final exam management

Why is it sometimes useful to use either ecological or social carrying capacity ? How are they similar and diff in how we consider the abundance of animals

1. Ecologically (ECC) can monitor the species population level andetermine how many the environment can support if over that value they are over abundant Ecologically "abundant" would just be near but below carrying capacity 2. Socially (SCC) we can investigate if species are overabundant with HDA and determine if experience of the species at their current abundance Abundance in this context is species being present but the impacts being tolerable Ecological assessment is more focused on data while social assessment is more focused on perception but Changing the abundance might not change the problem◦ Even low numbers might have impacts

six levels of stakeholder engagement

1. Expert authority: Managers decide with little SH input (sometimes needed) 2. Passive receptive: Listen to the most vocal SHs - assume others arehappy 3. Inquisitive: Canvas as many SHs as possible 4. intermediary approach: Not just surveying or listening to SHs but talking to them - allows adaptive responses (but also strain) 5. Transactional approach: Facilitate SH discourse and provide information but don't participate 6. Co-management: Sharing responsibilities - either at the agencylevel or with SHs and the community (spreads responsibility)

Laswells Model how does it help.

1. Who communicates? (Communicator)◦ 2. What should they say? (Message)◦ 3. Who are their targets? (Audience)◦ 4.What method of communication should they use?.(Channel) 5. What is out intended effect (Feedback) helps find point of focus

established mechanisms

1. information dissemination sessions:• -Open houses - SHs specifically are brought in to communicate with managers - usually centered on specificstations for objectives or groups• -Public meetings - open forum for discussion and information sharing• 2. Input sessions• -Focus groups or nominal group sessions allow SHs to share their views and contribute to HAD• -Workshops allow SHs to help "problem solve" when presented with a specific scenario• 3. Decision making and management sessions• -Task forces and advisory committees ask SHs to help plan or make decisions on an issue (task forces are usuallymore focused and advisory committees more general• -Large-group planning and decision-making processes are conference style meetings for SHs to meet and shareinformation and discuss human dimensions

Most of our focus for non-abundant/special use species management is to consider ways that they differ from abundant species management. Provide one of the reasons from lecture that either is different in one to two sentences.

A difference would be that legislation is more tough on the management of non-abundant species, meaning that species which are under a specific protection status can't be killed/hunted.

The term for breaking down an ethical problem into premises and conclusions is termed:

Argument analysis

Using one of the three species/region specific examples from lecture (puma, gopher tortoise, grasslands) - how did changes in management strategy better account for SH issues (3-4 sentences)

Changes in management can help solve an issue which stakeholders could be having for example there was an uncontrolled grazing issue with some grasslands this was affecting the ecosystem and their functions. Two different groups of grassland management decided to advocate for better management of the grass lands, this led to the involvement of the Nature conservation. With the involvement of the Nature Conservancy and other two grassland management group they where able to "co-manage" and implement ways to save 70 thousand acres of grasslands.

What metric pairs with determining methods of communication (what are we actually considering when we try to determine this part of Lasswell's model)?

Channel

Which of the following would be the term for the tier of citizen involvement in communication that matches best with the co-management approach from the engagement chapter?

Citizen publisher

Which of the following would be useful to SHs experiencing attacks on their sheep by local wolves even though wolves are locally protected in the state

Depredation permits

In three to four sentences: What is the difference between the ecological and social carrying capacity discussed in class and how would both influence the way we percieve a species to be "over abundant"?

Ecological carrying capacity is defined as how much a of a species an environment can tolerate. Social carrying capacity is defined as how much a human can tolerate of a species. They both influence how we perceive a species to be "over abundant" because of its carrying capacity, if the species if over the capacity the environment can handle it would be defined as "over abundant". SCC depends on how a species is affecting how much people can tolerate and this can influence the ecological carrying capacity.

Moderating the impact of abundant species is often associated with the impact reduction and management. A giraffe has been deemed as a less important species. What management form could be used to spread awareness about the species. Briefly describe the form that would be used to give information on a animal, spread awareness, and it's importance.

Education and outreach would be the suitable form in order to give information about a animal. It will also give managers the opportunity to promote and campaign.

In the Kotter model of change there is a fixed point where change stops

False

stakeholder tolerance margin

Finding balance usually starts by determining estimates ofhow many of a species is acceptable for each SH group But if populations change, risks/rewards are present, and SHs aredivided finding balance is a better solution than removing thespecies

n one or two sentences: Choose one of the three major ways we can incorporate stakeholders into management that you think is most effective and briefly say why you have chosen it.

I believe the co-management approach is the most effective because it allows the stakeholders to be involved more with the issue at hand. This allows the stakeholders to feel like they are being listened to and taken seriously because they are being allowed some responsibilities in managing the issue.

Which of the following would be the level of decision processes we would expect stakeholders to be least involved in (for now, anyway)?

Implementing decisions

Beaver under management select habitat managers are trying to modify but do not behave make choices based on ethics or morals. This means they might be _____ but would not have the potential to be ______

Moral Patients, Moral agents

A species under management is perceived to be scarce but ecologists on the management team note that the animal is actually at its carrying capacity already and normally just experiences a large range with a few individuals. This species exhibits _____ scarcity

Natural

The term for the type of document that shapes transactional or co-management approaches based on SH conversations would be called:

Negotiation agreements

types of publics we consider

Non-public (non-aware groups) latent aware publics (aware but not acting) active publics (aware and acting) In cases like emerging invasive wildlife wesometimes need targeted communication toescalate non-publics to active publics as fast aspossible◦ This can be challenging since each group will need a slightlydifferent approach

The trilateral push to modify management perspectives in 2001 was called the:

North American Model For Wildlife Conservation

In your own words using 3-4 sentences: both the PrOACT model and Kotter Model of change have similar approaches to achieving goals. What is one way that the approaches are similar and one way that they are different?

One way the approaches are similar is that they both have a goal oriented step. Both these approaches include generating goals based on recognizing the stakeholders. One way in which in which their different is that the Kotter Model seems more thorough and has more involvement of people.

The author of this week's short review article defines _____ as the specific term that applies when the habitat is modified by managers to try make it resemble a more "natural" environment without human involvement

Rewilding

Impact reduction

Some local groups work with managers for special solutions. Modern management environments might incorporat every well funded NGOs that mitigate management efforts of impactful species Hunting/trapping: Direct reduction for some species(especially those above ECC) helps but requires sufficienthunters and suitable changes (more take, longer seasons,focus on females)◦ SH behavior change: If abundance can't (or shouldn't) bechanged - try to shift the SH behavior (e.g. sheep dogs if thereare wolves)◦ Increase SH tolerance: If abundance can't (or shouldn't) bechanged - try to shift SH tolerance (make them feel lessimpacted)◦ Education and outreach: If impacts are due to poor understanding then managers can try education campaigns

Which of the following was not an issue that motivates changed in the current management setting?

Stakeholders are less engaged

Which of the following would likely related to a management group that decided to change the types of responses they participated in based on reflection within the organization as a primary motivation?

Strategic choice

In three to four sentences: what are the informative and persuasive communication types and how are they similar/different? Why cases would promote managers to use one vs. the other?

The informative communication can be described as a type of educational communication meaning that this allows for information to be shared to stakeholders and receiving informations from the stakeholders themselves. Informative shares important information that stakeholders might not be aware of that could help them form their opinions on the issue. Persuasive communication is more about trying to push people to a specific opinion, its like informative information but it only uses information which is relevant to them, Persuasive wants to make specific change using repetitive and an authoritative approach. One might use informative over persuasive because its helpful to get multiple inputs and engagement from stakeholders, persuasive has a lot of disadvantages a lot of money can be spent on these approaches or very time consuming.

Which of the following was true regarding the role of stakeholders with invasive species?

There is a growing interest in the management community for SH engagement

In one to two sentences: briefly describe the differences between the three types of publics outlined in lecture

There is three types of publics: active, latent-aware, and non-public. Active public is described as a type of stakeholder who is actively engaged & interested in managing a species. Non-public groups are people who don't know there is an issue, could possibly be stakeholders but since they are unaware they don't know what is happening, latent-aware does know an issue is going on but aren't involve or participating

checking our work

This creates an opportunity for summativeevaluation - checking to see if you had thedesired effect - often parallel to your message

swas have historically

To change behavior for groups like SWAs we needto modify goals (breadths or focus), activities, orboundaries (who and where are species managed)◦ These changes often come in the form of shifting SHs

A manager communicating on an issue designs a new flier with the intention of reducing fox hunting but in feedback discovers that the public is now MORE engaged with the idea of hunting because photos make the activity look fun (despite having a big X through it). This would be an issue with:

Tone/clarity

The specific term for species that are targeted as abundance even though they are simply more visible or frequent is called:

Tragedy of the common

A manager creates an argument for a species under management that suggests that a particular prey of a parasite should be protected by killing the parasite species despite there being no direct implications for humans - which of the following extensionist theories might fit this best?

Zoocentrism

to give information on an animal

education and outreach if impacts are due to poor understanding then managers can try education campaigns

framework that improves general engagement

kotters model and creating change 1. establishing sense of urgency : conducting market assessment 2. Creating Gide coalition's Putting a group together to collaborate 5.empowering brod base action: clearing away obstacles

4 types of communication

performative informative persuasive risk

Bottoms-Up Approach

sometimes managers don't lead In some cases the SHs and communitynotice the problem long beforemanagers are involved