Exam 4 Questions

Atoms from the amino acids _____ are utilized in pyrimidine biosynthesis A) Gln, Asp B) Gln, Asp, Gly C) Gly, Asp D) Gln, Asp, Gly, Phe E) None of the above

A

Atoms from the amino acids ______ are utilized in purine biosynthesis. A) Asp, Gly, Gln D) Asn, Gly, Gln, Phe B) Asp, Gly, Gln, Phe E) none of the above C) Asp, Gln, Phe

A

Fatty acid oxidation takes place in: A) mitochondria and peroxisomes D) all of the above B) mitochondria and chloroplasts E) none of the above C) mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes

A

Fumarate from the urea cycle is converted to malate and then to ______, which can be used for gluconeogenesis. A) oxaloacetate B) pyruvate C) α-ketoglutarate D) alanine

A

Glycogen phosphorylase has its greatest activity when _____; glycogen synthase has its greatest activity when _____. A) phosphorylated; not phosphorylated B) phosphorylated; phosphorylated C) not phosphorylated; phosphorylated D) not phosphorylated; not phosphorylated E) neither enzyme is controlled by phosphorylation

A

Not sensitive to inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate A) Glucokinase B) Hexokinase C) Both

A

Present in tissues that are less dependent on glucose for energy A) Glucokinase B) Hexokinase C) Both

A

The reversible glutamate dehydrogenase reaction functions as an anaplerotic reaction for the TCA cycle by generating. A) a-ketoglutarate B) pyruvate C) oxaloacetate D) malate

A

UTP + Glutamine + ATP + H2O ® Glutamate + ADP + Pi + ______ A) CTP B) ATP C) GTP D) UDP

A

What coenzyme is required for the complete β-oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid? A) NADPH D) FADH2 B) NADP+ E) all of the above C) NADH

A

What do acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase have in common? A) All three enzymes involve the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate molecule. B) All three enzymes are oxidative decarboxylations. C) All three enzymes generate NADH. D) All three enzymes utilize NADH. E) These three enzymes have nothing in common.

A

What enzyme is responsible for the incorporation of ammonia from nitrogen fixation into organic molecules? A) glutamine synthetase D) glutamate synthase B) glutamine synthase E) transaminase C) glutamate synthetase

A

What hormone that is commonly produced in typical body fat has very little production in visceral fat (also known as abdominal fat)? A) leptin D) ghrelin B) resistin E) cholecystokinin C) neuropeptide Y

A

When a growing fatty acid is not attached to the ACP, it is attached to a _____ residue of the fatty acid synthase complex. A) Cys B) Ser C) Tyr D) Glu E) His

A

Which of the following glycolytic intermediates is the common precursor to serine, cysteine and glycine? A) 3-phosphoglycerate D) dihydroxyacetone phosphate B) pyruvate E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate C) fructose-6-phosphate

A

Which of the pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis builds the base ring on a PRPP molecule? A) purine B) pyrimidine C) both purine and pyrimidine

A

Why do dieters who follow the Atkins diet (a diet high in fat and protein and very low in carbohydrate) sometimes suffer from bad breath? (Hint: The odorous component of the breath is acetone.) A) The liver is converting fatty acids to ketone bodies. B) The liver is involved in gluconeogenesis and acetone is an intermediate in this process. C) Acetone is a further breakdown product of lactate in muscle. D) The liver is catabolizing amino acids and acetone is a breakdown product thereof.

A

A fifteen carbon fatty acid will undergo how many cycles of regular b-oxidation? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 E) odd chain fatty acids do not undergo b -oxidation

B

A product of the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, ____, is converted to ____ and enters the ____ cycle. A) Propionyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, urea B) Propionyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, TCA C) Malonyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, TCA D) Propionyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, TCA E) Malonyl-CoA, acyl-CoA, urea

B

Elongation of palmitate to form long chain fatty acids takes place in the ________. A) cytosol B) mitochondria C) peroxisomes D) vacuoles E) nucleus

B

Phenylalanine and tryptophan are __________ amino acids, because humans do not have the _________ pathway. A) essential; pentose phosphate C) nonessential; asparagine synthetase B) essential; chorismate D) essential; serine hydroxymethyltransferase

