exam 3 abnormal psy
orgasmic reorientation (chapter 11)
A procedure for treating certain paraphilias by teaching clients to respond to new, more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation.
greater hunger and more frequent intense binges. (chapter 9)
Although purging after bingeing relieves the immediate sensation of fullness, it also affects one's ability to feel satiated. This often causes:
only those who do not have other serious psychological problems. (chapter 11)
All of these statements reflect current trends in sex therapy EXCEPT that therapists treat:
Behavioral techniques for bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
Diaries are often a useful component of treatment. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is used to break the binge-purge cycle.
erectile disorder (chapter 11)
Measuring nocturnal penile tumescence is an important part of determining whether _____ has a biological cause or is rooted in psychological factors.
do not have "normal" sexual responses. (chapter 11)
Unlike male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, many women who suffer from female sexual interest/arousal disorder:
efforts at extreme dieting.
Unlike the other eating disorders, binge eating disorder does NOT necessarily begin with:
wendy (chapter 9)
Vera and Wendy both suffer from eating disorders. Vera has anorexia nervosa while Wendy has bulimia nervosa. Who is MOST likely to be helped by cognitive-behavioral therapy?
great tension (chapter 9)
Veronica suffers from bulimia nervosa. Before a binge episode, Veronica MOST likely feels a sense of:
autogynephilic (chapter 11)
Victoria Kolakowski has always been sexually attracted to, and is married to, a woman. Because she is genetically male, she would be said to have male-to-female gender dysmorphia: _____ type.
2 to 7 percent (chapter 9)
about ___ of the population has a binge-eating disorder
ineffective parents
fail to attend to their children needs, deciding that their children are hungry, cold, or tired without correctly interpreting the children's actual condition.
People with anorexia nervosa display certain psychological problems (chapter 9)
Depression Anxiety Low self-esteem Insomnia or other sleep disturbances Substance abuse Obsessive-compulsive patterns Perfectionist
Fetishistic (chapter 11)
_____ disorder is the term for sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving inanimate objects.
Describe binge-eating treatment
_____ play key role in bulimia and _____ _____ ___ ; treatments are often similar Cognitive-behavior therapy, other forms of psychotherapy, and antidepressant medications Additional intervention for overweight people with binge eating disorder Specialized treatments are emergencing •Cognitive-behavior therapy, other forms of psychotherapy, and, in some cases, antidepressant medications are provided to reduce or eliminate binge patterns and to change disturbed thinking. •People with binge eating disorder who are overweight require additional intervention. •Now that binge eating disorder has been identified and is receiving considerable study, it is likely that specialized treatment programs will be emerging. •In the meantime, little is known about the aftermath of the disorder.
Prevalence of binge eating disorder
-Between 2 and 7 percent of the population display this disorder
Antidepressant drugs (chapter 9) for bulimia nervosa
-During the past 15 years, all groups of antidepressant drugs have been used in treatment -Medications are best when used in combination with other forms of therapy •Drugs help as many as 40 percent of patients.
Symptoms and characteristics of binge eating disorder
-Patterns are similar to those seen in bulimia -Those with binge eating disorder •Do not perform inappropriate compensatory behavior •Are not driven to thinness or efforts at extreme dieting •Often become overweight or obese
Main goal for the treatment of Anorexia nervosa chapter 9
1. Correct dangerous eating patterns, 2. Address broader psychological and situational factors that have led to, and are maintaining, the eating problem
Immediate aims for treatment for anorexia nervosa are:
1. Regain lost weight, 2. Recover from malnourishment, 3. Eat normally again This often requires the participation of family and friends. •
Describe binge-eating disorder characters
1.Recurrent binge-eating episodes 2.Binge-eating episodes include at least three of these features: •Unusually fast eating •Absence of hunger •Uncomfortable fullness •Secret eating due to sense of shame •Subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt. 3.Significant distress 4.Binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months 5.Absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
fetishistic disorder (chapter 11)
: a paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment. (More common in men than women)
masturbatory satiation (chapter 11)
A behavioral treatment in which a client masturbates for a long period of time while fantasizing in detail about a paraphilic object. The procedure is expected to produce a feeling of boredom that becomes linked to the object.
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) (chapter 9)
A brain region that depresses hunger when activated.
lateral hypothalamus (LH) (chapter 9)
A brain region that produces hunger when activated.
A person sex drive is determined by (chapter 11)
A combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, any of which may reduce sexual desire,. Most cases oflow sexual desire are caused primarily by socicultural and psychological factors, but biologicla conditions can also lower sex drive singificantly.
Paraphilic disorder and general behavior treatment (chapter 11)
A disorder in which a person paraphilia causes great distress, interferes with social or occupational activities, or places the person or others at risk of harm-either currently or in the past. People who initiate sexual contact with children, for example, warrent a diagnosis of pedophilic disorder regardless of how troubled the idnviduals may or may not be over their behavior. People whose paraphilic disordre invidles children or noncensenting adults often coem to the attention of clincian as a result of legal issues genrated by their inappropiate actions. Some practitioners administer durgs called antiandrogen that lower the production of testorsterone, the male sex hormone and reduce the sex drive. Although antiandrogen may indeed reduce paraphilic patterns, several of them disrupt normal sexual feelings and behavior as well. Thus the drugs tend to be used primarily when the paraphilic disorder are of apparticular danger either to the indivdiauls themselve or ot other people. Clinicains are also increasingly prescibing SSROs , the serotonin=enhancing antidepressant medications, to treat epople with paraphilic disorders, hoping that the SSROs will reduce these compulsion-lie sexual behaviors just as they help reduce other kinds of compulsions. In addition, of course, a common effect of the SSRIs is to lower sexual arousal.
gender dysphoria (chapter 11)
A disorder in which a person persistently feels clinically significant distress or impairment due to his or her assigned gender and strongly wishes to be a member of another gender
Define and discuss gender dysphoria.
