FINAL EXAM

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

QRS complex

Depolarization of the ventricle is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

QRS complex

Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used?

Systole is contraction of the muscle. Diastole is relaxation of the muscle. The contraction and relaxation of the ventricles are normally described with the terms systole and diastole

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Physical exam reveals hyporeflexia and hypotonis (weakness). What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?

The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor.

Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open?

Ventricles are in diastole

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

Type II diabetes is characterized by:

a lack of response by target cells to insulin

Leptin is secreted by_____.

adipose cells

End-systolic volume is defined as the:

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

androgens

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?

blood-glucose concentration

The major targets of growth hormone are____

bones and skeletal muscles

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't

build up bone

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

calcium channels remaining open

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is

cortisol

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

cortisol

Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will

decrease heart rate

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.

decreased delivery of oxygen

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

depolarization of the atria

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?

feedback

Alpha cells are to_______ as beta cells are to_______.

glucagon; insulin

Cushing disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

growth hormone

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

heart

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

hypothyroidism

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, except

increased parasympathetic stimulation

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is:

increased water conservation by kidneys

When blood glucose levels rise,

insulin is released

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

iodine

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

isovolumetric relaxation

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because_____.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.

left atrium

The pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the

lungs

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:

mineralocorticoids

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids

Isovolumetric contraction________.

refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

Oxytocin_______.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ______.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

stimulates production of an action potential

The volume of the blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

testosterone

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetany

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

the sinoatrial node

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

thyroid hormone

Identify the hormone labeled "4"

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Identify the hormone labeled "5"

thyroxin

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as_____.

up-regulation

When does the period of atrial repolarization occur?

ventricular depolarization

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular repolarization

Which of these would cause stroke volume to increase?

when contractility is increased

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

zona reticularis

Aldosterone_____.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Select the correct statement about cardiac output.

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

During ventricle systole, the

AV valves are closed

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

All of the answers are correct

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,

All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

All of the answers are correct.

Match the following: An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. Hyposecretion of growth hormone. Hyposecretion of the pancreas. Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

C. Graves' disease B. Pituitary dwarfism D. Diabetes mellitus A. Addison's disease

Match the following: Epinephrine production. Aldosterone production. Testosterone production. Parathyroid hormone production.

C. Neural stimulus A. Hormonal stimulus A. Hormonal stimulus B. Humoral stimulus

Increased levels of the hormone______ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

PTH

Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 125 beats/minute, the end-diastolic volume is 130 ml, and the end-systolic volume is 40 ml.

11,250 ml/min

A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

14

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

The currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is:

70-110 mg/dl

Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume.

EDV is the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole. ESV is the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted. Stroke volume (ml/beat) equals EDV - ESV

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Lauralee, a middle-aged woman, comes to the clinic and explains in an agitated way that she is "very troubled" by excessive urine output and consequent thirst. What two hormones might be causing the problem?

Hyposecretion of ADH causes diabetes insipidus, and insufficiency of insulin or lack of response to insulin causes diabetes mellitus. Both involve polyuria and consequent polydipsia. Glucose in the urine will indicate diabetes mellitus.

Jane lives in Appalachia and suffers from hypothyroidism. Her thyroid gland is enlarged, her body temperature is low, and her hair and skin look brittle and dry. Blood tests show very low levels of circulating iodine, T3, and T4, but high levels of TSH. What is your diagnosis? What treatment would you recommend?

Jane appears to suffer from nutritional goiter due to insufficient iodine intake. This explains the low thyroid levels, the enlarged thyroid, and high level of TSH. The recommended treatment would be iodized salt or iodide supplements.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

drug protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ______ organ.

endocrine

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzymatic

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct?

preload increases

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to_______.

pump blood with greater pressure

Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?

right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

somatotropin