Final Exam: Chapters 18-21 (ART 1030 Austin Peay State University)
Nkondi
A statue of a ferocious hunter that hunts down and punishes witches and wrongdoers; materials associated with various powers are added to the sculpture by a ritual specialist
Der Blaue Reiter
"The Blue Rider''. Organized in 1911 by the Russian painter Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked
Die Brucke
"The bridge". Founded in Dresden 1905; the artists wanted to build a "bridge" through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was the artist Kirchner
Oceania
"lands of the ocean."
Olmec
(1500-300 B.C.E.): Called the "mother culture"; known for jade objects
Avant-Garde
A French term originally referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle; for young artists it referred to the "battle'' to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces
Bauhaus
A design school founded by the architect Gropius; intended to teach artists a variety of disciplines and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines
Mihrab
A domed chamber
Pointillism
A form of Impressionism developed by the artist Seurat; dots and dashes of color are optically blended when viewed
Iwan
A form that served to mark the entry to a royal reception hall in Persian palaces
Mimbres Pottery
A type of ceramic vessel decorated with geometric designs or stylized humans and animals; it would be shattered during a burial, thus releasing the soul
Tubuan
Aboriginal female spirits.
Duk duk
Aboriginal male spirits
Arts of the Pacific and of the Americas
After the last Ice Age the land connecting North America and Asia was submerged isolating the Americas and the Pacific Islands from the rest of the world.
Poetic Object
An object that juxtaposed incongruous elements to provoke a strangeness or disorientation
Salon d'Automne
Annual art exhibition in Paris, founded by the Fauves in 1903
Dreamtime
Revolves around the distant past when ancestors emerged from the earth shaping the landscape and its beings.
Qilba Iwan
Serves as a prayer hall; faces Mecca
De Stijl
Sought to create harmony between individuals and modern industry/technology. The artist Mondrian was a leader in this movement. He believed that vertical and horizontal elements and primary colors created rational beauty and balance in the world
Kachina
Supernatural beings thought to contain some power of the spirit they represented
Tukuka
Tattooing ritual specialist
Pacific Cultures
The Pacific Islands include the continent of Australia and thousands of islands grouped together creating Oceania
Constructivism
The idea that art should be put to practiced through architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles and other visual forms; lead by the artist Tatlin
Pyramid of the Sun
The largest architectural landmark in Mesoamerica, which is made of stone and brick. This pyramid is located in the ancient large city of Teotihuacan
Harlem Renaissance
The merging of 3 American experiences: African heritage, the legacy of slavery, and the realities of modern urban life. The artist Douglas is representative of this era
Mayan
The most advanced civilization in Mesoamerica. Developed the most sophisticated calendar and writing system of the region. Almost all of their art is concerned with history.
Easter Island
The most well known Pacific works. Giant stone figures were carved out of rock perhaps as memorials to dead rulers or ancestors.
Pacific Art
The oldest examples of Pacific art are rock engravings of the Aborigines. Aboriginal art was connected with a religious belief called Dreamtime
Masquerade
Used in spiritual agency; involves costume, sculpture, music and movement to contact spiritual powers and effect change. The mask known as a Nowo is a guiding spirit which regulates female affairs
Buffalo Hides
Were a common material used for clothing and shelter (tipis/tepees). They were also painted to reveal a warriors exploits
Salon des Refuses
an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon
Native Americans
cultures include the Eastern Woodlands, Plains, Anasazi, Mogollon, Pueblo, Navajo, and Pacific Northwest peoples. Many arts of the Native Americans have come to be know as "arts of the daily life" like baskets, clothing, and tools.
Anasazi
lived in communal dwelling sites like Cliff Palace which were difficult to access. This design helped to ward off invaders
Feathers
represented high ranking members of society, and would be adorned on their clothing
Neoclassicism
style evolved during Napoleon's empire and continued on after he fell from power. It was felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the Bible. Characterized by clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship
Pyramids
symbolically understood as mountains
Feathered Headdresses
were made from the feather tales of eagles. Only a proven warrior could wear one in battle
Quillwork
Quills from a porcupine or bird are softened, then died, and worked into the surface of deer skin or birch bark
Beadwork
Introduced by Europeans
Ready mades
Invented by the artist Du Champ; artwork that he did not create but designated as works of art.
