MAN 3025- ch.11 questions

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

______ rewards are given to people by the organization.

Extrinsic

______ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.

Maslow's need hierarchy

The need for achievement is characterized by a strong orientation toward which of the following?

accomplishment

Job enrichment means that jobs are redesigned by

adding high levels of responsibility.

Individuals who have high levels of which kind of need are oriented toward getting along with others?

affiliation

The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him or her get along with each other defines the need for ______.

affiliation

If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.

attempt to restore a balance

Goals should be which of the following?

challenging and attainable

Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?

demanding and novel

Job ______ involves giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.

enlargement

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs are all material and physiological desires.

existence

ERG theory postulates that , ____, relatedness, and growth needs can operate simultaneously.

existence

People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.

expectancy

Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance which results in an outcome?

expectancy

_________ theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance.

expectancy

What is withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence called?

extinction

Which of the following occurs when motivation is reduced through the withdrawal of positive reinforcement?

extinction

Equity theory describes people's assessments of how ______.

fairly they are treated

The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and ______.

feedback

If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will

feel satisfied

In which theory do managers set goals for employees?

goal-setting

Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?

goal-setting theory

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, satisfaction of the ______ needs comes from fully utilizing personal capacities and developing new capacities.

growth

______ needs motivate people to productively or creatively change themselves or their environments.

growth

______ aims to eliminate or remove undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors.

negative reinforcement

________ attempts to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.

organizational behavior modificiation

If a person's need for power is expressed as a negative force, such as the exploitation of others, the it is called _____ power.

personalized

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.

physiological

The law of effect states that behavior followed by which kind of consequences will be repeated?

positive

Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?

power

Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?

praises for her efforts

People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive

procedural fairness.

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.

procedural justice

The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and ______.

punishment

When Jose failed to meet his quarterly sales goal, Marie verbally reprimanded him. This consequence is an example of

punishment

______ is administering an undesired consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs.

punishment

The most powerful goals are ______.

purposes that appeal to people's higher values

Satisfying the full range of employee needs is the goal of which kind of programs?

quality of work life

______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.

quality of work life

Phil ensures that his employees get extra time off when their performance and productivity is exceptionally high. This is an example of positive...

reinforcement

When Susan's employees do not perform well, she does not hesitate to offer criticism. However, she eliminates undesired outcomes, such as criticism, when her employees perform at a high level. Susan is using negative ___, Correct Unavailable to help motivate her employees.

reinforcement

Which of the needs associated with Alderfer's ERG theory are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings?

relatedness

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings.

relatednesss

Positive reinforcement involves applying a consequence that increases the likelihood the person will ______.

repeat the behavior that led to it

With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.

rotation

The five-letter acronym "___" serves as a reminder of the principles—such as being measurable, achievable, and results based—that should underlie motivating goals.

smart

Assessments of equity are ______ perceptions or beliefs.

subjective

What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?

motivation

What are the factors of Herzberg's theory that describe the job itself?

motivators

Organizational behavior modification tries to improve performance by managing ______.

-work conditions -consequences of actions

For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?

-Instrumentality -Expectancy -Valence

Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?

-acceptable -challenging -meaningful -specific

Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?

-achievement -affiliation -power

The equity theory states that people assess which key factors?

-inputs -outcomes

The key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior include

-negative reinforcement -extension -punishment -positive reinforcement

The two types of stretch goals are:

-vertical -horizontal

The theory that suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior is _____ theory.

ERG

What is the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome?

Instrumentality

Zahra believes that if her marketing strategy is a success, she will get a promotion. Zahra is exhibiting which kind of belief?

Instrumentality

A(n) ______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself.

intrinsic

According to _____, people must satisfy their needs in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy.

maslow

Which of the following goal characteristics are associated with the most powerful goals?

meaningful

Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort are referred to as___

motivation

Hygiene factors are characteristics of which aspect of a job?

the workplace

The goal-setting method that Microsoft uses as the basis for creating motivating goals stands for: specific, measurable, achievable, results based, and ______ specific.

time

Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.

two-factor

Each outcome has an associated ______, which is the value the person places on the outcome.

valence

The value a person places on the outcome of their performance is called

valence