Exam 3

13. After losing nearly all its trees in World War II, South Korea is now A. Beginning to plan replanting B. Nearly 10% reforested C. About 70% reforested D. An eroded wasteland E. Under tremendous pressure for fuelwood harvests

C. About 70% reforested

13. An aerosol is A. A chemical propellant B. A rigidly defined chemical composition C. Any liquid droplet or solid particle suspended in air D. Not considered as hazardous to human health as other air pollutants E. Not as apparent in the air as other air pollutants

C. Any liquid droplet or solid particle suspended in air

1. In the diagram, the mantle is labeled as A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

C. C

10. The fundamental characteristic(s) that distinguish(es) a mineral is/are its _______. A. Chemical composition only B. Grain size C. Chemical composition and its crystal structure D. Crystal structure only E. Organic materials.

C. Chemical composition and its crystal structure

3. The main difference in wood products produced in the U.S. compared to those in China, is that __________. A. The U.S.'s wood comes from deforestation, whereas Chinese products come from managed tree farms. B. China only produces pulp wood products, whereas the U.S. produces wood for building supplies. C. China's wood comes from deforestation, whereas U.S. products come from managed tree farms. D. The U.S. only produces pulp wood products, whereas China produces wood for building supplies.

C. China's wood comes from deforestation, whereas U.S. products come from managed tree farms.

18. The majority of the mixed grass section of the Great Plains has been converted to A. Oak savanna B. Tallgrass prairie C. Crop lands D. Grazing lands E. Wetlands

C. Crop lands

17. A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is A. Utilitarian conservation B. Biocentric preservation C. Debt-for-nature swaps D. Ecosystem management E. Pastoralism

C. Debt-for-nature swaps

12. Carbon monoxide is produced by A. Normal respiration by animals B. Normal respiration by plants C. Incomplete burning of fuels D. Photochemical oxidation of carbon E. The burning of sulfur-laden coal

C. Incomplete burning of fuels

18. Energy absorbed at the Earth's surface is radiated back to space in the form of A. Visible light B. Ultraviolet radiation C. Infrared radiation (heat) D. Microwaves E. Insolation

C. Infrared radiation (heat)

14. A mineral is composed of A. Other minerals B. Noncrystalline elements C. Inorganic elements D. A metal and a crystal E. Organic material

C. Inorganic elements

11. In the United States, most reforestation projects result in A. Huge amounts of biomass, which is then burned to produce energy B. Large old-growth forests C. Monoculture forests D. Small deciduous forests with a large variety of tree types E. None of these is correct

C. Monoculture forests

8. The term NOx is often used because A. There are many different oxides of nitrogen B. It is usually unclear how oxidized nitrogen is C. NO2 and NO easily convert into each other D. Many different molecules often attach to NO E. The pollutant is a nitrous oxide and the "Ox" identifies the oxygen

C. NO2 and NO easily convert into each other

9. What does REDD stand for? A. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Dust B. Removing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation C. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation D. Reducing Exploitation from Deforestation and forest Degredation

C. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation

2. The word "mitigation" has come to mean to A. Let nature heal itself B. Partially restore an ecosystem C. Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one D. Move to a new environment when one has been damaged E. Use natural processes to treat sewage water

C. Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one

15. Monoculture forestry involves A. Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture B. Multiple-species plantations whose trees are highly resistant to disease C. Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity D. Harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful E. Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture, and harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful

C. Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity

20. Photochemical oxidation reactions are driven by A. The great instability of the reactants B. The heat of industrial activity C. Solar energy D. Entropy E. Light, regardless of whether it is the sun or indoor light

C. Solar energy

14. Insolation is a term that means A. The heat reflectivity of clouds B. The energy retentive ability of gases C. The incoming solar radiation D. The total amount of energy released by the sun E. The outgoing infrared energy

C. The incoming solar radiation

19. Intense sunlight causes a band of hot, rising air laden with evaporated water near the equator. This moisture then falls because A. Its potential energy increases with height B. Warm air cannot hold much moisture C. The rising air cools and loses its ability to hold water vapor D. Moisture is condensed as convection currents carry air over hotter, drier regions E. The moisture evaporates as convection currents carry air over hotter, drier regions

C. The rising air cools and loses its ability to hold water vapor

4. The atmospheric zone where most weather events occur is the ________________. A. Stratosphere B. Thermosphere C. Troposphere D. Mesosphere E. Stratopause

C. Troposphere

11. Which of the following statements regarding tectonics is true? A. Because of tectonic movements, Europe and Africa are drifting slowly toward the Americas B. When continental plates collide with continental plates, both plates usually subside C. When oceanic plates collide with continental plates, the continent usually rides up over the seafloor D. Because of tectonic movements, California is slowly increasing in size E. When oceanic plates collide with continental plates, the oceanic plate usually rides up over the continental plate

C. When oceanic plates collide with continental plates, the continent usually rides up over the seafloor

3. Elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur were added to the Earth's early atmosphere through _______________. A. the mechanical weathering of rocks B. the chemical weathering of rocks C. volcanic emissions D. photosynthesis E. contact with space

C. volcanic emissions

8. A pioneer in restoration ecology who planted as many as 6,000 trees every year was A. Gifford Pinchot B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Eli Whitney D. Aldo Leopold E. John Wesley Powell

D. Aldo Leopold

10. In the diagram, which layer(s) has/have a rapid drop in temperature with increasing altitude? A. I B. III C. IV D. Both I and III E. Both I and IV

D. Both I and III

20. The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere occurs because A. Clouds reflect sunlight back into space B. Oceans absorb heat, and then release it slowly at night C. Stratospheric ozone absorbs UV radiation D. CO2, water vapor, methanol, and other gases absorb infrared radiation E. All of these are correct

D. CO2, water vapor, methanol, and other gases absorb infrared radiation

19. Which of the following is NOT a volatile organic compound? A. Benzene B. Methane C. Formaldehyde D. Chlorofluorocarbons E. Terpene

D. Chlorofluorocarbons

4. ________ in the mantle and core make tectonic plates move. A. Conduction movements B. Earthquakes C. Radioactive decay D. Convection currents E. Concurrent currents

D. Convection currents

1. "Closed canopy" forests are those in which tree crowns A. Include all sizes of trees B. Crowd out smaller vegetation C. Cover about 20 percent of the ground surface D. Cover most of the ground E. Cover less than 10 percent of the ground surface

D. Cover most of the ground

17. Protection of our forests depends on all of the following, except A. Allowing natural fires to burn B. Removal of dense undergrowth C. Using prescribed fires where necessary D. Cutting down the largest trees in fire-prone areas E. None of these is correct

D. Cutting down the largest trees in fire-prone areas

2. In the diagram, the semisolid part of the Earth is labeled as A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

D. D

19. The word "igneous" comes from a Latin word meaning A. Water B. Fossil C. Sediment D. Fire E. Compressed

D. Fire

5. The two main gases making up the lower atmosphere are A. Helium and hydrogen B. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide C. Oxygen and methane D. Nitrogen and oxygen E. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

D. Nitrogen and oxygen

13. Much of the ultraviolet light from the sun is absorbed by _______, as it passes through the atmosphere. A. Carbon dioxide B. Water vapor C. Nitrogen gas D. Ozone E. Green house gases

D. Ozone

6. Crude oil is derived from____________. A. Vast forests B. Lava C. All plant matter D. Phytoplankton and algae

D. Phytoplankton and algae

1. Efforts to repair or reconstruct ecosystems are known as A. Land stewardship B. Conservation reserve programs C. Landscape ecology D. Restoration ecology E. Mitigation

D. Restoration ecology

4. _________, ___________, and ___________ are the largest producers of both paper pulp and industrial wood. A. Costa Rica; Ecuador; Mexico B. Canada; Europe; the United Kingdom C. Brazil; Africa; Southeast Asia D. Russia; Canada; the United States E. Europe; Russia; Central Africa

D. Russia; Canada; the United States

5. Fugitive emissions are produced by A. Smokestacks B. Power plants and other heating equipment C. Reactions between pollutants and atmospheric gases D. Strip mining, rock crushing, and other dust-producing activities E. Industry and must go through a smokestack for filtration

D. Strip mining, rock crushing, and other dust-producing activities

5. Which of the following statements about old-growth forests is true? A. Humans do not reside in old-growth forests. B. Old-growth forests have been without disturbance of any kind for at least 100 years. C. The largest remaining areas of old-growth forests are in North America. D. They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests. E. None of the above is true.

D. They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests.

18. Satyagraha movements in India work to achieve social and environmental goals A. By controlling national politics B. By force C. Using large amounts of money D. Through passive, peaceful methods E. Any way that they can, depending on the context of the situation

D. Through passive, peaceful

11. Sulfur trioxide A. Is a secondary pollutant B. Is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide C. Reacts with water to form sulfuric acid D. Is a major component of acid rain E. All of these are correct

E. All of these are correct

13. Some of the advantages of planting trees in cities are that they A. Act as noise barriers B. Provide shade C. Improve air quality D. Improve the aesthetics E. All of these are correct

E. All of these are correct

4. Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most? A. Ecology B. Hydrology C. Soil science D. Ecology and hydrology E. All of these are correct

E. All of these are correct

14. All of the following are things that can be done toward ecological restoration except A. Pick up litter B. Replant native species C. Remove invasive species D. Grow a garden E. Burn unwanted vegetation

E. Burn unwanted vegetation

16. The fundamental characteristic(s) that distinguish(es) a mineral is/are its A. Chemical composition B. Crystal structure C. Organic materials D. Grain size E. Chemical composition and its crystal structure

E. Chemical composition and its crystal structure

3. In the diagram, the densest part of the Earth is labeled as A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

E. E

1. The US governmental agency responsible for regulating air pollutants is the A. National Park Service B. Fish and Wildlife Service C. Bureau of Reclamation D. Bureau of Remediation E. Environmental Protection Agency

E. Environmental Protection Agency

16. The most common metallic air pollutant is A. Iron B. Cadmium C. Nickel D. Mercury E. Lead

E. Lead

7. Which of the following is NOT a main component of restoration of any ecosystem? A. Replanting B. Monitoring C. Controlling invasive species D. Removing physical stressors E. Removal of indigenous peoples

E. Removal of indigenous peoples

5. Which of the following would NOT be included in wetland restoration? A. Salinity control B. Reestablishing plant and animal diversity C. Weed removal D. Reestablishing hydrologic connections E. Selective cutting

E. Selective cutting

15. Albedo is a term describing the Earth's A. Reflection of solar radiation B. Refraction of energy C. Production of radiant heat D. Use of energy in biomass production E. Outgoing infrared energy

A. Reflection of solar radiation

2. Primary pollutants are those that are A. Released directly in dangerous forms B. Produced in the greatest quantities C. The most dangerous D. The most threatening to people E. Classified by the EPA as the most dangerous and abundant

A. Released directly in dangerous forms

3. ________________ uses chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution. A. Remediation B. Reclamation C. Mitigation D. Restoration E. Rehabilitation

A. Remediation

12. The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in A. Rwanda B. Uganda C. Kenya D. South Africa E. Nairobi

A. Rwanda

19. India's Chipko Andolan movement A. Saved a large portion of forests in watersheds B. Failed to actually save any forests C. Used children to plant trees in a reforestation project D. Is now no longer active E. Emphasized force to save forests in watersheds

A. Saved a large portion of forests in watersheds

8. The different layers of the atmosphere are kept from mixing by A. Sharp temperature boundaries B. Contrasting gas compositions C. The extreme stillness within each layer D. Physical barriers composed of thick layers of atmospheric dust E. Sharp density boundaries

A. Sharp temperature boundaries

13. The "ring of fire" is the source of more earthquakes and volcanic activity than any other place on earth. What causes the ring of fire? A. The subduction of Pacific plates under continental plates B. The drift of Europe and Africa away from the Americas C. The collision of two continental plates D. Mid-oceanic ridges E. The conduction currents in the hot magma

A. The subduction of Pacific plates under continental plates

8. Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because A. They contain such high biodiversity B. Tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world C. They contain irreplaceable wood resources D. There are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type E. All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss

A. They contain such high biodiversity

6. The restoration of an ecosystem that involves allowing invasive species to thrive in order to contribute to the ecological series in a damaged environment is called _________. A. a novel ecosystem B. a non-native ecosystem C. a mixed ecosystem D. an incomplete ecosystem

A. a novel ecosystem

12. Subduction is the process of a tectonic plate A. Falling freely into the mantle B. Being forced below another plate C. Melting without moving D. Sliding alongside another plate E. Being sucked into the outer core

B. Being forced below another plate

10. The restoration of Nonsuch Island in Bermuda has been very successful, particularly in preserving the A. Pine martin B. Bermuda cahow C. Bermuda cedar D. Forest lynx E. Long-tailed tropic bird

