Exam #4 Bio 211
Place these groups of plants in order of species diversity from most diverse to least diverse
1. Angiosperms 2. Seedless non-vascular plants 3. Seedless vascular plants 4. Gymnosperms
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
Which of the following statements best supports the hypothesis that flowers of angiosperms are adaptations that increase fertilization success in terrestrial environments?
Flowers attract pollinators to increase pollination success
Which of the following best describes why there is currently no vaccine for HIV?
HIV evolves very rapidly
Considering that there are many RNA viruses and that RNA can be a catalytic molecule, how does this relate to one of the theories for the origins of viruses?
RNA genomes of some viruses descended from genes found in early inhabitants of the RNA world
Which of the following describes a hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?
RNA world
Name one challenge plants faced when moving onto land from their original habitat in water.
Reproduction without water Dessication No support for body Spatial separation from mineral resources
A population of viruses with similar characteristics is called a__________.
Strain
Plants faced challenges moving onto land, name one
Support for areal tissues Movement of nutrients from soil to tissues Reproduction in a dry environment Loss of water to atmosphere
Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere
Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?
They regnerate after forest fires
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they have in common?
They require water for reproduction
Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements support this hypothesis?
To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil
A plant can have perfect flowers and be monecious
True
All seed plants are heterosporous
True
Chicken pox is a DNA virus
True
Ebola, which resides in wild animals but reemerges in humans periodically, is considered a zoonotic disease.
True
Plant gametangia are multicellular
True
The DNA in viruses can be single-stranded or double-stranded
True
The common cold is a RNA virus.
True
Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines?
Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus
Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true?
Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells
In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from
a spore
In alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from
a zygote
Virulence is defined as the _____________.
ability to cause disease
Name one advantage to colonizing land.
abundant CO2 (not dissolved in water) Access to mineral soil sunlight not filtered by water Few pathogens (at least at first)
The function of flower petals is to___________.
aid in attracting a pollinator
Name one advantage of seeds
allow for prolonged dormancy resist desiccation aid in disperal
A plant's stem cells occur in which tissue?
apical meristem
Many pharmaceuticals have been derived from land plants. These chemicals are used in plants mainly as_________.
defense against herbivores and parasites
Which of the following describes a hypothesis of viral origin where a organelle escapes a cell to become a virus?
degeneration
The following are advantages of a multicellular diploid generation EXCEPT:
dependence on water
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and a sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_________.
ferns
The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called:
herd immunity
You find a green organism in a pond near your house. This mystery organism is most likely a plant, and not an alga, if it______.
is surrounded by a cuticle
The following organisms are bryophytes, EXCEPT
lycopyta
Archegonia____________.
may contain sporophyte embryos
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does this generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
mitosis
Name one characteristic that viral classification is based on
morphology host Nature of genetic material (DNA, RNA, single-stranded, double-stranded) symptoms
List one way viruses transfer between hosts.
oral to fecal transfer via a vector (mosquito) sexual contact through the air
Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit?
ovary
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
ovule
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1.sporophyte 2. pollen cone 3. microsporangia 4. microspores 5. pollen nuclei
An angiosperm seed has an endosperm. The endosperm is _______.
3N
Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?
A large number of phages are released at a time
Corn or maize (Zea mays) is which of the following type of plant
A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers
Which of the following is a trend in the history of land plants?
A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global
Which of the following structures in a flower are considered male?
Anther, filament, and stamen
In bryophytes, which structure produces sperm?
Antheridia
Which of the following is TRUE of the life cycle of mosses?
Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
Which of the following are characteristics of typcial DNA viruses?
Can hide in a host
Identify the correct pollination syndrome.
Carrion flowers produce molecules that smell like rotting flesh to attract flies.
____________ are the closest protist relative of land plants.
Charophyceans
What is the closest relative to land plants?
Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade
Which of the following is TRUE of the pine life cycle?
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes
RNA and DNA viruses differ in several ways. Which of the following choices accurately compares these two types of viruses?
DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses
In alternation of generations the sporophyte is
Diploid (2N)
How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?
Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not
A fruit is a mature ovule
False
A plant can have perfect flowers and be dioecious.
False
Angiosperm flowers contain an archegonium.
False
Angiosperm means "naked seed"
False
Bryophytes are heterosporus
False
Double fertilization refers to the union of the gametes and spores.
False
Gymnosperms have seeds and fruits
False
Imperfect flowers contain both so-called male and female parts
False
In eukaryotes, gametes are always produced by meiosis
False
Pollination = Fertilization
False
The common cold is a DNA virus
False
Viruses can easily be made for zoonotic viruses.
False
Viruses have a single evolutionary origin
False
Zoonotic disease are restricted to a single species of animals
False
In alternation of generations the spore is
Haploid (N)
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
It lacks gametangia
Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes?
Lignin
The phrase "Alternation of Generations" refers to sexual life cycles that alternate between haploid (N) and diploid (2N) conditions, but only when both stages are_________.
Multicellular
Plants get what resource from the soil?
Nutrients
Which of the following flower structures are considered female?
Ovary, Style, and Stigma
Plants use what type of metabolism
Photoautotrophy
What essential ecosystem service is provided by land plants?
Plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis
What adaptation reduce the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization?
Pollen grains
All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. Which of the following statements is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush?
Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes
Describe one aspect of gymnosperm ecology.
Some species need wildfire to reproduce Many species tolerate cold and dry conditions Live in large areas of low diversity
Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structures found in modern plant circumvent this problem?
Stomata
The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of the seed is primarily an adaption for dispersal rather than an adaption for infecting host plant tissues? It should________.
be nutritious to the dispersing organism
If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it____________.
belongs to a species that is homosporous
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
by facilitating the dispersal of seeds
Which of the following should have gene sequences most similar to the charophaceans?
early bryophytes
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?
fruits enclosing the seeds
The viral ____________ can be DNA or RNA.
genome
Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of a viral infection in humans?
getting vaccinated
Because they are morphologically simple, Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) have traditionally thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants. Moleculary phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that they____________.
have lost complex structures in this lineage
This structure is called ________ and is found on _______ .
sporangium, fern sporophytes
In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________.
sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
sporophyte of a fern
Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation?
through the air
Xylem transports materials __________ and phloem transports materials ________.
up, down
Name one characteristic of a virus.
use other cells to replicate use other cells for energy (ATP) very very small have multiple origins
In the lysogenic cycle_________.
viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA