Exam 4

Correct order of stages in Köhlberg's theory of moral development

Premoral, conventional, principled

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

Preoperational

You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?

Preoperational

The changes and continuity in a person's life characterize the process of

Development

Reversibility is a skill usually not achieved until Piaget's _______ stage.

concrete operational

Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like the doctor was incompetent. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next?

Anger

Friendship groups or cliques begin to develop during which stage of cognitive development?

Concrete operational

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine what it is. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached?

Formal operational

During Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs. isolation, what happens

Individuals form into couples or become separated from meaningful relationships

Which of the following would be an example of telegraphic speech?

Juice all gone.

Fred read that children usually learn to speak by the age of 14 months. If Fred's little boy is not speakng at 16 and a half months, should Fred be concerned?

No, children develop at different rates.

In which stage of cognitive development does the child coordinate sensations and motor movements?

Sensorimotor

What indicates that a human parent and child have formed a strong attachment?

Separation anxiety

What three emotions are neonates capable of expressing

Surprise, pleasure, and distress

During infancy and childhood, the outcome of Erikson's developmental crises are primarily influenced by the

actions of the child's parents

A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has been. The boy's beliefs are consistent with

adolescent egocentrism

A young child tells his parents not to put his new stuffed animal in the toy box because it will get lonely. This is an example of

animism

The belief that inanimate objects are actually alive is known as

animism

The first stage of Erikson's personality development theory is

basic trust vs. mistrust

Erikson's personality development stage where a person learns to feel comfortable and can rely on parents or develops a perception of the world that is unsafe is known as

basic trust vs. mistrust.

Piaget's use of the term egocentric means that the child

cannot see things from another's perspective.

Developmental psychology is a study of

changes in behavior across the entire life span

Jean Piaget is notable for proposing a widely influential theory of _______ development.

cognitive

Most psychologists believe the roles of nature and nurture

combine to influence behavior and our thoughts.

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of

object permanence.

The first time a child possesses the ability of conservation occurs during the ______ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

Between 7 and 11, many of the restrictions of earlier patterns disappear and children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage

concrete operations.

If a child recognizes that changes in the shape of a clay ball do not change the amount of clay in the ball, the child has demonstrated

conservation

In Erikson's stage theory of development, the stages are known as

crisis

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that

each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.

Adolescent egocentrism occurs during the _______ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities may well be functioning in the cognitive stage of

formal operational thought

The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

formal operations

At the concrete operations stage, a clique refers to a

friendship group

Supporting infants to sleep on their backs for the first year has

greatly decreased cases of sudden infant death syndrome

The cognitive stage lasting from about 2 years old to 7 years old is known as the _______ stage.

preoperational

If 30-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the _____________ stage.

identity vs. role confusion

A gosling's inborn tendency to follow anything that moves just after hatching is an example of a type of learning called

imprinting

The last stage of Erikson's personality development theory is

integrity vs. despair.

Erikson views early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experienced at this time is

intimacy vs. isolation

Term that is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate

learning

The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as

object permanence

The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is known as

puberty

If a child can understand that 2 + 2 = 4 and 4 - 2 = 2, then the child possesses the characteristic of

reversibility.

During adolescence, there is a sharp increase in drinking drugs, unprotected sex, and delinquent behavior. This is called

risky behavior

In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the infancy period occurs during the _______ stage

sensorimotor

Infants about 6 to 9 months in age experience crying and fussing when their parents leave and they are left with the babysitter. This phenomenon is known as

separation anxiety

The first type of play that children engage in is called _______ play.

solitary

What happened when monkeys were raised in isolation for the first few months of their lives and then introduced into a normal environment

their behavior was affected, even three years later

One major change from the concrete operations stage to the formal operational stage is the acquisition of the ability to

think abstractly

Piaget stated that to be able to correctly solve problems that require the use of conservation, the child must possess the ability to decenter. Decentering is the ability to

think of more than one thing or aspect of a problem at a time