Final Exam: Chapters 18-21 (ART 1030 Austin Peay State University)

Nkondi

A statue of a ferocious hunter that hunts down and punishes witches and wrongdoers; materials associated with various powers are added to the sculpture by a ritual specialist

Der Blaue Reiter

"The Blue Rider''. Organized in 1911 by the Russian painter Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked

Die Brucke

"The bridge". Founded in Dresden 1905; the artists wanted to build a "bridge" through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was the artist Kirchner

Oceania

"lands of the ocean."

Olmec

(1500-300 B.C.E.): Called the "mother culture"; known for jade objects

Avant-Garde

A French term originally referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle; for young artists it referred to the "battle'' to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces

Bauhaus

A design school founded by the architect Gropius; intended to teach artists a variety of disciplines and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines

Mihrab

A domed chamber

Pointillism

A form of Impressionism developed by the artist Seurat; dots and dashes of color are optically blended when viewed

Iwan

A form that served to mark the entry to a royal reception hall in Persian palaces

Mimbres Pottery

A type of ceramic vessel decorated with geometric designs or stylized humans and animals; it would be shattered during a burial, thus releasing the soul

Tubuan

Aboriginal female spirits.

Duk duk

Aboriginal male spirits

Arts of the Pacific and of the Americas

After the last Ice Age the land connecting North America and Asia was submerged isolating the Americas and the Pacific Islands from the rest of the world.

Poetic Object

An object that juxtaposed incongruous elements to provoke a strangeness or disorientation

Salon d'Automne

Annual art exhibition in Paris, founded by the Fauves in 1903

Dreamtime

Revolves around the distant past when ancestors emerged from the earth shaping the landscape and its beings.

Qilba Iwan

Serves as a prayer hall; faces Mecca

De Stijl

Sought to create harmony between individuals and modern industry/technology. The artist Mondrian was a leader in this movement. He believed that vertical and horizontal elements and primary colors created rational beauty and balance in the world

Kachina

Supernatural beings thought to contain some power of the spirit they represented

Tukuka

Tattooing ritual specialist

Pacific Cultures

The Pacific Islands include the continent of Australia and thousands of islands grouped together creating Oceania

Constructivism

The idea that art should be put to practiced through architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles and other visual forms; lead by the artist Tatlin

Pyramid of the Sun

The largest architectural landmark in Mesoamerica, which is made of stone and brick. This pyramid is located in the ancient large city of Teotihuacan

Harlem Renaissance

The merging of 3 American experiences: African heritage, the legacy of slavery, and the realities of modern urban life. The artist Douglas is representative of this era

Mayan

The most advanced civilization in Mesoamerica. Developed the most sophisticated calendar and writing system of the region. Almost all of their art is concerned with history.

Easter Island

The most well known Pacific works. Giant stone figures were carved out of rock perhaps as memorials to dead rulers or ancestors.

Pacific Art

The oldest examples of Pacific art are rock engravings of the Aborigines. Aboriginal art was connected with a religious belief called Dreamtime

Masquerade

Used in spiritual agency; involves costume, sculpture, music and movement to contact spiritual powers and effect change. The mask known as a Nowo is a guiding spirit which regulates female affairs

Buffalo Hides

Were a common material used for clothing and shelter (tipis/tepees). They were also painted to reveal a warriors exploits

Salon des Refuses

an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon

Native Americans

cultures include the Eastern Woodlands, Plains, Anasazi, Mogollon, Pueblo, Navajo, and Pacific Northwest peoples. Many arts of the Native Americans have come to be know as "arts of the daily life" like baskets, clothing, and tools.

Anasazi

lived in communal dwelling sites like Cliff Palace which were difficult to access. This design helped to ward off invaders

Feathers

represented high ranking members of society, and would be adorned on their clothing

Neoclassicism

style evolved during Napoleon's empire and continued on after he fell from power. It was felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the Bible. Characterized by clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship

Pyramids

symbolically understood as mountains

Feathered Headdresses

were made from the feather tales of eagles. Only a proven warrior could wear one in battle

Quillwork

Quills from a porcupine or bird are softened, then died, and worked into the surface of deer skin or birch bark

Beadwork

Introduced by Europeans

Ready mades

Invented by the artist Du Champ; artwork that he did not create but designated as works of art.

