EXAM 3 cognitive

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.

future

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .

2

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him.

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.

task

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

form

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

fragility

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increase firing in the neurons

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long term

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

relaxed

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

scale

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

systems

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

testing

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

Engagement

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.