MAN 3025- ch.11 questions
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
______ rewards are given to people by the organization.
Extrinsic
______ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.
Maslow's need hierarchy
The need for achievement is characterized by a strong orientation toward which of the following?
accomplishment
Job enrichment means that jobs are redesigned by
adding high levels of responsibility.
Individuals who have high levels of which kind of need are oriented toward getting along with others?
affiliation
The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him or her get along with each other defines the need for ______.
affiliation
If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.
attempt to restore a balance
Goals should be which of the following?
challenging and attainable
Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?
demanding and novel
Job ______ involves giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.
enlargement
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs are all material and physiological desires.
existence
ERG theory postulates that , ____, relatedness, and growth needs can operate simultaneously.
existence
People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.
expectancy
Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance which results in an outcome?
expectancy
_________ theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance.
expectancy
What is withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence called?
extinction
Which of the following occurs when motivation is reduced through the withdrawal of positive reinforcement?
extinction
Equity theory describes people's assessments of how ______.
fairly they are treated
The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and ______.
feedback
If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will
feel satisfied
In which theory do managers set goals for employees?
goal-setting
Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?
goal-setting theory
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, satisfaction of the ______ needs comes from fully utilizing personal capacities and developing new capacities.
growth
______ needs motivate people to productively or creatively change themselves or their environments.
growth
______ aims to eliminate or remove undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors.
negative reinforcement
________ attempts to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.
organizational behavior modificiation
If a person's need for power is expressed as a negative force, such as the exploitation of others, the it is called _____ power.
personalized
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.
physiological
The law of effect states that behavior followed by which kind of consequences will be repeated?
positive
Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?
power
Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?
praises for her efforts
People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive
procedural fairness.
Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.
procedural justice
The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and ______.
punishment
When Jose failed to meet his quarterly sales goal, Marie verbally reprimanded him. This consequence is an example of
punishment
______ is administering an undesired consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs.
punishment
The most powerful goals are ______.
purposes that appeal to people's higher values
Satisfying the full range of employee needs is the goal of which kind of programs?
quality of work life
______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.
quality of work life
Phil ensures that his employees get extra time off when their performance and productivity is exceptionally high. This is an example of positive...
reinforcement
When Susan's employees do not perform well, she does not hesitate to offer criticism. However, she eliminates undesired outcomes, such as criticism, when her employees perform at a high level. Susan is using negative ___, Correct Unavailable to help motivate her employees.
reinforcement
Which of the needs associated with Alderfer's ERG theory are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings?
relatedness
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings.
relatednesss
Positive reinforcement involves applying a consequence that increases the likelihood the person will ______.
repeat the behavior that led to it
With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.
rotation
The five-letter acronym "___" serves as a reminder of the principles—such as being measurable, achievable, and results based—that should underlie motivating goals.
smart
Assessments of equity are ______ perceptions or beliefs.
subjective
What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?
motivation
What are the factors of Herzberg's theory that describe the job itself?
motivators
Organizational behavior modification tries to improve performance by managing ______.
-work conditions -consequences of actions
For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?
-Instrumentality -Expectancy -Valence
Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?
-acceptable -challenging -meaningful -specific
Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?
-achievement -affiliation -power
The equity theory states that people assess which key factors?
-inputs -outcomes
The key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior include
-negative reinforcement -extension -punishment -positive reinforcement
The two types of stretch goals are:
-vertical -horizontal
The theory that suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior is _____ theory.
ERG
What is the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome?
Instrumentality
Zahra believes that if her marketing strategy is a success, she will get a promotion. Zahra is exhibiting which kind of belief?
Instrumentality
A(n) ______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself.
intrinsic
According to _____, people must satisfy their needs in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy.
maslow
Which of the following goal characteristics are associated with the most powerful goals?
meaningful
Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort are referred to as___
motivation
Hygiene factors are characteristics of which aspect of a job?
the workplace
The goal-setting method that Microsoft uses as the basis for creating motivating goals stands for: specific, measurable, achievable, results based, and ______ specific.
time
Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.
two-factor
Each outcome has an associated ______, which is the value the person places on the outcome.
valence
The value a person places on the outcome of their performance is called
valence