Polynesians

People believed that certain materials were sacred to the gods

Minaret

Prayer is called five times a day from the top of this type of tower

South and Central America

Pyramids and temple platforms in South America date back to the third millennium B.C.E, making them the oldest architecture in the Americas. The Moche, Inca, and Tairona civilizations flourished in this region

The Modern World (1800-1945)

Driven by technological progress and rapid changes, the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting art museums

Aborigines

Early inhabitants of Australia

Islam

Arabic for "submission," meaning submission to God

Calligraphy

Art of handwriting that was highly regarded. Great calligraphers achieved a status comparable to European artists

Romanticism

Artists rebelled against the "Age of Reason" instead urging the use of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and imagination within artwork. These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins, the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures

Four Iwan Plan

Became standard in Persia

Book Arts

Books were the major artistic outlet for painters in Islamic culture. Writing out the Qur'an was seen as an act of prayer

Tobacco

Considered a sacred substance; smoking it was seen as an act of prayer; a stone pipe is a North American invention

Tattoo

Considered sacred by the Marquesan Islands people

Minkisi

Containers; they hold materials that allow a ritual specialist to harness the powers of the dead in the service of the living

Qur'an

Contains the written word of God; It is not illustrated with images. Led to a flowering of book arts, including calligraphy and illustration

Foremost Neoclassical painters

David and Ingres

Artists that Characterized Romanticism

Delacroix and Goya

Tattoo Technique

Design created with comb-like bone tool; tool dipped in black pigment (soot, charcoal); tool placed against skin; sharp rap with stick punctures skin

Art Museums

Developed in the 19th century

Arts of Africa

Egypt was Africa's best known early civilization. The Nile nourished these civilizations and linked trade routes from Egypt to the southern Region of Nubia. Most history of African art is lost because it was made of perishable materials like wood. Smooth surfaces and D-shaped eyes are characteristic of works from the Nok culture. Nok culture may have influenced later cultures in the region. Sacred kingship was common in African societies, and art was often used to dramatize and support it. Yoruba kings are still regarded as sacred, and art still serves to dramatize their exceptional nature. The Dogon people use complementary gender roles in their sculptures. The depiction of reproductive organs was related to each gender's specific role in society. Abstraction in African art is often a clue that the work represents spirits or ideas. In many African cultures, organized groups play important roles. They include initiation and spiritual service/counseling associations. Africa art often serves as an agent to bring about some desired state of affairs, usually through contact with spirit powers

Inca

Excelled at textiles, sculpture, gold and silver work, and stonework. Believed that stones and people were equally alive and capable of changing into one another. Machu Picchu is one of the most spectacular archaeological sites in the world

Mosque

From the Arabic masjid, "place for bowing down"

Architecture: Mosques and Palaces

Islamic rulers required that there be suitable places for congregational prayer, a mosque. Mosques include mosaics, but they do not portray any people or God. The Qur'an forbids any idol worship. Images of animate beings in religious contexts are forbidden. As a result, artists instead created decorative geometric patterns and stylized plant forms. A mosque's construction using column, arch, and dome is based on Roman and Byzantine architecture

The Americas

It is unknown when humans first inhabited the Americas, but it is assumed that people migrated from the land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska

Typical Aboriginal Art Features

Linear patterns and cross-hatching are typical of this art

Tairona

Lived in Colombia; known for goldsmithing techniques

Moche

Lived in the central Andes; known for their pottery and goldsmithing

Mound Builders

Located in the Eastern Woodlands. Created earthworks such as burial mounds, some in geometric forms or shapes of animals

Pre-Columbian

Meaning before Columbus reached the Americas; early artwork of the Americas

Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is the region that extends from what is now Mexico city to modern day Honduras.

Aztec

Migrated into the Valley of Mexico during the 13th century. Most artifacts were destroyed or melted down for their gold and silver by the Spaniards. Some of their arts, however, were seen as impressive and sent back to Europe

North America

Most art of North America is unknown because the objects were made out of perishable materials like wood and fiber

Ijele

Most honored mask of the Igbo people of Nigeria

Muqarnas

Niche-like scoops; Islamic architectural ornaments

Salon

Official art exhibition of the academy in paris

Arts of Islam

This culture arose during the 7th century C.E. on the Arabian Peninsula. It united the Arab people into a culture governed by faith, anchored by the written word, and sovereign over vast territories. These new conditions nurtured the growth of a new artistic culture. The need for places to worship and palaces for rulers inspired new works of architecture. Royal courts supported the production of luxury arts like fine textiles and ceramics

Arts of Daily Life

Unlike Western culture, Islamic culture held book arts, as well as objects produced with skill and taste, in high esteem. Carpets and other textiles are an important facet of Islamic art