A disorder in which a person persistently feels clinically significant distress or impairment due to his or her assigned gender and strongly wishes to be a member of another gender. Transgender experiences. 1.5 million people in the US are transgender-0.5% of the population. The prevalence in other countries is about he same. Many transgender people ocme in term with their gender in consistencies, but others experiences extreme unahppiness iwth their assigned gender and may seek treatment for their probelms. People with this typically would like to get rid of their primary and secondary sex charctersitics- many of them find their own gneitial repugnant- and acquire the charactertics of another sex. Men with this disorder outnumber women by around 2 to 1. Sometime this emerges in children. Like adults with this disorder, the children feel uncomfrotable aobut thei assigned gender and yearn to be members of another gneder. Thus adults with this disorder may have had a childhood form of this,. But most children with the childhood form do not become adults with the disorder. Surveys of mothers indicate that about 1.5 percent of young boys wish to be a girl, and 3.5 percent of young girls wish to be a boy., yet considerably less than 1% of adults manifest gender dysphoria. This age shift in the prevalence of gender dysphoria is, in part, why leading experts on the disorder strongly recommend agaisnt any form of irreversible phsycial treatment for this pattern until people reach adulthood, a recommendation upheld in the world professional association for transgender health standard of care. Neverhteless, some surgeons contineu to perform such preodceudre for younger patients.
paraphilic disorder (chapter 11)
A disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes great distress, interferes with social or occupational activities, or places the person or others at risk of harm- either currently or in the past.
sexual dysfunction (chapter 11)
A disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle.
binge-eating disorder (chapter 9)
A disorder marked by frequent binges but not extreme compensatory behaviors.
bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
A disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight. Also known as binge-purge syndrome.
anorexia nervosa (chapter 9)
A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss
premature ejaculation (chapter 11)
A dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within one minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to. Also called early or rapid ejacualtion
erectile disorder (chapter 11)
A dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity.
female orgasmic disorder (chapter 11)
A dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, has very low intensity orgasm, or has very delayed orgasm.
enmeshed family pattern (chapter 9)
A family system in which members are over involved with each other's affair and over concerend about each other's welfare.
female sexual interest/arousal disorder (chapter 11)
A female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction of lack of interest in sex, as well as, in some cawese, limited excitment and few sexual sensations during sexual activity.
delayed ejaculation (chapter 11)
A male dysfunction characterized by persistent inability to ejaculate or very delayed ejaculations during sexual activity with a partner.
transvestic disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder consisiting of repeated and intense sexual orges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of opposite sex, accompanied by clincially significant distress or impairmnet. Also known as transvestism or cross-dressing.
voyeuristic disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse, and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting people or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment.
pedophilic disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with children, and either acts on these urges or expeirences clinically significant distress or impairment.
sexual sadism disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve inflicting suffering on others, and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting indivdiuals or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment.
sexual masochism disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beated, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment.
exhibitionistic disorder (chapter 11)
A paraphilic disorder in which persons have repated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to others, and either act on these urges with nonconsenting individuals or experience clinically significant distress or impairment.
Hypothalamus (chapter 9)
A part of the brain that helps regulate various bodily functions, including eating and hunger.
frotteuristic (chapter 11)
A person with _____ disorder has intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person.
binge eating disorder
A person with _____ displays many of the behaviors of bulimia nervosa but does not engage in compensatory behaviors.
Symptoms of anorexia nervosa (chapter 9)
A refusal to maintain more than 85 percent of normal body weight Intense fears of becoming overweight Distorted view of weight and shape Amenorrhea (absence of monthly menstrual periods)
directed masturbation training (chapter 11)
A sex therapy appraoch that teaches women with female arousal or orgamisc problems how to masturbate effecively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions.
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (chapter 11)
A sexual dysfunction charcterized by signifcant phsycial discomfort during itnercourse.
spectator role (chapter 11)
A state of mind that some poeple experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced.
sex-change surgery (chapter 11)
A surgical procedure that changes a persons sex organs, features, and, in turn, sexual identityh. Also known as sexual reassignment surgery.
multidimensional risk perspective (chapter 9)
A theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. The more factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder.
Prevalence (chapter 9)
About 90-95 percent of bulimia nervosa cases occur in females; peak age of onset is between 15 and 20 years. Symptoms may last for several years with periodic letup (pause or reduction in the intensity of something dangerous, difficult, or tiring) .
Prevalence (chapter 9)
About 95 percent of cases occur in females; peak age of onset is between 14 and 18 years. Between 0.5 and 4.0 percent of females in Western countries develop the disorder. Rates of anorexia nervosa are increasing in North America, Europe, and Japan.
25 (chapter 11)
About _____ percent of people who receive sexual photos through sexting forward those photos to other people.
potassium (chapter 9)
According to the text, frequent vomiting or chronic diarrhea from the use of laxatives can cause a dangerous _____ deficiency.
family (chapter 9)
According to the text, research suggests that _____ therapy can be invaluable in the treatment of eating disorders, although the reason for this is not yet clear.
effective parents (chapter 9)
Accurately attend to their children's biological and emotional needs, giving them food when they are crying from hunger and comfort when they are crying out of fear. P 289
A brain chemical (chapter 9 page 291)
Activated by the hypothalamus and related brains structures to increase hunger and to decrease hunger. (lateral hypothalamus produce hunger when it is activated and ventromedial hypothalamus reduces hunger when it is activated) compensatory behavior
Bulimia Nervosa: Compensatory Behaviors (chapter 9)
After a binge: a. May compensate for and undo the caloric effects. B. May resort to vomiting Compensatory behaviors may temporarily relieve the negative feelings attached to binge eating: a. Over time, a cycle develops in which purging = bingeing = purging Fails to prevent the absorption of half the calories consumed during a binge Repeated vomiting affects the ability to feel satiated Þ greater hunger and bingeing
Medical problems associated with anorexia (chapter 9)
Amenorrhea (The absence of menstrual cycles.) Low body temperature Low blood pressure Body swelling Reduced bone density Slow heart rate Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances Dry skin, brittle nails Poor circulation Lanugo (fine soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn)
The starvation habits of anorexia nervosa cause a range of medical problems (chapter 9)
Amenorrhea (The absence of menstrual cycles.) Low body temperature Low blood pressure Body swelling Reduced bone density Slow heart rate Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances Dry skin, brittle nails Poor circulation Lanugo (fine soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn)
Binge (chapter 9)
An episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food.
ignoring the exhibitionist (chapter 11)
An exhibitionist exposes himself to a bystander. Which response would be the LEAST satisfying by the bystander for the exhibitionist?
Patients (chapter 9)
Are generally of normal weight Engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors (simply things people with eating disorder do in an attempt to make up for having eating and consumed calories, for example overuse of and compulsive exercise) Some may eventually qualify for a diagnosis of anorexia
Bulimia Nervosa: Binges (chapter 9)
Are usually preceded by feelings of great tension; may be pleasurable May include between 1 and 30 binge episodes per week Are often carried out in secret Involve eating massive amounts of food very rapidly with little chewing •Binges are usually preceded by feelings of great tension. Although the binge itself may be pleasurable, it is usually followed by feelings of extreme self-blame, guilt, depression, and fears of weight gain and being discovered. Binges involve eating massive amounts of food very rapidly with little chewing. Usually sweet, high-calorie foods with soft texture Binges involve eating massive amounts of food very rapidly with little chewing, typically consuming as many as 10,000 calories per binge episode.
two-third
As a result of their frequent binges, around _____ of people with binge eating disorder become overweight or even obese.