B

The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain includes the A) Reduction of NADP+ B) Oxidation of NADPH C) Hydrolysis of ATP D) Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA E) None of the above

B

The breakdown product of valine is succinyl-CoA. This amino acid would be classified as A) Ketogenic B) Glucogenic C) Both ketogenic and glucogenic

B

The electrons used to convert an NDP to a dNDP ultimately come from ______. A) fumarate B) NADPH C) uric acid D) iron E) IMP F) xanthine

B

The synthesis of the dNTPs required for DNA production is controlled by ______ regulation. A) allosteric B) feedback C) transcription D) phosphorylation

B

Under anaerobic conditions, _____ is produced in the muscle and is then used by the liver for _____. A) glycerol; triacylglycerol synthesis D) oxaloacetate; gluconeogenesis B) lactate; gluconeogenesis E) glycogen; glycogenolysis C) citrate; fatty acid synthesis

B

What happens to excess glucose in the eye that causes diabetics to develop cataracts? A) oxidized to glucuronic acid causing aggregation of lens proteins B) reduced to sorbitol causing aggregation of lens proteins C) non-enzymatic glycosylation of lens proteins D) oxidized and cyclized to a lactone causing modification of lens proteins E) none of the above

B

What is the total energy cost (in ATP-equivalents) of the Urea Cycle? How many ATP molecules are actually involved in these steps? A) 3 ATP; 3 ATP B) 4 ATP; 3 ATP C) 4 ATP; 4 ATP D) 8 ATP; 4 ATP E) 6 ATP; 4 ATP

B

What is the total energy cost (in ATP-equivalents) of the Urea cycle? How many ATP molecules are actually involved in these steps? A) 3 ATP-equivalents cost; 3 ATP molecules involved B) 4 ATP-equivalents cost; 3 ATP molecules involved C) 4 ATP-equivalents cost; 4 ATP molecules involved D) 8 ATP-equivalents cost; 4 ATP molecules involved E) 6 ATP-equivalents cost; 4 ATP molecules involved

B

What molecule condenses with acetoacetyl to form HMG-CoA, and what enzyme catalyzes this reaction? A) acetone; thiolase B) Acetyl-CoA; HMG-CoA synthase C) 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase D) Succinyl-CoA; 3-ketoacetyl-CoA transferase E) Acetyl-CoA; HMG-CoA lyase

B

What reducing equivalents are generated in one round of β-oxidation? A) 1 ATP + 1 NADH B) 1 QH2 + 1 NADH C) 1 QH2 + 1 NADPH D) 1 FADH2 + 1 NADH E) 1 FADH2 + 1 NADPH

B

Where do the amine groups originate that are incorporated into a urea molecule? A) Gln and Asp B) Glu and Asp C) Glu and Ala D) Asp and Lys E) Gly and Asp

B

Which of the following commonly occurs before cholesterol is packaged into a VLDL? A) oxidation to increase water solubility D) hydration of the alkene B) esterification with a fatty acid E) all of the above may occur C) phosphorylation by ATP

B

Which of the following is an a-keto acid/a-amino acid pair in transamination? A) Pyruvate/Leucine D) a-Ketoglutarate/Aspartate B) Oxaloacetate/Aspartate E) a-Keto-b-Hydroxylbutyrate/Phenylalanine C) Oxaloacetate/Glutamate

B

Which of the following metabolic pathways is carried out only in the liver? A) glycogen storage D) triacylglycerol synthesis B) ketogenesis E) pentose phosphate pathway C) fatty acid synthesis

B

Which of the following nonessential amino acids is correctly paired with the essential amino acid that is required for its synthesis? A) Phe: Trp B) Cys: Met C) Ser: Gly D) Asp: Glu E) His: Gln

B

____ signals fuel abundance, which activates ___ and inhibits ___, both via dephosphorylation. A) Glycogen; insulin; glucagon B) Insulin; glycogen synthase; glycogen phosphorylase C) Leptin; G protein cascade; protein kinase A D) Glucagon; gluconeogenesis; β-oxidation

B

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires the coenzyme _____ and _____ as an energy source. A) FADH2; acyl-CoA hydrolysis B) NADPH; GTP C) biotin; ATP D) coenzyme A; GTP E) thiamine pyrophosphate; acyl-CoA hydrolysis