Polynesians
People believed that certain materials were sacred to the gods
Minaret
Prayer is called five times a day from the top of this type of tower
South and Central America
Pyramids and temple platforms in South America date back to the third millennium B.C.E, making them the oldest architecture in the Americas. The Moche, Inca, and Tairona civilizations flourished in this region
The Modern World (1800-1945)
Driven by technological progress and rapid changes, the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting art museums
Aborigines
Early inhabitants of Australia
Islam
Arabic for "submission," meaning submission to God
Calligraphy
Art of handwriting that was highly regarded. Great calligraphers achieved a status comparable to European artists
Romanticism
Artists rebelled against the "Age of Reason" instead urging the use of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and imagination within artwork. These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins, the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures
Four Iwan Plan
Became standard in Persia
Book Arts
Books were the major artistic outlet for painters in Islamic culture. Writing out the Qur'an was seen as an act of prayer
Tobacco
Considered a sacred substance; smoking it was seen as an act of prayer; a stone pipe is a North American invention
Tattoo
Considered sacred by the Marquesan Islands people
Minkisi
Containers; they hold materials that allow a ritual specialist to harness the powers of the dead in the service of the living
Qur'an
Contains the written word of God; It is not illustrated with images. Led to a flowering of book arts, including calligraphy and illustration
Foremost Neoclassical painters
David and Ingres
Artists that Characterized Romanticism
Delacroix and Goya
Tattoo Technique
Design created with comb-like bone tool; tool dipped in black pigment (soot, charcoal); tool placed against skin; sharp rap with stick punctures skin
Art Museums
Developed in the 19th century
Arts of Africa
Egypt was Africa's best known early civilization. The Nile nourished these civilizations and linked trade routes from Egypt to the southern Region of Nubia. Most history of African art is lost because it was made of perishable materials like wood. Smooth surfaces and D-shaped eyes are characteristic of works from the Nok culture. Nok culture may have influenced later cultures in the region. Sacred kingship was common in African societies, and art was often used to dramatize and support it. Yoruba kings are still regarded as sacred, and art still serves to dramatize their exceptional nature. The Dogon people use complementary gender roles in their sculptures. The depiction of reproductive organs was related to each gender's specific role in society. Abstraction in African art is often a clue that the work represents spirits or ideas. In many African cultures, organized groups play important roles. They include initiation and spiritual service/counseling associations. Africa art often serves as an agent to bring about some desired state of affairs, usually through contact with spirit powers
Inca
Excelled at textiles, sculpture, gold and silver work, and stonework. Believed that stones and people were equally alive and capable of changing into one another. Machu Picchu is one of the most spectacular archaeological sites in the world
Mosque
From the Arabic masjid, "place for bowing down"
Architecture: Mosques and Palaces
Islamic rulers required that there be suitable places for congregational prayer, a mosque. Mosques include mosaics, but they do not portray any people or God. The Qur'an forbids any idol worship. Images of animate beings in religious contexts are forbidden. As a result, artists instead created decorative geometric patterns and stylized plant forms. A mosque's construction using column, arch, and dome is based on Roman and Byzantine architecture
The Americas
It is unknown when humans first inhabited the Americas, but it is assumed that people migrated from the land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska
Typical Aboriginal Art Features
Linear patterns and cross-hatching are typical of this art
Tairona
Lived in Colombia; known for goldsmithing techniques
Moche
Lived in the central Andes; known for their pottery and goldsmithing
Mound Builders
Located in the Eastern Woodlands. Created earthworks such as burial mounds, some in geometric forms or shapes of animals
Pre-Columbian
Meaning before Columbus reached the Americas; early artwork of the Americas
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is the region that extends from what is now Mexico city to modern day Honduras.
Aztec
Migrated into the Valley of Mexico during the 13th century. Most artifacts were destroyed or melted down for their gold and silver by the Spaniards. Some of their arts, however, were seen as impressive and sent back to Europe
North America
Most art of North America is unknown because the objects were made out of perishable materials like wood and fiber
Ijele
Most honored mask of the Igbo people of Nigeria
Muqarnas
Niche-like scoops; Islamic architectural ornaments
Salon
Official art exhibition of the academy in paris
Arts of Islam
This culture arose during the 7th century C.E. on the Arabian Peninsula. It united the Arab people into a culture governed by faith, anchored by the written word, and sovereign over vast territories. These new conditions nurtured the growth of a new artistic culture. The need for places to worship and palaces for rulers inspired new works of architecture. Royal courts supported the production of luxury arts like fine textiles and ceramics
Arts of Daily Life
Unlike Western culture, Islamic culture held book arts, as well as objects produced with skill and taste, in high esteem. Carpets and other textiles are an important facet of Islamic art