0.5 and 4.0 (chapter 9)
Between _____ percent of all females in Western countries develop anorexia nervosa in their lifetimes.
binge-purge syndrome; binge-eating disorder (chapter 9)
Both Amanda and Becca have eating disorders. Both girls tend to eat rapidly, eat large amounts without physical hunger, and eat alone because of embarrassment. Amanda follows her eating binges by inducing vomiting, whereas Becca does not. Amanda MOST likely suffers from _____, whereas Becca MOST likely suffers from _____.
cholecystokinin (CCK) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Brains chemicals that are the natural appetite suppressants.
Resoluation (chapter 11)
Brings a gradual return to the resting state that may take several hours. In the male, the penis shrinks back to its normal sizes; in the female, the bagina and other gential structures also returen to their pre[excitement conditions. (web)
Male hypoactive sexual desire (chapter 11)
By a persisitent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity Nevertheless ,when they do have sex, their phsycial responses may be normal and they may enjoy the experience. While most cultures portray men as wanting all the sex they can get, as many as 18% of men worldwide have thsi disorder, and the number seeking therapy has increased during the past decade Checklist: 1. For at least 6 months, individuals repeatedly experience few or no sexual thoughts, fantasies, or desires. 2. Individuals experience significant distress about this.
Premature ejaculation treatment (chapter
By behavioral procedures. In one such appraoch, the stop- start, or pause, procedure, the penis is manually stimulated until the man is highly aroused. The couple then pauses until his arousal subsides, after which the stimulation is resumed. Thsi sequenc e is repeated several times before stimulation is carried through to ejacuation, so the man ultimately experinces much more toal time of stiulation than he has evere xperience beofre. Eventually the couple progresses to putting the penis in th ebagina, making sure to withdraw it and to pause whether th eman becomes too highly aroused. According to clincial reports, after two or three months, many couples can enjoyprolonged intercourse without any need for pause. Some clincians treat premature ejaculation with SSRIs, the serotonin-enhancing antidepressant drugs. Because these drugs often reudce sexual arousal or orgasm, the reasoning goes, they may be helpful to men who ejaculate premautraly. Many studies report positive results with this approach. The effect of htis approach is consistent with the biological theory, mentioned eariler that serotonin receptors in the brains of men with early ejacualtion may function abnortmlaly.
sex change (chapter 11)
Cam has been undergoing hormone therapy for nearly a year in preparation for _____ surgery, during which his penis will be partially removed and restructured into a clitoris and vagina.
Individual therapy for bulimia (chapter 9)
Cognitive- behavioral therapy Various forms of psychotherapy are often supplemented by family therapy and may be offered in either individual or group therapy format.
what is Nutritional rehabilitation program and why is it helpful for anorexia nervosa?
Combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high calorie diet. The most popular weight-restoration technique has been the combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high-calorie diets. •Necessary weight gain is often achieved in 8 to 12 weeks. •Researchers have found that people with anorexia nervosa must overcome their underlying psychological problems to achieve lasting improvement. •Therapists use a combination of therapy and education to achieve this broader goal, using a combination of individual, group, and family approaches; psychotropic drugs have been helpful in some cases. •In most treatment programs, a combination of behavioral and cognitive interventions are included. •On the behavioral side, clients are required to monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties among those variables. •On the cognitive sides, they are taught to identify their "core pathology." ·T
Desire phase (chapter 11 )
Consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantases, and sexual attraction A number of people have normal sxexual interest but choose ,as a matter of lifestyle rather than sexual desire, to avoid angaging in sexual relations.
discontinue any usage of drugs or alcohol (chapter 11)
David has been seeking therapy for his hypoactive sexual desire disorder. His therapist MOST likely suggests that he _____, in order to help increase his sexual arousal.
Disorder of desire treatment
Difficult to treat because of the many issues that may feed into them. Therapist typically use a combination of techniques. In a technique called affectual awareness, patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feeling sof anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions they may have concerning sex. IIn another technique, partnets recieve cogntiive self-instruction training to help them change their negative reactions to sex. That is, they learn to replace nagaitve statements during sex with "coping statemtns, " such as " I can allow myself to enjoy sex; it doesn't mean I'll lose control." Therapist may also use behavioral approaches to help heighten a patient's sex drive. They may instruct clients to keep a "desire diary" in which they record sexual thoughts and feelings, to read books and view films with erotic content, and to fantasize about sex. They ay encourage pleasurable shared activiites such as dancing and walking togehter. If the reduced sexauld esire has resulted froms exual assult or childhood molestation, additional techniques may be needed. A patinet may, for example, be encourage to remember, talk about, and think about the assult until the memories no longer arouse fear or tensions. These and related psychological appraoches apparently help many women and men with low sexual desire eventually to have intercourse more than once a week. Finally , biological interventions can have a role in the treatment for desir e problems. Hormone treatments have been used and recieved some research support. In addition, in the FDA approved the drug flibanserin, as a treatment for women distressed by low sexual desires
female orgasmic disorder (chapter 11)
Directed masturbation training is an effective treatment for:
Dysfunction in the erectice phrase (chapter 11)
Disorder which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity. usuall over the age 50 Due to the many cases that are associated with ailments or diseases of older adults. 7% of men who are under 40 year old have the disorder; that number inreases toa s many as 40% of men in their sicties, and 75% of those in their seventies and eighties. Half of all adult men experience erectile difficulty during intercourse at least some of the time. Most cases of erectile disorder result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural processes.
core pathology (chapter 9)
During cognitive-behavioral therapy, Uma, who suffers from anorexia nervosa, is taught to identify her _____. In this case, this is the deep-seated belief that she should be judged by her shape and weight and by her ability to control these physical characteristics.
BULIMIA NERVOSA, also known as BINGE-PURGE SYNDROME, is characterized by binges (chapter 9)
Engaging in repeated bouts of uncontrolled overeating during a limited period of time Eating objectively more than most people would/could eat in a similar period
nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) (chapter 11)
Erection during sleep.
Family environment (chapter 9)
Families may play an important role in the development of eating disorders Abnormal interactions and forms of communication within a family may also set the stage for an eating disorder •As many as half of the families of those with eating disorders have a long history of emphasizing thinness, appearance, and dieting. •Mothers of those with eating disorders are more likely to be dieters and perfectionistic. •Influential family theorist Salvador Minuchin cites ENMESHED FAMILY PATTERNS as causal factors of eating disorders. •These patterns include overinvolvement in, and overconcern about, family members' lives.
Group therapy for bulimia : (chapter 9)
Family therapy Various forms of psychotherapy are often supplemented by family therapy and may be offered in either individual or group therapy format. ____ formats provide an opportunity for patients to express their thoughts, concerns, and experiences with one another. ____therapy is helpful in as many as 75 percent of cases. •
(chapter 9) Changing Family Interaction
Family therapy (a) Is important for anorexia nervosa treatment (b) Addresses separation and boundaries (c.) Uses combined treatment approaches Course and outcome of the disorder vary from person to person But even with combined treatment, recovery is difficult
Define, compare, and contrast the major paraphilic disorders. (chapter 11)
Fetishitic disoreder: a paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment. (More common in men than women) Transverstic disorder: a paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of the opposite sex, accompnaied by clincially significant distress orimpairment. Also known as trasnvestism or cross-dressing Exhibitionistic disorder: a paraphilic disorder in which persons have repeated sexual arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to others, and either act on these urges with nonconsenting individuals or experience clincially significant distress or impairment. Voyeurisitc disorer" a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexualdesires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse, and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting epople or expeirences clincially significant distress or impairment. Frotteuristic disorer: a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involves touching and rubbing aginst a nonconsenting person, and either act on these urges with the nonconsenting person ore xpeirnce clinically significant distress or imapirtment. Pedophilic disorers: a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watchmaking, touching, or engaging insexual acts with children, a nd either acts on these urges or expeirences clincially significant distress or impartment. Sexual masochism disorder: a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors, that involve being humilated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer ,accompanied by clingically distress or impariment.
Erectile disorder treatment (chapter 11)
Focus on reducing a man's performance anxiety, increasing his stimulation, or both, using a range of behavioral,cognitive, and relationship interventions. In one treatment, the couple may be instructed to try to tease technique during sensate0focus exerices: the partner keeps caressing the man, but if the man gets an erection, the partner stop caressing him until he loses it. This exercise reduces the pressure on the man to perfrom and at the same time teaches the couple that erections occur naturally in response to stimulation, as long as the partners do not keep focusing on performance. In another technique, the couple may be isnstructed to use manual or oral sex to try to ahcieve the women's orgasm, again reducing pressure on the man to perform. Biological appraoches gained great momentum with the development in 1998 of sildenafil. (viagra) This drug increases blood flow to the penis within one hour of ingestion; the increased blood flow to enables the user to attain an erectiond uring sexual activity. Soon after viagra emerged, two other erectile dysfunctiondrugs were also approved- tadalafil (cialis) and vardenafil (levitra) that are now activily competing with viagra for the share of the lucrative marketplace. Colelctively, the three drus that are the most common form of treatment for erectile disorder. (up to 75% =) Second find of treatment is medication are unsuccessful or too risky or individuals are gel suppositories, injections of drugs into the penic, and a vacuum erection device, a hollow cylinder that is placed over the penis. Here a men uses a hand pump to pump air out of the cylinder, drawing blood into his prnis and prodcuign an erection.
Sexual dysfunction of delayed ejaulation (chapter 11)
For at least 6 months, individual usually displays a significant delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual actvity with a partner and experiences significant distress. Previously called male orgasmic disorder or inhibited male orgasm. Around 10% of men worldwide have this disorder. It is typically a source of great frustaion and upset. A low testosterone level, certain neurological diseases, and some head or spinal cord injuries can interfere with ejaculation. Substances that slow down the sympathetic nervous system *such as alcohol, some medications for high blood pressure, and certain psychotropic medications) can also be the cause. A leading psychological cause of this dysfunction appears to be performance anxiety and the spectator role, the cogntivie--behavioral factors also involved in erectile disorder. Once a men begins to focus on reaching orgasm, he may stop being an aroused participant in his sexual activiity and instead become an unaroused, self0criticual, and fearful observer. Another psychological cause may be past masturbation habits. If for example, amne has masturbated all his life by rubbing his penis agaisnt the sheets, pillows, or other such objects, he may have difficulty reaching orgasm in the absence of the sensations tied to those objects. It also may develop out of male hypoactive secual desire disorder. A man who engages in sex largely because of pressure from his partner, without any real desire for it, simply may not get aroused enough to ejaculate.
Sexual dysfunction of early ejaculation (chapter 11)
For at least 6 months, individuals usually ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sex with a partner and eariler than he wants to Individual experiences significant distress Another name for this is premature ejaculation. As many as 30% of menworldwide ___ at some time. The typical duration of intercourse in our society has increased over the past several decades, which has caused more distress among men who ejaculate ________> Although many young men certainly contend with the dysfunction, research suggests that men of any age may suffer from it. Psychological, particularly behavioral, explanations of this received more research support than other kinds of explanation. The dysfunction is common, for example, among young, sexually inexperienced medn who simply have not learned to slow down, control their arousal and extend the pleasurable process of makinglove. In fact, young men often ___ _during their first sexual encounter.With continued sexual experience, most men acquire more control over their sexual responses. Men of any age who have sex only occasionally are also prone to ejaculate early. Clinicians have also suggested that it may be related to anxiety, hurried masturbation experiences during adolescence (fear of being caught by parents) , or poor recogniztion of one's own sexual arousal. Growing beleif among many clincial thoerist s that biological factos may also paly a key role in many cases; three biological theories have emerged from the limited investigation done so far. 1. States that some men are born with a genetic predisposition to develop this dysfunction. (small sample of men suffering from this had first=degree relatives who also had the dysfunction.) 2. Argues that the brains of men who have this dysfunction contain serotonin receptors that are overactive and others that are underacitve. 3. Hold the mend with this dysfunction have a greater sensitivity or nerve conduction in the area of the penis.
SSRIs reduce arousal and orgasm and help men delay ejaculation. (chapter 11)
In theory, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) help treat early ejaculation because:
Other facts on bulimia (chapter 9)
Globally, 25-50 percent of students report periodic binge-eating or self-induced vomiting. Patients are generally of normal weight. Often experience marked weight fluctuations Some may eventually qualify for a diagnosis of anorexia inappropriate compensatory behaviors Forced vomiting Misusing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, fasting Exercising excessively
Many teenagers and young adults (chapter 9)
Go on occasional binges or experiment with vomiting or laxatives Only some of these individuals qualify for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa
hebephilic (chapter 11)
Greg suffers from _____ type pedophilia. On his computer, he keeps photographs only of early pubescent girls.
Cognitive techniques for bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
Help clients recognize and change their maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape
Assessed using an adjustable lens technique (chapter 9)
Hold maladaptive attitudes and misperceptions "I must be perfect in every way." "I will be a better person if I deprive myself." "I can avoid guilt by not eating."