C

Both fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation by glycolysis lead to the formation of large amounts of ATP. A cell preparation containing all the enzymes required for either pathway cannot generate ATP when a fatty acid or glucose is added, unless a small amount of _______ is also added to the preparation. A) pyruvate B) carnitine C) ATP D) citrate

C

Degradation to pyruvate makes an amino acid _____; degradation to acetoacetate makes an amino acid _____. A) glucogenic; glucogenic D) ketogenic; glucogenic B) glucogenic; glucogenic and ketogenic E) ketogenic; ketogenic C) glucogenic; ketogenic

C

Diabetes mellitus Type ___ is an autoimmune response that destroys pancreatic cells and Type ___ occurs due to insulin resistance. In Type II, the liver responds by synthesizing ___ glucose. A) II, I, more B) II, I, less C) I, II, more D) I, II, less E) I, II, the same amount of

C

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of metabolism. A) carbohydrate B) fatty acid C) both carbohydrate and fatty acid

C

During fatty acid oxidation methylene groups are oxidized to carbonyl groups, yet no oxygen (O2) is consumed by the reactions of fatty acid oxidation. How is this possible? A) the oxygen is derived from a hydroxyl group on the co-factor B) the oxygen is derived from a hydroxyl groupof glucose C) the oxygen is derived from water D) the oxygen is derived from a pentose phosphate pathway intermediate E) none of the above

C

Given the following reaction, what is the missing product of the net reaction of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase? α-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NADPH + ATP → NADP+ + ADP + Pi + _____ A) aspartate D) glutamine B) asparagine E) none of the above C) glutamate

C

Glucose is the preferred fuel of muscles because it can be metabolized under ______ conditions. A) alkaline B) low temperature C) anaerobic D) low pH E) high temperature

C

How many molecules of ATP are generated when palmitate (C16) is completely oxidized via the β-oxidation pathway? A) 108 B) 112 C) 106 D) 110

C

In the initial step of purine biosynthesis the molecule ______, from the ______ pathway, is activated by ATP. A) fructose, glycolytic D) PEP, glycolytic B) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, Calvin cycle E) none of the above C) ribose-5-phosphate, pentose phosphate

C

Inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver A) Glucagon B) Epinephrine C) Both

C

Phosphatidylinositol synthesis begins with activation of ______ followed by addition of unphosphorylated inositol. A) Diacylglycerol B) Glycerol-3-phosphate C) Phosphatidate D) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate E) Glycerol

C

Released in response to a drop in blood glucose levels A) Glucagon B) Epinephrine C) Both

C

The amino acids Ala, Cys, Gly, Ser, and Thr are all degraded to the metabolite ______. A) citrulline B) acetone C) pyruvate D) malate E) acetyl-CoA

C

The breakdown products of threonine are glycine and acetyl-CoA. This amino acid would be classified as A) Ketogenic B) Glucogenic C) Both ketogenic and glucogenic

C

The condensation of acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA are energetically favorable compaired to the condensation of two acetyl CoA molecules because: A) Using a single carbon carrier provides additional energy B) Joining 6 carbons is more energetically favorable C) The energy of the ATP used to form malony CoA is released during decarboxylation driving the reaction forward D) none of the above

C

The first three reactions (#1, #2, #3) of the b oxidation pathway are similar to three reactions of the citric acid cycle. Which reactions are these? A) oxaloacetate ® citrate ® isocitrate ® a-ketoglutarate B) citrate ® isocitrate ® a-ketoglutarate ® succinyl-CoA C) succinate ® fumarate ® malate ® oxaloacetate D) a-ketoglutarate ® succinyl-CoA ® succinate ® fumarate

C

The majority of amino acids are deaminated by a ______ reaction. A) dehydrogenase B) reduction C) transamination D) oxidation

C

The process of converting NH4+ to NO2- and then NO3- is called A) Nitrogen fixation B) Nitrogen oxidation C) Nitrification D) Denitrification E) Nitrate reduction

C

The source of NADPH for synthesis of fatty acids is __________________. A) citric acid cycle D) electron transport B) glycolysis E) none of the above C) pentose phosphate pathway