B. Bermuda cahow

8. Which of the following is NOT a major type of rock? A. Igneous B. Bituminious C. Metamorphic D. Sedimentary

B. Bituminious

15. The predominant tree species in an oak savanna is the A. Live oak B. Bur oak C. White oak D. Red oak E. All of these are equally common in an oak savanna

B. Bur oak

14. A disadvantage of monoculture forestry is that it is A. Difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods B. Deficient in providing ecological services C. Difficult to replant D. Economically inefficient E. More time-consuming to replant

B. Deficient in providing ecological services

9. A break or weakness in the continuity of the crust of the Earth is called a ________. A. Tectonic plate B. Fault C. Subduction zone D. Volcano

B. Fault

11. In the diagram, which layer has the highest concentration of ozone? A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. The highest concentration of ozone is found in the border between III and IV

B. II

17. Rock formed from magma extruded to the surface through volcanic vents is classified as A. Sedimentary B. Igneous C. Metamorphic D. Weathered rock E. Lava

B. Igneous

6. Developed countries produce __________ of all industrial wood and account for ________ of its consumption. A. More than half; less than half B. Less than half; about 80% C. More than half; about 80% D. Less than half; about half E. Less than half; about 20%

B. Less than half; about 80%

20. Water, wind, and glaciers are examples of forces that cause A. Chemical weathering B. Mechanical weathering C. Abrasion D. Sedimentation E. Metamorphosis in rocks

B. Mechanical weathering

18. Many fish contain high levels of _____________ and should either not be eaten or their consumption should be limited. A. Lead B. Mercury C. Chloroform D. Ozone E. Chlorophyll

B. Mercury

9. The brown haze in smog is caused by A. Sulfuric acid B. NO2 C. Carbon monoxide D. Chlorofluorocarbons E. Particulates

B. NO2

14. The most dangerous airborne particulates are those that are A. Large enough to damage the skin and eyes B. Small enough to be drawn into the lungs C. Anthropogenic D. Liquid E. Produced in industrial settings

B. Small enough to be drawn into the lungs

9. The "ozone hole" that causes concern among scientists and the public is an ozone depletion in the A. Troposphere B. Stratosphere C. Thermosphere D. Mesosphere E. Tropopause

B. Stratosphere

7. Which of the following criteria pollutants result mainly from burning coal? A. Photochemical oxidants B. Sulfur dioxide C. Suspended particulate materials D. Methane E. Carbon monoxide

B. Sulfur dioxide

12. "Forest management" means planning for A. Gaining maximum, quick profit from trees B. Sustainable harvests and forest regeneration C. A continual increase in forest complexity D. Building the maximum biodiversity in a forest E. Old-growth status in the managed forests

B. Sustainable harvests and forest regeneration

16. One of the reasons that it is difficult to restore an oak savanna is that A. Too many weedy species take over the oak saplings B. There are no natural fires to control vegetation due to human development of the areas C. Too many trees are cut down illegally for their timber value D. Too many wild animals destroy the bark of the trees E. There is not enough suitable land remaining

B. There are no natural fires to control vegetation due to human development of the areas

20. International lending institutions are willing to cooperate in debt-for-nature swaps because A. They want to encourage indigenous lifestyles B. They do not really expect to recover much of their loans C. They are concerned about the greenhouse effect D. The size of the loans is negligible E. They are attempting to support green business

B. They do not really expect to recover much of their loans

6. Aerosols are A. Gases produced by industry B. Tiny particles and droplets suspended in the air C. The principal gas involved in the greenhouse effect D. Tiny droplets of a very specific chemical composition E. The principal gas involved in global warming

B. Tiny particles and droplets suspended in the air

7. The correct sequence of atmospheric zones upward from the earth's surface is A. Stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere B. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere C. Mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere, and thermosphere D. Thermosphere, stratosphere, troposphere, and mesosphere E. Troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and thermosphere

B. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere

17. Eventually, all of the energy that reaches the Earth's surface is A. Absorbed into the Earth B. Turned into biomass C. Used in heating D. Reflected or radiated back to space E. Dissipated within the Earth's atmosphere

B. Turned into biomass

4. ________ are examples of secondary pollutants. A. Aerosols B. Volatile organic compounds C. Photochemical oxidants D. Combustion gases E. Fugitive emissions

B. Volatile organic compounds

9. The first wildlife refuge established in the United States was A. Pelican Island B. Arctic National C. Yellowstone D. Rocky Flats E. Baskett Slough

A. Pelican Island

5. Coal is derived from __________ compressed and hardened over millennia. A. Plant material from swamps B. Phytoplankton C. Lava D. Vast forests

A. Plant material from swamps

7. On a global scale, fuelwood harvests A. Make up about half of all wood harvests B. Make up only 1% of industrial timber harvests C. Are far greater than industrial timber harvests D. Make up about 10% of all wood harvests E. Are mainly in developed countries

A. Make up about half of all wood harvests

10. A common example of a photochemical oxidant is A. NO2 B. H2S C. CO2 D. Methane E. All of these are correct

A. NO2

17. Lead is dangerous because it acts as a(n) A. Neurotoxin B. Asphyxiant C. Irritant D. Respiratory fibrotic agent E. Carcinogenic agent

A. Neurotoxin

15. The basic material of rocks is a cohesive group of A. One or more minerals B. Any noncrystalline elements C. One or more inorganic elements D. A metal and a crystal E. One or more organic elements

A. One or more minerals

20. Wetlands are critical for wildlife survival because they A. Are highly productive and are sources of food B. Allow animals to cool off C. Contain few, but rare, species D. Provide vast amounts of habitat E. All of these are correct

A. Are highly productive and are sources of food

18. _______ is an example of an igneous rock. A. Basalt B. Shale C. Marble D. Sandstone E. Limestone

A. Basalt

19. A buffalo commons is an area where A. Bison and other native wildlife can roam freely B. Bison are raised and sold for slaughter C. Cattle and bison can graze together D. Bison currently graze, but their habitat is shrinking due to development E. Bison move from one wildlife preserve to another through a narrow strip of preserved land

A. Bison and other native wildlife can roam freely

16. Which nation currently has the highest deforestation rate? A. Burundi B. Russia C. Japan D. India E. Canada

A. Burundi

6. Criteria pollutants are those that A. Contribute the most to air quality degradation B. Are most highly toxic even in small quantities C. Are easiest to get rid of D. Cause the most damage to buildings E. Set the standards for other pollutants

A. Contribute the most to air quality degradation

11. When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies, A. Forest regeneration becomes more difficult B. Fewer people rely on fuelwood C. Closed canopy forests are greatly threatened D. Agricultural land usually improves and expands E. Technology for alternative ways of cooking improves dramatically

A. Forest regeneration becomes more difficult

2. The earth's earliest atmosphere was probably composed mainly of __________, which has/have since largely dissipated into space. A. Hydrogen and helium B. Carbon dioxide and methane C. Oxygen D. Water E. Nitrogen and sulfur

A. Hydrogen and helium

12. In the diagram, which layer has the most mixing of air? A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. The most mixing of air is found in the border between II and III

A. I

15. Anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are A. Increasing at the rate of about 0.5 percent per year B. Easily determined with recent technological advances C. Measured with a great deal of precision D. All offset by carbon storage in northern forests E. All of these are correct

A. Increasing at the rate of about 0.5 percent per year

10. Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous because A. It produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp B. It is labor-intensive and thus increases job opportunities for local people C. High levels of pesticides and herbicides may be needed; therefore, more money is spent and is in the system D. The increase in wildlife diversity is beneficial to the tourism industry E. A mix of the different trees leads to a good resource base if the market for one type of timber falls

A. It produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp

1. Climate is a description of ________ weather conditions. A. Long-term regional B. Stable and unchanging C. Temporary D. Temporary local E. Annual

A. Long-term regional

16. Which of the following would have the highest albedo? A. A field of black soil B. A snowfield C. A dark forest D. An asphalt parking lot E. A grass field

B. A snowfield

2. The world land use pie graph shown here lets you know A. How many hectares are devoted to each type of land use B. Approximately what proportion of earth's land surface is used in each of the four ways C. The relative amounts of land use for different parts of the world D. Precisely what percentage of land uses exist E. Approximately what proportion of the earth's biomes are used in each of the four ways

B. Approximately what proportion of earth's land surface is used in each of the four ways

7. Which of the following bodies of water is growing due to tectonic movement? A. Pacific Ocean B. Atlantic Ocean C. Black Sea D. Indian Ocean E. None of these are growing

B. Atlantic Ocean

3. Secondary pollutants A. Harm only vulnerable members of a population B. Become dangerous after reacting in the atmosphere C. Are produced in lesser quantities than primary pollutants D. Are less dangerous than other pollutants E. Are classified by the EPA as the second-most dangerous and abundant

B. Become dangerous after reacting in the atmosphere