70 (chapter 9)
If one identical twin suffers from anorexia nervosa, the other twin will develop this disorder in as many as _____ percent of cases. On the other hand, the concordance rate for fraternal twins is around 20 percent.
What must be done in life threatening cases? (for anorexia nervosa)
In life-threatening cases, clinicians may need to force tube and intravenous feedings on the patient. (a) This may breed distrust in the patient and create a power struggle. (b) In contrast, behavioral weight-restoration approaches have clinicians use rewards whenever patients eat properly or gain weight
How was anorexia nervosa treated in the past verses now. (chapter 9)
In the past, treatment took place in a hospital setting; it is now often offered in day hospitals or outpatient settings. •
Female orgasmic disorder treatment (chapter 11)
Include cognitive-behavioral techniques, self0 exploration,enhancement of body awareness, and directed masturbation training. These procedures are especially useful for women who have never had an orgasm under any circumstances. Biological treatments, including hormone therapy or the use of sildenafil (biagra), have also been tired, but research has not consistently found these to be helpful. In directed masturbation training, a women is tought step bys tep how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgams during sexual interactions. The trianing includes the use of diagram and reading material, preivate self0stimulation, erotic material and fantasies, "orgasm triggers' such as holding her breath or thrusting her pelvis, sensate focus with her partner, and sexual this training program appears to be highly effective: over 90% of female cleints learn to ahve an orgasm during masturbation, about 80% during caressing by their partners, and about 30% pecent during intercourse. A lack of orgasm during itnercourse is not necessarily asexual dysfucniton, provided the women enjoy intercourse and can reach orgasm through caressign, either by her partner or by herself. For this reason some therapists beleive that the wiset course is simply to educat women whose only concern is lack of orgasm during intercourse, infroming them that they are quite normal.
Despite their dietary restrictions, people with anorexia nervosa are preoccupied with food. (chapter 9)
Includes thinking and reading about food and planning for meals Is not necessarily causal relationship
Anorexia nervosa central features (chapter 9)
Individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender Individuals is very fearful of gaining weight or repeatedly seek to prevent weight gain despite low body weight. Individuals has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgments of herself or himself, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of her or his low weight.
affectual awareness. (chapter 11)
Jiwoo is instructed by her therapist to imagine sexual scenes so that she can identify the time in the sexual encounter when her anxiety about sex first arises. Jiwoo is engaging in a therapeutic technique called:
Aftermath of bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
Left untreated, can last for years ·Treated, significant short- and long-term improvement for many •Treatment provides immediate, significant improvement in about 40 percent of cases. •An additional 40 percent show moderate response. •Follow-up studies suggest that 10 years after treatment about 75 percent of patients have fully or partially recovered.
Describe binge eating disorder
Like those with bulimia, individuals with binge eating disorder engage in repeated eating binges during which they feel no control As a result of their binges, two-thirds of people with this disorder become overweight or obese BUT most overweight people do not binge. These individuals do not perform inappropriate compensatory behaviors. It is important to recognize, however, that most overweight people do not engage in repeated binges.
RESTRICTING TYPE (chapter 9)
Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food Show almost no variability in diet
BINGE-EATING/PURGING TYPE (chapter 9)
Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics Like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges
heterosexual. (chapter 11)
MOST people who suffer from transvestic disorder are men, and are also:
Dysfunction in the Excitement phrase (chapter 11)
Male disorder: erectile disorder= involves dysfunction during the excitement phase only.
Two most common dysfunctions of the desire phase (chapter 11)
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder Female sexual interest/ arousal disorder
Gender differences (chapter 9)
Males account for only 5 to 10 percent of all cases of eating disorders Society's double standard for attractiveness (b) Different methods of weight loss favored (c.) Links to requirements and pressures of a job or sport Why fewer males? (a). May be related to Western society's double standard for attractiveness is, at the very least, one reason; body image (b) May be related to the different methods of weight loss favored (example: Men are more likely to exercise. Women more often diet. The diet can lead to eating disorders). May be linked to the requirements and pressures of a job or sport May be linked to reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphobia (a different type of eating disorder where man are very muscular but still see themselves as scrawny and small and therefore contineu to strive for a perfect body through extreme measure such as excessive weight lifting or the abuse of steroid) It seems that some men develop eating disorders as linked to the requirements and pressures of a job or sport. The highest rates of male eating disorders have been found among: (a) Jockeys (b) Wrestlers (c.) Distance runners (d) Body builders (e) Swimmers Our society emphasis on a thin appearance is clearly aimed at women much more than men, and some theorist believe that this difference has made women much more inclined to diet and more prone to eating disorders. Surveys of college mehave, for example, found that the majority select" muscular, strong and broad shoulders" to describe the ideal male body and "thin, slim, slightly underweight" to describe the ideal female body.
Excitement phrase (chapter 11)
Marked by changes in the pelvic region,general psychail arousal, and increase in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing. I and leads to erection of the penis: in women, this phase produces swelling of the clitoris and labia, as well as lubrication of the bagina. n men, blood pools in the pelvis
a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (chapter 11)
Maurice has decided to talk to his physician about the fact that he often achieves orgasm after very minimal stimulation. He reports that this is affecting his marriage, as his wife, though loving and supportive, is getting terribly frustrated about the short duration of their sexual encounters. Maurice's doctor decides to take a two-pronged approach to treating Maurice's difficulties with rapid ejaculation. First he provides Maurice with several referrals to experts in sex therapy and, second, he gives Maurice a prescription for _____, which helps with the treatment of this frustrating issue.
What causes an eating disorder? (chapter 9)
Most theorists and researchers use a multidimensional risk perspective to explain eating disorders Factors: (a) Psychological problems (ego, cognitive, and mood disturbances) (b). Biological factors (c.) Sociocultural conditions (societal, family, and multicultural pressures) Several key factors place individuals at risk. More factors = greater likelihood of developing a disorder
supportive nursing care (chapter 9)
Nutritional counseling, and a relatively high-calorie diet-often called a nutritional rehabilitation program. p. 298
Medical problems associated with bulimia (chapter 9)
Only half of women with this are amenorrheic or have very irregular menstrual periods Serious dental problems, such as breakdown of enamel and even loss of teeth. (due to vomiting which baths teeth and gums in hydrophobic acid) Dangerous potassium deficiencies, which may lead to weakness, intestinal disorders, kidney disease, or heart damage. (cause from frequent vomiting or chronic diarrhea ( from the use of laxatives) ).
Paraphilias (chapter 11)
Patterns in which a person has recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children, nonconsenting adults, or experiences of suffering or humiliation.
Female sexual interest/ arousal disorder (chapter 11)
Persistent redcution or lack of interest in sex, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensation during sexual activity. The latter disorder actually cuts across both the desire and excitement phrase of the sexual response cycle. It is considered a single disorder in DSM-5 because, according to research, desire and arousal overlap particularly highly for women ,and many women express difficulty distinguishing feelings of desires from those of arousal. Feel little excitment during sexual activity, are unaroused by erotic activiity. As many as 38% of women worldwide have reduced sexual interest and arousal. Checklist: 1. For at least 6 months, individuals usually displays reduced or no sexual interest and arousal, charcterized by the reduction or absence of at least three of the following: sexual interst, sexual thoughts or fantasies, sexual inititation or receptivenes, excitment or pleasure during sex, responsiveness to sexual cues, genital or nongential sensation during sex. 2. Individuals experience significant distress.
It may be the result of food deprivation, as evidenced by the famous 1940s "starvation study" with conscientious objectors. (chapter 9)
Persons with anorexia nervosa also think in distorted ways. Usually have a low opinion of their body shape Tend to overestimate their actual proportions
testosterone (chapter 11)
Physicians may prescribe the hormone _____ to female gender dysphoria patients in order to cause them to appear more male.
what does therpists help clients with anorexia do?
Recognize their need for independence and control Recognize and trust their internal feelings Change their attitudes about eating and weight Correct disturbed cognitions and learn about body distortions using cognitive approaches
restricting-type anorexia nervosa (chapter 9)
Reduce their weight by restricting their intake of food. Page. 280
Bulimia central features (chapter 9)
Repeated binge-eating episodes Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself
bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
Research studies exploring the effectiveness of group treatment for those with _____ have found that 10 years after treatment, as many as 85 percent of patients have made an either complete or partial recovery.
are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples (chapter 11)
Research suggests that sexual dysfunctions among same-sex couples:
Salvador Minuchin
Researcher _____ suggested that enmeshed family patterns, in which there exists a lack of appropriate boundaries between family members, often contribute to the development of eating disorders.
Other facts on the sexual response cycle
Researchers have found a similar sequence of phases in both males and females. Sometimes, however, women do not experience orgasm; in that case, the resolution phase is less sudden. •And sometimes women experience two or more orgasms in succession before the resolution phase. (Adapted from Kaplan, 1974; Masters & Johnson, 1970, 1966.)
Two types of anorexia nervosa
Restricting type Binge-eating purging type
Two types of anorexia nervosa (chapter 9)
Restricting type Binge-eating purging type
autogynephilic (chapter 11)
Ryan has enjoyed dressing in girl's clothing since he was a child, and began to get sexually aroused by cross-dressing as a teen. Now that he is an adult, he finds himself desperately wanting to become a woman. While he is still sexually attracted to females, he would love to be a woman in a relationship with another woman. Ryan has male-to-female gender dysphoria: _____ type.
enmeshed (chapter 9)
Salvador Minuchin believes that a(n) _____ family pattern often leads to eating disorders
. Discuss treatments for the sexual dysfunctions
Sex therapy: this now includes intervetions from the various models, particularly cognitive-bedhavioral, couple, and family system theropes. In recent years, biological interventions, particularly drug therapies, have been added to the treatment arsenal. Modern sex therapy includes a variety of principles and techniques, such as 1. Assessing and conceptualizing the problem, 2. Mutual repsonsiblity (both partners in the relationship share the sexual problem, regardless of who has the actual dysfunction, so treatment is likely to be more successful when both are in therapy) . 3. Education about sexuality. 4. Emotions identifications. 5. Attitude chagne. 6. Elimination of perfamance anxiety and the spectator role (that can be achieved by exploring and aressing each other's body at home, without demand to have itnercourse or reach orgasm- demands that may be interrfering with arousal. Couples are told at first to refrain from intercourse at home and to restict their sexual activity tokissing, hugging, and sensual massage of carious parts of the body, but not of the breasts of gentials. Over time, they learn how to give and receive greater sexual pleasure and they build back up to the activity of sexual intercourse. 7. Increasing sexual and genral commuinication skills, 8. Changing destructive lifestyles and marital interactions, 9l addressing social and medical factors. t
Discuss the sexual pain disorders. (chapter 11)
Significant Physical discomfort during intercourse Women have such dsyfunctions, collectively called-gentio[pelvic pain/ pentration disorder, much more toften than men do. For women, the muscles around the outer thired of the bagina involuntarily contract, preventing entry of the penis. This probelm, kinown in meidcal circles as baginismus, cna prevent a couple from ever having intercourse. There are fewer than 2% of all woemn have vaginismus. A number of women with baginismus enjoy sex greatly, have a strong sex drive, and reach orgasm with stimulation of the clitoris. They just fear the discomfort of penetration of the vagina. Most clincians agree with the cognitve0-behavioral posotion that this form of disorder isusually a learned fear response, set off by a womens' expectation that intercourse will be painful and damaging. A variety of factors apparently can set the stage for this fear, including anxiety and ignorance about intercourse, exaggerated stories about how painful and bloody the first occasion of intercourse is for women, trauma caused by an unskilledlover who force his penis into the bagina before the women is aroused and lubricated, and the truama of childhood sexual abuse or adult rape. Women may have this disorder due to an infection of the vagina or urinary tract, a gynecological disease such as herpes simplex, or the pshycal effects of menopause. In such cases the dyscfunction can be overcome only if the women recieve medical treatment for these conditions. Other women do not have involuntary contraction of their baginal muscles, but they do experience severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse, a pattern known medically as dyspareunia. (greek words meaning "painful mating'_ survey s suggest that more than 14% of women suffer from this problem to some degree.
80 percent to 90 percent (chapter 11)
Some studies have suggested as many as _____ of transgender people have been harassed in school.
binge-eating/purging-type (chapter 9)
Sometimes, Edna vomits her meal soon after she eats. At other times, she takes an excessive amount of diuretics and laxatives. Edna MOST likely suffers from _____ anorexia nervosa.
Genito pelvic pain/ penetration disorder
Specifc treatment for involuntary contractions of the msucles around the bagina typically involves two approaches. First a women may practice tightening and relaxing her baginal muscles until she gains more voluntary control over them. Second, she may recieve gradual behavioral exposure treatment to help her overcome her fear of penetration., begging, for example, by insering increasinlng large dilators in her vagina at home and at her own pace and eventually ending with the insertion of her partner's penis
Ego deficiencies (chapter 9)
Such children may grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs and turn, instead, to external guides Hilde Bruch: Psychodynamic theory of eating disorders •Eating disorders are result of disturbed mother-child interactions, which lead to serious EGO DEFICIENCIES in the child and to severe PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCES. •Effective parents accurately attend to a child's biological and emotional needs. (example: giving them food when they are crying from hunger and comfort when they are crying out of fear) •Ineffective parents fail to attend to a child's needs; deciding that their children are hungry, cold, or tired without correctly interpreting the children's actual condition. They may feed their children when their children are anxious rather than hungry or comfort them when they are tired rather than anxious. . People who eat junk food when they are feeling bad outnumber those who eat nutritional food under similar circumstances. In contrast, more people seek nutritional food when they are feeling good. Clinical reports and research have provided some empirical support for Bruch's theory.
