long as they inform their employers or clients in writing and their employers approve.

False