FINAL EXAM
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS complex
Depolarization of the ventricle is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex
Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used?
Systole is contraction of the muscle. Diastole is relaxation of the muscle. The contraction and relaxation of the ventricles are normally described with the terms systole and diastole
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH
Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Physical exam reveals hyporeflexia and hypotonis (weakness). What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?
The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor.
Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein
Type II diabetes is characterized by:
a lack of response by target cells to insulin
Leptin is secreted by_____.
adipose cells
End-systolic volume is defined as the:
amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
androgens
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood-glucose concentration
The major targets of growth hormone are____
bones and skeletal muscles
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't
build up bone
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
cAMP
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
calcium channels remaining open
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
cortisol
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol
Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will
decrease heart rate
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
decreased delivery of oxygen
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?
feedback
Alpha cells are to_______ as beta cells are to_______.
glucagon; insulin
Cushing disease results from an excess of
glucocorticoids
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
growth hormone
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
hypothyroidism
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of
increased membrane permeability to sodium ions
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, except
increased parasympathetic stimulation
The main action of antidiuretic hormone is:
increased water conservation by kidneys
When blood glucose levels rise,
insulin is released
Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
iodine
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
isovolumetric relaxation
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because_____.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
The pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the
lungs
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
melatonin
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:
mineralocorticoids
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids
Isovolumetric contraction________.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Oxytocin_______.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ______.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
The volume of the blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the
stroke volume
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and release
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
tetany
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
the sinoatrial node
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except
thyroid hormone
Identify the hormone labeled "4"
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Identify the hormone labeled "5"
thyroxin
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as_____.
up-regulation
When does the period of atrial repolarization occur?
ventricular depolarization
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
Which of these would cause stroke volume to increase?
when contractility is increased
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
zona reticularis
Aldosterone_____.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
When adenyl cyclase is activated,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
During ventricle systole, the
AV valves are closed
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
All of the answers are correct
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,
All of the answers are correct.
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
All of the answers are correct.
Match the following: An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. Hyposecretion of growth hormone. Hyposecretion of the pancreas. Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.
C. Graves' disease B. Pituitary dwarfism D. Diabetes mellitus A. Addison's disease
Match the following: Epinephrine production. Aldosterone production. Testosterone production. Parathyroid hormone production.
C. Neural stimulus A. Hormonal stimulus A. Hormonal stimulus B. Humoral stimulus
Increased levels of the hormone______ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.
PTH
Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 125 beats/minute, the end-diastolic volume is 130 ml, and the end-systolic volume is 40 ml.
11,250 ml/min
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?
14
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
The currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is:
70-110 mg/dl
Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume.
EDV is the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole. ESV is the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted. Stroke volume (ml/beat) equals EDV - ESV
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Lauralee, a middle-aged woman, comes to the clinic and explains in an agitated way that she is "very troubled" by excessive urine output and consequent thirst. What two hormones might be causing the problem?
Hyposecretion of ADH causes diabetes insipidus, and insufficiency of insulin or lack of response to insulin causes diabetes mellitus. Both involve polyuria and consequent polydipsia. Glucose in the urine will indicate diabetes mellitus.
Jane lives in Appalachia and suffers from hypothyroidism. Her thyroid gland is enlarged, her body temperature is low, and her hair and skin look brittle and dry. Blood tests show very low levels of circulating iodine, T3, and T4, but high levels of TSH. What is your diagnosis? What treatment would you recommend?
Jane appears to suffer from nutritional goiter due to insufficient iodine intake. This explains the low thyroid levels, the enlarged thyroid, and high level of TSH. The recommended treatment would be iodized salt or iodide supplements.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
drug protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ______ organ.
endocrine
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzymatic
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct?
preload increases
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to_______.
pump blood with greater pressure
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatotropin
