EXAM 4

A 65-year-old retina receives only about _________ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.

1/3

Jonah is a 25-year-old male who has decided to ask his doctor about sperm cell production. He is wondering whether his rate of production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is about:

1000 per second

self recognition beings at age:

15 to 18 months

During intercourse __________ million or more sperm are released.

250

In the United States, about ______ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, ______ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about ______ percent are walking by age 15 months.

25;50;90

Alzheimer's disease strikes ___ percent of the world's population by age 75.

3

earliest conscious memory age is

3.5

From age ______ year(s) to______ years, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _______ lobes.

3;6 frontal

Women outlive men by ___ years worldwide.

4.6

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:

Erickson

Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is staring intently at the new person who just came in to visit his parents. What has happened here?

He has an inborn preference for the new stimulus.

Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer interested in a puppet head as he once was. What has happened here?

He has become habituated.

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

It will be within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

Which of the following is TRUE about the comparison of the emotional well-being of older adults (over 65) and younger adults?

Older adults experience more positive feelings, supported by enhanced emotional control.

What characterizes the relationships between adolescents and their parents?

Parents remain influential throughout their children's adolescence.

_____ test is a projective personality test in which people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots.

Rorschach

Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

In follow-up studies with children who demonstrated delayed gratification during preschool years, researchers found all of the following EXCEPT:

a higher tendency to be impulsive and have addiction issues.

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:

accommodation

This Neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.

adler

Recognizing today's more gradually emerging adulthood and the longer period of time before these individuals reach independence, the U.S. government has:

allowed emerging adults to remain on their parents health insurance until age 26.

Studies show that if a girl develops physically, ahead of her emotional maturity, this combination can cause the girl to be prone to:

anxiety disorders

According to research on temperament and emotionality, studies have demonstrated that these two characteristics:

are very stable over time.

When a child uses his or her new experience in terms of his or her existing schema, this is known as:

assimilation

The __________ areas of the cortex are the last brain areas to develop.

association

Lucas parents: strict but understanding

authoratative

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant:

b. remembers the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.

Developmental psychologists focus on all of the following issues EXCEPT:

biological aspects of psychological disorders.

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers':

body odors

Researchers who emphasize experience and learning see development of its _____, while those who emphasize biological maturation tend to see development as a sequence of genetically predisposed _____.

continuity; stages

process of attachment occurs during:

critical period

In the 1890s, the average interval between a woman's first menstrual period and marriage, which typically marked a transition to adulthood, was about _____ years; a century later in industrialized countries it was about _____ years.

d. 7; 14

In a classic experiment with preschoolers, Walter Mischel gave children a choice to eat one marshmallow now or two marshmallows when he returned a few minutes later. Mischel was testing _____ in the children.

delayed gratification

As far as we know, the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease is:

deterioration of neurons

Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:

displacement

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs ____________ in life and adult independence begins ____________ in life.

earlier; later

8th week of pregnancy:

embryo

The _____is the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

embryo

The most immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

food consumption.

According to Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal operational

When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.

formal operations

During adolescence, most achieve Piaget's intellectual stage of:

formal operations.

_____________ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds neurotransmission.

frontal

According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are:

generatively and intimacy

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity versus stagnation

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:

greater contentment

Fewer than ____________ of all ____________ survive beyond the first 2 weeks after fertilization.

half; zygotes

Research shows that an infant only a few weeks old will suck more vigorously when the infant:

hears moms voice

An infant is most likely to be at risk for intellectual disability if his or her mother is:

heavy drinker

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on a board in the same way that his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by:

identification

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by Jeremy's pairings of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother on the other hand, just laughs. Jeremy is in the stage of development called:

identity versus role confusion.

According to research on the stability of temperament which of the following is(are) the most stable over time?

impulsiveness

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

infantile amnesia

During an experiment, newborn infants were found to turn their heads in the direction of human voices. These same infants would likely prefer to look at face-like images (as opposed to a bull's-eye pattern) and at objects about 8-12 inches away, which is the same distance between a mother's eyes and those of her nursing infant. These findings suggest:

infants prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness.

Marissa ignores her daughter crying: daughter will have

insecure attachment

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love.

intimacy versus isolation

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy versus isolation.

According to John Haidt, the mind makes moral judgments as it makes aesthetic judgments—quickly and automatically. This view is known as the:

intuitionists view.

Alex is an 8-year-old who plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

latency

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the ________ content.

latent

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____________ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Persian Gulf wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____________ study.

longitudinal

primary sex characteristics

make reproduction possible

Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called the _____ content.

manifest

_____ consist of the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

maturation

the process in which tens of billions of synapses form and organize, while a use-it-or-lose-it pruning process shuts down unused links.

maturation

____________ is to a girl's sexual development as ____________ is to a boy's sexual development.

menarche; spermarche

In Piaget's theory, a schema is:

mental representation of the world

early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are

more self-assured, popular, and independent.

Ling is a 5-year-old who is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles at school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go when he wishes, she rarely, if ever, punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and that he doesn't have a father. What type of parenting style does Ty's mother have?

permissive

schemas

piaget

_____________ is to our understanding of children's cognitive development as _____________ is to our understanding of our solar system.

piaget; copernicus

According to Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning, wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as:

post conventional morality

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____________ morality.

postconventional

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day of her high school graduation, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

preconscious

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.

preconventional

the three levels of reasoning

preconventional. conventional, postconventional

Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

psychoanalytic

Harry is a 76-year-old who has an optimistic outlook on life, plays golf several times a week, and teaches English to non-English speaking people. These factors demonstrate the role of _____ factors play in helping older people live longer and flourish.

psychological

Ariana is risky. why tho?

pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development

Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:

reaction formation

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, the child:

relies on his or her sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world.

When a baby's cheek is touched, he or she will turn toward the touch, and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _________ reflex.

rooting

Female breasts are to ___________ as male testes are to ___________.

secondary sex ch; primary sex ch

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the:

social clock

_____ is the "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships.

social identity

Eve is 82 years old and frequently receives visits from family members, plays cards with her neighbors several times a week, lives in a safe neighborhood, and is valued by all the people in her life. These factors demonstrate the role _____ factors play on helping older people live longer and flourish.

social-cultural

infants predisposition to behave a certain way

temperament

Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life and takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she is pregnant with her first child. She reads that Trileptal is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks; however, no adequate studies on the effects of Trileptal for pregnant women have been performed on the medication. While Brenda is excited to be pregnant, she is concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asks her doctor whether Trileptal is a:

teratogen

Your neighbor is 5 months pregnant and still smoking about a pack of cigarettes per day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a(n) _________ for the fetus of a mother who smokes heavily.

teratogen

According to Lawrence Kohlberg moral reasoning is defined as the aspect of cognitive development:

that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions.

Which of the following is a major contribution of stage theories of development?

the idea that people of one age think and act differently when they arrive at a later age

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____, whereas the id is guided by the _____.

the reality principle; the pleasure principle

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is:

trust vs mistrust

The _____ is the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

zygote

order of development

zygote, embryo, fetus