Exam #4 Bio 211

Place these groups of plants in order of species diversity from most diverse to least diverse

1. Angiosperms 2. Seedless non-vascular plants 3. Seedless vascular plants 4. Gymnosperms

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs

Which of the following statements best supports the hypothesis that flowers of angiosperms are adaptations that increase fertilization success in terrestrial environments?

Flowers attract pollinators to increase pollination success

Which of the following best describes why there is currently no vaccine for HIV?

HIV evolves very rapidly

Considering that there are many RNA viruses and that RNA can be a catalytic molecule, how does this relate to one of the theories for the origins of viruses?

RNA genomes of some viruses descended from genes found in early inhabitants of the RNA world

Which of the following describes a hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?

RNA world

Name one challenge plants faced when moving onto land from their original habitat in water.

Reproduction without water Dessication No support for body Spatial separation from mineral resources

A population of viruses with similar characteristics is called a__________.

Strain

Plants faced challenges moving onto land, name one

Support for areal tissues Movement of nutrients from soil to tissues Reproduction in a dry environment Loss of water to atmosphere

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere

Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?

They regnerate after forest fires

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they have in common?

They require water for reproduction

Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements support this hypothesis?

To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil

A plant can have perfect flowers and be monecious

True

All seed plants are heterosporous

True

Chicken pox is a DNA virus

True

Ebola, which resides in wild animals but reemerges in humans periodically, is considered a zoonotic disease.

True

Plant gametangia are multicellular

True

The DNA in viruses can be single-stranded or double-stranded

True

The common cold is a RNA virus.

True

Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines?

Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus

Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true?

Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells

In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from

a spore

In alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from

a zygote

Virulence is defined as the _____________.

ability to cause disease

Name one advantage to colonizing land.

abundant CO2 (not dissolved in water) Access to mineral soil sunlight not filtered by water Few pathogens (at least at first)

The function of flower petals is to___________.

aid in attracting a pollinator

Name one advantage of seeds

allow for prolonged dormancy resist desiccation aid in disperal

A plant's stem cells occur in which tissue?

apical meristem

Many pharmaceuticals have been derived from land plants. These chemicals are used in plants mainly as_________.

defense against herbivores and parasites

Which of the following describes a hypothesis of viral origin where a organelle escapes a cell to become a virus?

degeneration

The following are advantages of a multicellular diploid generation EXCEPT:

dependence on water

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and a sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_________.

ferns

The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called:

herd immunity

You find a green organism in a pond near your house. This mystery organism is most likely a plant, and not an alga, if it______.

is surrounded by a cuticle

The following organisms are bryophytes, EXCEPT

lycopyta

Archegonia____________.

may contain sporophyte embryos

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does this generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

Name one characteristic that viral classification is based on

morphology host Nature of genetic material (DNA, RNA, single-stranded, double-stranded) symptoms

List one way viruses transfer between hosts.

oral to fecal transfer via a vector (mosquito) sexual contact through the air

Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit?

ovary

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

ovule

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1.sporophyte 2. pollen cone 3. microsporangia 4. microspores 5. pollen nuclei

An angiosperm seed has an endosperm. The endosperm is _______.

3N

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?

A large number of phages are released at a time

Corn or maize (Zea mays) is which of the following type of plant

A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers

Which of the following is a trend in the history of land plants?

A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global

Which of the following structures in a flower are considered male?

Anther, filament, and stamen

In bryophytes, which structure produces sperm?

Antheridia

Which of the following is TRUE of the life cycle of mosses?

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes

Which of the following are characteristics of typcial DNA viruses?

Can hide in a host

Identify the correct pollination syndrome.

Carrion flowers produce molecules that smell like rotting flesh to attract flies.

____________ are the closest protist relative of land plants.

Charophyceans

What is the closest relative to land plants?

Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade

Which of the following is TRUE of the pine life cycle?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

RNA and DNA viruses differ in several ways. Which of the following choices accurately compares these two types of viruses?

DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses

In alternation of generations the sporophyte is

Diploid (2N)

How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?

Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not

A fruit is a mature ovule

False

A plant can have perfect flowers and be dioecious.

False

Angiosperm flowers contain an archegonium.

False

Angiosperm means "naked seed"

False

Bryophytes are heterosporus

False

Double fertilization refers to the union of the gametes and spores.

False

Gymnosperms have seeds and fruits

False

Imperfect flowers contain both so-called male and female parts

False

In eukaryotes, gametes are always produced by meiosis

False

Pollination = Fertilization

False

The common cold is a DNA virus

False

Viruses can easily be made for zoonotic viruses.

False

Viruses have a single evolutionary origin

False

Zoonotic disease are restricted to a single species of animals

False

In alternation of generations the spore is

Haploid (N)

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

It lacks gametangia

Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes?

Lignin

The phrase "Alternation of Generations" refers to sexual life cycles that alternate between haploid (N) and diploid (2N) conditions, but only when both stages are_________.

Multicellular

Plants get what resource from the soil?

Nutrients

Which of the following flower structures are considered female?

Ovary, Style, and Stigma

Plants use what type of metabolism

Photoautotrophy

What essential ecosystem service is provided by land plants?

Plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis

What adaptation reduce the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization?

Pollen grains

All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. Which of the following statements is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush?

Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes

Describe one aspect of gymnosperm ecology.

Some species need wildfire to reproduce Many species tolerate cold and dry conditions Live in large areas of low diversity

Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structures found in modern plant circumvent this problem?

Stomata

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of the seed is primarily an adaption for dispersal rather than an adaption for infecting host plant tissues? It should________.

be nutritious to the dispersing organism

If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it____________.

belongs to a species that is homosporous

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating the dispersal of seeds

Which of the following should have gene sequences most similar to the charophaceans?

early bryophytes

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

fruits enclosing the seeds

The viral ____________ can be DNA or RNA.

genome

Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of a viral infection in humans?

getting vaccinated

Because they are morphologically simple, Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) have traditionally thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants. Moleculary phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that they____________.

have lost complex structures in this lineage

This structure is called ________ and is found on _______ .

sporangium, fern sporophytes

In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________.

sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

sporophyte of a fern

Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation?

through the air

Xylem transports materials __________ and phloem transports materials ________.

up, down

Name one characteristic of a virus.

use other cells to replicate use other cells for energy (ATP) very very small have multiple origins

In the lysogenic cycle_________.

viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA