Exam One Reivew

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Cell

fundamental unit of life

A(n)_________is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons. A(n) ____________attraction is created between a positively charged ____________ and a negatively charged_______________________.

ion ionic cation anion

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____.

isomers

Complexity of order

molecule cell tissue organ organ system organism

Nucleic acids are composed of

nucleotides

the tendency of atoms in stable molecules to have eight electrons in the outermost shells is knowns as

the octet rules

A covalent bond is formed by

the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Metabolism

the total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Natural selection acts

through differential probabilities of survival and reproductive success

When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality?

Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions that hold proteins in its three dimensional shape.

In the scientific method, experimental results supported by observations and data of many scientists from many years from

a theory

disulfide bonds

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids

bicarbonate

body's blood buffer system

The primary structure of proteins is the ______________. The primary structure contains the information necessary to form the secondary structure, including the ______________ and the __________________. The formation of ________________ bonds stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins.

-amino acid sequence - a helix & b pleated sheet -hydrogen

Triglycerides are synthesized from __________ and _______________.

-fatty acids (3) -glycerol

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules cause

-high heat capacity -high surface tension -strong cohesion -strong adhesion properties

lipid hydrocarbon chain

-hydrophobic -nonpolar -good source of storage energy

Examples of hydrogen bonds

-in the DNA between double helix between nucleotides -between water molecules -between a-helices and b-pleated sheets of protein

Starch and glycogens, which are both polysaccharides, differ in that starch is _________________ while, glycogen is _____________

-principle energy sources compound of plants -is a principle energy storage in animals

Proteins

-speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) -functions are dependent on shape -help move things around cell (motor protein) -contain peptide bonds -do not store energy

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

community

All the different populations that live together in an area

The domains of life as prescribed by C. Woese are

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Which six elements are the main building blocks of the human body?

C H O P N S

What is the central dogma?

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

Decomposition ->catabolism Synthesis -> anabolism Exothermic -> release of energy Endothermic -> absorb energy

Decomposition -> releases energy Synthesis -> Absorbs energy Dehydration Synthesis -> anabolism Hydrolysis -> Catabolism

allosteric inhibition

The process in which an enzyme's activity is changed because of binding to the allosteric site.

Phospholipid

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule and two hydrocarbon tail

a solution with a pH less than 7 is called a(n) ___________________and has a higher number of ________________________ than a solution with a pH greater than 7

acid H+

What is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules?

although they are weak bonds, van der Waals interactions help large molecules' three-dimensional shapes and help hold membranes together

phospholipids are

amphipathic

ATP is a high-energy, unstable molecule. A significant amount of energy is found

between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate-to-phosphate bond

A molecule with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆ can be classified as

carbohydrate

Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules?

cell membranes can not be soluble in water to separate the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells

Specific heat causes

coastal climates to be more moderate than inland climate

An inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme is a(n) ________________ inhibitor

competitive

Miller and Urey's experiments provided evidence that

complex organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions that probably existed on the early earth

When electron pairs in a covalent bond spend more time around one atom than the other, this is due to a difference in ________________

electronegativity between the two atoms

Which part of the atoms interact in a chemical reaction?

electrons

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is called

homeostasis

fuctional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

Enzymes are biological catalysts that function by

lowering the activation energy of the reaction

Unstable isotopes can be useful

medical diagnosis

An inhibitor that binds to a site distinct from the active site a(n) _________ inhibitor

non competitive

proteins consist of amino acids linked by

peptide bonds

Photosynthesis was a significant evolutionary milestone because

photosynthetic organism contributed oxygen to the environment, which led to the evolution of aerobic organisms.

emergent properties

properties or behaviors that emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. ex: specific chemical reaction of an enzyme

An element's identity is defined by its

protons

Viruses can not

replicate without a host cell

Oceans provided environments where early organisms thrived because they

shielded organisms from harmful light

A controlled experiment is one that

tests experimental and control groups parallel

Evolution is

the change in the genetic makeup of a population through time


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