Exam 4
Correct order of stages in Köhlberg's theory of moral development
Premoral, conventional, principled
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?
Preoperational
You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?
Preoperational
The changes and continuity in a person's life characterize the process of
Development
Reversibility is a skill usually not achieved until Piaget's _______ stage.
concrete operational
Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like the doctor was incompetent. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next?
Anger
Friendship groups or cliques begin to develop during which stage of cognitive development?
Concrete operational
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine what it is. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached?
Formal operational
During Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs. isolation, what happens
Individuals form into couples or become separated from meaningful relationships
Which of the following would be an example of telegraphic speech?
Juice all gone.
Fred read that children usually learn to speak by the age of 14 months. If Fred's little boy is not speakng at 16 and a half months, should Fred be concerned?
No, children develop at different rates.
In which stage of cognitive development does the child coordinate sensations and motor movements?
Sensorimotor
What indicates that a human parent and child have formed a strong attachment?
Separation anxiety
What three emotions are neonates capable of expressing
Surprise, pleasure, and distress
During infancy and childhood, the outcome of Erikson's developmental crises are primarily influenced by the
actions of the child's parents
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has been. The boy's beliefs are consistent with
adolescent egocentrism
A young child tells his parents not to put his new stuffed animal in the toy box because it will get lonely. This is an example of
animism
The belief that inanimate objects are actually alive is known as
animism
The first stage of Erikson's personality development theory is
basic trust vs. mistrust
Erikson's personality development stage where a person learns to feel comfortable and can rely on parents or develops a perception of the world that is unsafe is known as
basic trust vs. mistrust.
Piaget's use of the term egocentric means that the child
cannot see things from another's perspective.
Developmental psychology is a study of
changes in behavior across the entire life span
Jean Piaget is notable for proposing a widely influential theory of _______ development.
cognitive
Most psychologists believe the roles of nature and nurture
combine to influence behavior and our thoughts.
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of
object permanence.
The first time a child possesses the ability of conservation occurs during the ______ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operations
Between 7 and 11, many of the restrictions of earlier patterns disappear and children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage
concrete operations.
If a child recognizes that changes in the shape of a clay ball do not change the amount of clay in the ball, the child has demonstrated
conservation
In Erikson's stage theory of development, the stages are known as
crisis
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that
each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
Adolescent egocentrism occurs during the _______ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities may well be functioning in the cognitive stage of
formal operational thought
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
formal operations
At the concrete operations stage, a clique refers to a
friendship group
Supporting infants to sleep on their backs for the first year has
greatly decreased cases of sudden infant death syndrome
The cognitive stage lasting from about 2 years old to 7 years old is known as the _______ stage.
preoperational
If 30-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the _____________ stage.
identity vs. role confusion
A gosling's inborn tendency to follow anything that moves just after hatching is an example of a type of learning called
imprinting
The last stage of Erikson's personality development theory is
integrity vs. despair.
Erikson views early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experienced at this time is
intimacy vs. isolation
Term that is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate
learning
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as
object permanence
The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is known as
puberty
If a child can understand that 2 + 2 = 4 and 4 - 2 = 2, then the child possesses the characteristic of
reversibility.
During adolescence, there is a sharp increase in drinking drugs, unprotected sex, and delinquent behavior. This is called
risky behavior
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the infancy period occurs during the _______ stage
sensorimotor
Infants about 6 to 9 months in age experience crying and fussing when their parents leave and they are left with the babysitter. This phenomenon is known as
separation anxiety
The first type of play that children engage in is called _______ play.
solitary
What happened when monkeys were raised in isolation for the first few months of their lives and then introduced into a normal environment
their behavior was affected, even three years later
One major change from the concrete operations stage to the formal operational stage is the acquisition of the ability to
think abstractly
Piaget stated that to be able to correctly solve problems that require the use of conservation, the child must possess the ability to decenter. Decentering is the ability to
think of more than one thing or aspect of a problem at a time