Delayed ejaculation treatment (chapter 11)
Techniques to reduce performance anxiety and increase stimulation. In one of many such , a man may be instructed to masturbate to orgams in the presence of his partner or to masterbate just short of orgasm before inserign his penis for intercourse. This increases the liklihood that he will ejaculate during intercourse. He then is instructed to insert his penis at ever earlier stages of masturbation. When it is cause by physical factors such as neurological damage or injury, treatment may include a drug to increase arousal of the sympathetic nervous system . However, few studies have systematically tested the effectiveness of such treatments.
male (chapter 11) males usually have his disorder more than women
Terry has been diagnosed with a paraphilia, specifically transvestic disorder. Terry is MOST likely to be:
excitment (chapter 11)
The _____ phase in the sexual response cycle is marked by changes in the pelvic region and increased heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing.
metabolic rate (chapter 9)
The _____ refers to the rate at which the body expends energy.
amenorrhea (chapter 9)
The absence of menstrual cycles
fetishistic (chapter 11)
The campus "bra bandit" steals women's underwear from the campus laundry and then masturbates with the stolen undergarments back in his room. The MOST accurate diagnosis for this person would be _____ disorder.
performance anxiety (chapter 11)
The fear of performing inadequately and a related tension experienced during sex.
desire phase (chapter 11)
The phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex,sexual fantasties, and sexual attractions.
orgasm phase (chapter 11)
The phase of the sexual response cycle during which a person's sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically.
excitement phase (chapter 11)
The phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing.
record other pleasurable activities. (chapter 11)
The purpose of a desire diary is to not only record sexual thoughts and feelings but also to:
weight set point (chapter 9)
The weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain controlled in part by the hypothalamus.
mood disorders
There is empirical support for the claim that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders. Many more people with an eating disorder qualify for a clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder than do people in the general population. Close relatives of those with eating disorders seem to have higher rates of mood disorders. People with eating disorders, especially those with bulimia nervosa, have serotonin abnormalities. Symptoms of eating disorders are helped by antidepressant medications. Can cause food disorders, but food disorders can also cause depression,anxiety, etc.
eating disorders root cause
Today thinness is equated with health and beauty and has become a national obsession
Treatment for bulimia nervosa (chapter 9)
Treatment is frequently offered in eating disorder clinics The immediate goals of treatment are: Eliminate binge-purge patterns and underlying causes Establish good eating habits Programs emphasize education and therapy
Societal Pressures (chapter 9)
Western standards have changed throughout history toward a thinner ideal Prejudice against obese people is deep-rooted Western standards: (a) Miss America contestants have declined in weight by 0.28 lbs./yr.; winners have declined by 0.37 lbs./yr. (women) (b). Playboy centerfolds have lower average weight, bust, and hip measurements than in the past.(males) •In recent years, dieting and preoccupation with thinness have increased to some degree in all socioeconomic classes, as has the prevalence of these eating disorders. •The survey found that the respondents who spent more time on Facebook were more likely to display eating disorders, have negative body image, eat in dysfunctional ways, and want to diet. Those who spent more time on fashion and music Web sites and those who viewed more gossip- and leisure-related television programs showed similar tendencies. •Members of certain subcultures are at greater risk from these pressures: (a). Models, actors, dancers, and certain athletes. (b). Of college athletes surveyed, 9 percent met full criteria for an eating disorder while another 50 percent had symptoms.(c). 20 percent of surveyed gymnasts appear to have an eating disorder. •Societal attitudes may explain economic and racial differences seen in prevalence rates. (a) Historically, women of higher SES expressed more concern about thinness and dieting. (b) These women had higher rates of eating disorders than women of the lower socioeconomic classes. Recently, dieting and preoccupation with thinness, along with rates of eating disorders, are increasing in all groups. •The socially accepted prejudice against overweight people (a) May also add to the "fear" and preoccupation about weight •A recent survey of adolescent girls tied eating disorders and body dissatisfaction to (a) Social networking (b) Internet activities (c) Television browsing
dark sites
What do you call an Internet site whose content runs counter to the work of mental health professionals?
covert (chapter 11)
When a fetishist imagines the object of the fetish, then immediately imagines an aversive stimulus, the behavioral approach used is _____ sensitization. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tease technique
ventromedial hypothalamus (chapter 9)
When researchers stimulated the _____ during laboratory experimentation, eating behaviors were inhibited.
The literature suggests that childhood patterns of gender dysphoria usually disappear by adulthood. (chapter 11)
When symptoms of gender dysphoria appear in childhood, which is MOST likely to be the future status of this child's gender self-concept?
Orgasm (chapter 11)
Which a person 's sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically The man's semen is ejaculated, and the outer thired of the women's vaginal wall contracts.
The people would be humiliated if they knew I was watching. (chapter 11)
Which of these thoughts would likely be MOST arousing to a voyeur while he is secretly watching a couple have sex?
Relatively little is known about the aftermath of this disorder. (chapter 9)
Which statement BEST describes current thinking about treatment for binge eating disorder?
frican American women who are more acculturated to mainstream U.S. culture have more eating disorders than African American women who are less acculturated.
Which statement is true regarding acculturation and eating disorders? (assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one. may impact both social and psychological well being
30; 45 (chapter 11)
While it is difficult to know precisely the number of individuals who suffer from sexual dysfunctions, one large study found that about _____ percent of men and about _____ percent of women in the United States suffer from a sexual dysfunction at some point in their lives.
Female orgasmic disorder (chapter 11)
Women persistently fail to reach orgasm, has very low intensity orgams, or has very delayed orgasm. As many as 25% of women apparently have this problem to some degree- including more than a third of postmenopausal women. Studies indicate that 10% or more of women have never had an orgasm, either alone, or during intercourse, and at least another 9% rarly have orgasms. At the same time, half of all women experiences orgasm in intercourst at least farily regularly. Women who are more sexually assertive and more comfortable with masturbation tend to have or gams more regularly. Female orgasmic disorder appears to be more common among single women than among women who are married or living with someone. Feeling of frustation when they cant Most clincians agree that orgasm during intercourse is not mandatory for normal sexual functionings. Many women instead reach orgasm with their partners by direct stimulation of the clitoris. biological , psychological, and sociocultural factors may combine to produce female orgasmic disorder. Because arousal paly a key role in orgasms, arousal difficulties often are featured prominently ine xpliantion of female dysfunction. Causes: diabetes, neurological disease, depression, memories of childhood tramas, relationships with ones' mother, society recurrent message to women that they should repress and deny their sexuality. Overly strict religous upbringing, were restricted in their dating as teenager,s and were told that "nice girls dont'" In addition, cultural messages about female sexuality have been more psotiive in recent years, while the rate of arousal and orgasmic problems remain the same for women. Researchers suggest that memories and attitudes that often characterize these sexual problems. Studies have found, that the liklihood of reaching orgasm may be tied to how much emotional involvement a women had during her first expeirence of intercourse and how long that relationship lasted, the ;pleasure the women felt during the experience, her current attraction to her partner's body, and her martial happiness. Interestingly, the same studies have found that orgasmic women more often have erotic fantasies during sex with their current partners than do nonorgasmic women.
gender dysphoria. (chapter 11)
Xander and Carter both cross-dress. Xander enjoys cross-dressing because he becomes sexually aroused and it heightens his sexual experiences with women (his preferred sexual partners). Carter's deeper desire is to become a woman. Carter MOST likely would be diagnosed with:
amenorrhea.(chapter 9)
Young newlywed Deanna has struggled with anorexia nervosa for more than a year. Her husband thinks that if Deanna becomes pregnant, she will have to eat more. However, Deanna cannot become pregnant because her menstrual cycles have stopped. This condition is known as:
anorexia nervosa. (chapter 9)
Zeekal has recently been hospitalized. She is severely underweight, her body temperature is low, her heart rate is below normal, and her feet are swollen. All of Zeekal's physiological symptoms could be associated with:
Key goal for people with anorexia nervosa is fear (chapter 9)
becoming thin and driving motivation is fear of becoming obese Of giving in to the desire to eat Of losing cntrol of body size and shape
cognitive factors (chapter 9)
distortion at center of disordered eating: a. Improper labeling of internal sensations and needs b. Little feelings of control over life and resultant excessive levels of control over body size, shape, and eating habits Example: bruch explanation of eating disorder ,you'll see it contains several cogntiive ideas. She held, for example, that as a result of ineffective parenting, people with eating disorders improperly label their internal sensations and needs, generally feel little control over their lives, and in turn, want to have excessive levels of control over their body, size, shape, and eating habits. These deficiencies contribute to a broad distortion that lies at the center of disordered eating, namely, people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa judge themselves- often exclusivly based on their shape, and weight and their ability to control them.
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder (chapter 11)
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder A male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity.
frotteuristic disorder (chapter 11)
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve touching and rubbing against a non consenting person, and either acts on these urges with the nonconsenting person or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment.
discuss broader psychological changes and the aftermath of this disorder. (chapter 9) bulimia
positive Weight gain is often quickly restored •Menstruation often returns with return to normal weight •Death rate is declining negative •As many as 25 percent of patients remain troubled for years •Even when it occurs, recovery is not always permanent •Lingering emotional problems are common
Dark Sites of the Internet (chapter 9)
promote behaviors that are generally considered abnormal and destructive -Over 500 pro-anorexia Internet sites (pro-Ana) greatly outnumber pro-recovery sites -Information and support for starvation dieting, weight-loss disguise, and "thinspiration" Some argue the sites should be banned; others suggest their existence is a matter of free speech
Biological factors
theorists suspect certain genes may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders Other theorists posit that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus (a). LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH) (b). VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS (VMH) (c.) WEIGHT THERMOSTAT Consistent with this idea: (a) Relatives of people with eating disorders are up to six times more likely to develop the disorder themselves. (b) These findings may be related to low serotonin. (c.) Identical (MZ) twins with anorexia: 70 percent (d) Fraternal (DZ) twins with anorexia: 20 percent (e) Identical (MZ) twins with bulimia: 23 percent (f) Fraternal (DZ) twins with bulimia: 9 percent Other biological theorists posit that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus. (A). Researchers have identified two separate areas that control eating: (1) LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH) (2) VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS (VMH) Some theorists believe that the hypothalamus, related brain areas, and chemicals together are responsible for weight set point - a "weight thermostat" of sorts. Set by genetic inheritance and early eating practices, this mechanism is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level. (a). If weight falls below set point: (up) hunger, (down) metabolic rate = binges (b) If weight rises above set point: (down) hunger, (up) metabolic rate Dieters end up in a battle against themselves to lose weight. WEIGHT SET POINT The weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus.
androphilic (chapter 11)
type applies to males who wish to become female and are attracted to males as a female.
Similarities between about anorexia and bulimia (chapter 9)
•Begins after a period of dieting •Fear of becoming obese •Drive to become thin •Preoccupation with food, weight, appearance •Feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, perfectionism •Heightened risk of suicide attempts •Substance abuse •Distorted body perception •Disturbed attitudes toward eating
racial and ethnic differences (chapter 9)
•In 1995 study •Nearly 90 percent of the white American respondents were dissatisfied with their weight and body shape, compared to around 70 percent of the African American teens. •Study also suggested that the groups had different ideals of beauty. •Research conducted over the past decade •Body image concerns, dysfunctional eating patterns, and eating disorders are on the rise. •Includes young African American women and women of other minority groups •Shift appears to be partly related to acculturation •Eating disorders among Hispanic American female adolescents are about equal to those of white American women. •Eating disorders also appear to be on the increase among Asian American women and young women in several Asian countries. •
Differences between anorexia and bulimia (chapter 9)
•People with bulimia nervosa are more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships •People with bulimia nervosa tend to be more sexually experienced and active •People with bulimia nervosa are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance, and poor copin
other facts of eating disorders
•Public interest •Medical consequences resulting from disorders •Disproportionate prevalence among adolescent girls and young women • ANOREXIA NERVOSA A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss. •BULIMIA NERVOSA A disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight. Also known as BINGE-PURGE SYNDROME. • BINGE EATING DISORDER - Third eating disorder also appears to be on the rise. •People with this disorder display frequent eating binges but not forced vomiting or other such behaviors. •Fear of weight gain is not to the same degree as with anorexia or bulimia. •
Other facts on binge eating disorder (chapter 9)
•The binges and many other symptoms that characterize this pattern are similar to those seen in bulimia. •On the other hand, those with binge eating disorder are not driven to thinness, the disorder does not start following a diet, and there are not large gender differences in the prevalence of this disorder.