C

There are two types of diabetes; Type __ is caused by the immune system destroying pancreatic b cells, and Type __ is due to insulin resistance. In Type II, the liver responds by making _____ glucose. A) II, I, more B) II, I, less C) I, II, more D) I, II, less E) I, II, the same amount of

C

What enzyme is the major control point of cholesterol synthesis in humans? A) HMG-CoA synthase D) thiolase B) HMG-CoA lyase E) isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthase C) HMG-CoA reductase

C

What is the cost of synthesizing palmitate (C16) from acetyl-CoA? A) 48 B) 35 C) 42 D) 40

C

What is the net "energy cost" in ATP of running the Cori cycle? How is the ATP obtained? A) 4 ATP are generated from amino acid catabolism B) 2 ATP are generated from fatty acid oxidation C) 4 ATP are generated from fatty acid oxidation D) 2 ATP are generated from amino acid catabolism.

C

What is the purpose of the carnitine transporter shuttle system? A) To build up a positively charged carnitine gradient across the membrane. B) To transport the CoA portion of acyl-CoA molecules across the membrane. C) To transport the acyl portion of acyl-CoA molecules across the membrane. D) To transport the CoA portion of acetyl-CoA molecules across the membrane. E) To transport the acetyl portion of acetyl-CoA molecules across the membrane.

C

Which cycle is properly paired with its purpose? A) The Cori cycle functions to transfer nitrogens to the liver. B) The glucose-alanine cycle functions to break down glycogen in the liver. C) The Cori cycle functions to synthesize glucose in the liver to replenish glucose in muscle. D) The glucose-alanine cycle returns alanine from the liver to the muscle. E) None of the above is correct.

C

Which enzyme catalyzes the activation of odd-chained fatty acids? A) Rubisco D) Propionyl-CoA carboxylase B) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase E) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase C) Acyl-CoA synthetase

C

Which of the following components is NOT required for pyrimidine synthesis? A) Asp D) Bicarbonate B) Gln E) Neither B nor C is required C) Gly

C

Which of the following hormones is most likely to stimulate the activation of lipases in adipocytes? A) insulin B) oxytocin C) glucagon D) leptin E) angiotensin

C

Which of the following is NOT a part of the regulation of fatty acid synthesis? A) Feedback inhibition by palmitoyl-CoA B) Activation by citrate C) Activation by malonyl-CoA D) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase E) All of the above regulate fatty acid synthesis

C

Which of the following is the most common type of diabetes in the US? A) type I B) type II resulting from a genetic defect in the insulin receptor C) type II without a genetic defect in the insulin receptor D) type III E) all of the above are about equal in prevalence

C

Which of the following molecules stimulate the activation of lipases in muscle cells? A) insulin B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) erythropoietin E) None of the options is true.

C

Which of the following pathways is active in the muscle only during the well-fed state? A) glycolysis D) ketone body synthesis B) fatty acid oxidation E) fatty acid synthesis C) glycogen storage

C

Amidophosphoribosyltransferase catalyzes the committed step of the IMP synthetic pathway and uses PRPP as its substrate. How would this enzyme be affected by PRPP? A) It acts as an allosteric inhibitor. C) It acts as a feedback inhibitor. B) It acts as an allosteric activator. D) It acts as a feed-forward activator.

D

Fatty acids are activated for β-oxidation by the transfer of A) UMP from UTP B) UDP from UTP C) CMP from CTP D) AMP from ATP E) ADP from ATP

D

For a 14-C saturated fatty acid, how many rounds of β-oxidation are required to fully catabolize it? What is the net ATP yield (1 QH2 = 1.5 ATP; 1 NAD(P)H = 2.5 ATP) A) 7 rounds; 98 ATP D) 6 rounds: 92 ATP B) 7 rounds; 106 ATP E) 6 rounds 94 ATP C) 6 rounds; 84 ATP

D

Glucose is removed from the blood and phosphorylated by the ______ enzyme glucokinase. A) a-adrenergic B) kidney C) leptin D) liver

D

How many ATP-equivalent molecules will be generated by b oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons? (1 QH2 = 1.5 ATP; 1 NAD(P)H = 2.5 ATP) A) 136 ATP B) 146 ATP C) 122 ATP D) 120 ATP E) none of the above

D

In skeletal muscle during fasting and prolonged starvation A) glutamine molecules are converted to proline. B) fat is released into the blood for storage in adipose tissue. C) carbohydrate is synthesized from blood lactate. D) protein is degraded to provide amino acids to the liver for gluconeogenesis. E) None of the above are correct.

D

Insulin binding initiates a cascade that eventuates in the activation of. A) protein phosphatase I D) Both A and C B) glycogen phosphorylase E) Both A and B C) glycogen synthase F) Both B and C

D

The control point in cholesterol synthesis is the production of A) Isoprene B) Squalene C) Acetyl-CoA D) Mevalonate E) α-ketoglutarate

D

The first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis is the formation of the molecule ______. A) PRPP B) hypoxanthine C) carbamoyl phosphate D) UMP

D

What are the products of the following transamination reaction? α-ketoglutarate + alanine _____ + _____ A) aspartate; oxaloacetate D) glutamate; pyruvate B) glutamate; oxaloacetate E) none of the above C) aspartate; pyruvate

D

What is the common intermediate for fatty acid catabolism and fatty acid synthesis? A) HMG-CoA B) Malonyl-CoA C) Pyruvate D) Acetyl-CoA E) Mevalonate

D

What nucleotide is methylated to produce dTMP? A) dAMP B) dCMP C) dGMP D) dUMP E) both dCMP and dUMP can be converted to dTMP

D

What would be the cost in ATP-equivalents to produce one triacylglycerol molecule? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6 E) 7

D

Which of the following correctly describes the general synthesis of purine nucleotides? A) The basic ring structure, orotate, is synthesized and then linked to PRPP B) The basic ring structure, orotate, is synthesized stepwise on PRPP C) The basic ring structure, inosine, is synthesized and then linked to PRPP D) The basic ring structure, inosine, is synthesized stepwise on PRPP E) none of the above

D

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) contains the same prosthetic group as. A) HDL B) DHAP C) cholesterol D) chylomicrons E) CoA F) ketone bodies G) albumin

E

All of the following are involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides except _____. A) Thioredoxin B) NADPH C) Ribonucleotide reductase D) Thioredoxin reductase E) FAD+

E

In what molecule does the first amine group enter the urea cycle? A) Citrulline B) Fumarate C) Ornithine D) Aspartate E) Carbamoyl phosphate

E

Ketogenic amino acids are enzymatically broken down to acetoacetate or ______. A) citrulline B) acetone C) pyruvate D) hydroxybutarate E) acetyl-CoA

E

The cofactor ____ is used to transfer C1 units such as methyl, formyl, and methenyl groups. A) Biotin B) TPP C) Lipoamide D) FAD E) Tetrahydrofolate

E

The metabolic fate(s) of glucose-6-phosphate include: A) glycogen and glucose. D) A and B B) ribose-5-phosphate and acetyl-CoA. E) A, B, and C C) DNA and RNA.

E

The process of converting NO3- to NH4+ is called A) Nitrogen fixation B) Nitrogen oxidation C) Nitrification D) Denitrification E) Nitrate reduction

E

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides? A) ribonucleotide deoxidase D) ribonucleotide oxidase B) ribonucleotide dehydratase E) ribonucleotide reductase C) ribonucleotide dehydrogenase

E

What transport system moves activated fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix? A) triacylglycerol shuttle D) lipoprotein shuttle B) glycerol phosphate shuttle E) carnitine shuttle C) acyl adenylate shuttle

E

Which amino acids are synthesized from glutamate? A) Proline B) Tryptophan C) Aspartate D) Arginine E) A and D

E

Which of the following best explains the chain of events that occurs when glucagon binds to its receptor? A) activation of protein kinase A, activation of G protein, activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP B) activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP, activation of protein kinase A, activation of G protein C) production of cAMP, activation of adenylate cyclase, activation of protein kinase A, activation of G protein D) activation of G protein, activation of protein kinase A, activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP E) activation of G protein, activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP, activation of protein kinase A

E

Which of the following metabolic pathways occurs exclusively in the cytosol? A) citric acid cycle D) amino acid degradation B) ketogenesis E) fatty acid synthesis C) urea cycle

E

Which of the following neurotransmitters is INcorrectly paired with its amino acid derivative? A) Catecholamines; tyrosine B) γ-aminobutyric acid; glutamate C) Nitric oxide; arginine D) Melatonin; tryptophan E) Serotonin; serine

E

Which of the following participates in AMP synthesis from IMP? A) ATP B) GTP C) Asp D) A and C E) B and C

E

Which of the following types of fatty acids would be oxidized exclusively in the peroxisome instead of the mitochondria? A) short-chain saturated fatty acids D) polyunsaturated fatty acids B) very long-chain saturated fatty acids E) branched-chain fatty acids C) monounsaturated fatty acids

E

Why do unsaturated fatty acids yield less energy than saturated fatty acids? A) They contain fewer carbons B) The double bond position bypasses the acyl CoA dehydrogenase step C) The position of the double bond requires an additional step that reduces the amount of potential energy yield D) A and B E) B and C

E

A deficiency in carnitine results in muscle cramps and the cramping is worse during fasting or after exercise. What is the biochemical explanation for this observation? A) During fasting the amount of glycogen available for glycolysis to make ATP is reduced. B) The lack of carnitine results in impared transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. C) There is less fatty acid for oxidation in the muscles such that the amount of ATP is decreased. D) The demand for ATP increases during fasting and exercise. E) none of the above F) all of the above

F

How does the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction contribute to amino acid biosynthesis and also function as an anaplerotic reaction for the TCA cycle? A) It produces the amino acid glutamate through the condensation of a-ketoglutarate and ammonia. B) It produces the amino acid glutamate through the transamination of aspartate to from asparagine. C) Glutamate can be deaminated to form the TCA intermediate a-ketoglutarate. D) Glutamate can be deaminated to form the TCA intermediate oxaloacetate. E) A and E are true. F) A and C are true. G) B and C are true. H) B and D are true.

F

Lipoproteins formed in the intestinal mucosal cells are ______. A) HDL F) chylomicrons B) propionyl-CoA G) phosphopantetheine C) DHAP H) ketone bodies D) malonyl-CoA I) albumin E) cholesterol

F

Complete this reaction: Acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 7 H+ --> _______ + _______ + 14 NADP+ + _________ + 6 H2O A) palmitate (C16) F) 8 CoA B) myristate (C14) G) A, C, and F C) 7 CO2 H) A, C, and E D) 8 CO2 I) B, C, and E E) 7 CoA J) B, D, and E

G

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack mitochondria. Which of the following pathways would be unlikely to operate in red blood cells? A) b-oxidation of fatty acids E) Neither A nor B B) glycolysis F) Neither A, B, nor C C) reduction of pyruvate to lactate G) Neither A nor D D) TCA cycle H) Neither A, C, nor D

G

Protein kinase A is responsible for. A) Activating glycogen synthase E) A and C B) Inactivating glycogen synthase F) A and D C) Activating phosphorylase kinase G) B and C D) Inactivating phosphorylase kinase H) B and D

G

Which of the following participates in AMP synthesis from the precursor IMP? A) ATP B) GTP C) Asp D) Gln E) A and D F) A and C G) B and D H) B and C

H

An infant seemed normal at birth but was diagnosed at the age of 3 months with a pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. She suffered from lactic acidosis and ketosis. She had poor muscle tone and was experiencing seizures. Which of the following would contribute to her symptoms? A) Accumulation of pyruvate F) A, B, and D B) Accumulation of alanine G) A, C, and D C) Accumulation of acetyl-CoA H) A, B, C, and D D) Lack of oxaloacetate I) All of the above E) Lack of GABA (g-aminobutyrate)

I

Both fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation via glycolysis lead to the formation of large amounts of ATP. Explain why a cell preparation containing all the enzymes required for either pathway cannot generate ATP when a fatty acid or glucose is added, unless a small amount of ATP is also added to the preparation. A) ATP is required during the last step of fatty acid oxidation. B) ATP is required during Step 6 of glycolysis. C) ATP is required in order to form acyl-CoA. D) ATP is required in Step 1 of glycolysis. E) ATP is required in Step 10 of glycolysis. F) Both A and B G) Both A and D H) Both A and E I) Both C and E J) Both C and D

J