Final- Research
Participant A finished 2nd in race. Participant B finished 4th in race. Is participant twice as good?
Ordinal scale
It is easier to falsify a simple explanation than it is to falsify a more complex explanation
Parsimony
The ____ group of individuals that the researchers want to test but _____ was you can actually test is
Population; Sample
When participants are randomly assigned to levels of iv in the experiment to control for individual differences as a extrange variable
Random Assignment
Which of the following used for group difference?
Randomization
Person coefficent correlation is used for data that is measures on what kind of scale?
Ratio
Time measured in minutes is an example of N scale:
Ratio scale
IF I set my alarm at 810 and its really 8. And alarm goes off at 810 then this alarm will be
Reliable and not valid.
If I set my alarm to 810 when it's really 8. And alarm goes off at 810 then this alarm will be:
Reliable and not valid.
______ investigates fundamental aspects of behaviors whereas _____ investigates solutions for real world problem
Research; applied
Fair selection of participants is covered by what principle?
Respect for persons
Difference between nominal and ordinal scales are what?
Response on ordinal scale can be ranked order
Difference in score occurs when we test a sample drawn out on a population
Sampling error
A risk analysis involves
Showing that the benefits outweighs the risk
Which of the following sampling technique involves choosing individuals at random that have an equal chance of being selected?
Simple Random Sample
Which of the following sampling technique is likely to create smallest amount of sampling error?
Simple Random Sample
Which of the following illustrates the correct apa style citation?
Smith and Jones (1999) found that...
Researcher selects two samples : Sample r= -.77 Sample 2= .+68 stronger correlation?
-.77
_______ refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared to the benefit of the study
Beneficence
People at the grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and asked to rate them in order from least to favorite. This is an example of?
Depend ordinal
People at the grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and asked to rate them in order from least to favorite.This is an example of?
Depend ordinal
Which of the following would be most appropriate to include in the method section of APA?
Description of instructions
How often do teenagers feel depression ed is an example of a research question
Descriptive
Research question that asks about presence of behavior, how frequent its exhibits or whether there is a relationship between the differences of the behaviors:
Descriptive research question
the sign of the correlation coefficient r indicates what of the relationship? value?
Direction; strength
The solution to experiement bias is to use a what?
Double blind (participant and researcher are blind"
Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when researcher with human participants are conducted:
Minimize harm; benefit outweigh the risk
Participant A finished 2nd in race. Participant B finished 4th in race. IS participant B twice as good?
No, this is a Ordinal scale
Sampling error occurs when ind do not respond thus biasing the sample
Non-response bias
Which of the following is the operational definition for hunger?
Number of time someone's stomach makes an audible rumble; number of minutes since they ate.
Scientific method involves gaining knowledge through
Observation
The empiricism canon of scientific method states new knowledge is gained from
Observation
A confederate is a:
Someone that is apart of the study but acts as they are apart of the study
Which of the following sampling involves choosing individuals at random where porportions of members are different groups are the same as population and sample?
Stratified Random Sample
Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occur in their daily lives is which observation technique
Survey observation
Asking individuals to complete task under controlled conditions
Systematic
Above question: dependent variable?
Test scores
Main effects compares mean for :
The levels of one independent variable averaged across the levels of the other independent variable
The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that
The simplest explanation of phenomenon is most likely correct.
Explanations of behaviors that needs to be tested
Theories
a major limitation OF THE one group post test only design is that
it lacks a comparison group
A statistical procedure used to determine the regression line
linear regression
a quasi experimental research design used to study change in across lifespan by observing the same participant over diff time
longitudinal
u study same people from 7, 14, 21, 30 you used what method?
longitudinal study
Any naturally occurring change within ind that has a effect on the dependent var is referred to what
maturation
before and after and the same dependent is measured at the pretest and post test that is in similar group that does not receive the treatment is called what
non equivalent control group pretest post
WOf is a potential source ofbias in survey data
non response bais; coverage error; social desirable bias
A quasi experiment research design in which dependent variable measure for one group following a treatment
one group post test only
A quasi experiment research design in which the same dependent is measured one group participants before and after treatment is
one group pretest post test design
at the beginning of the time they measure the attitude and then at the end of the time, example of what?
one group pretest posttest design
Spearman coefficent correlation is used for data that is measured on what kind of scale
ordinal
A researcher measures a 20:02
perception of forgiveness
When two factors change in the same direction they have a _____ when they change in oppiste dirrection
positive; negative
A researcher who examines difference in anxiety levels between who smokes and do not smoke is a:
quasi experiment
A variable that levels that are not randomly assigned to participants to differently groups to be compared
quasi-independent variable
best fitting straight line to a set of data points
regression line
the one group pretest protest design is prone to threats to internal validity
regression of the mean; maturation; testing effect
ABA design can only be used when when level or pattern of change in dependent variable can
return to baseline levels when treatment removed
WOF is an appropriate graphical summary of a correction between two factors
scatter plot
As sample size becomes larger, MOE becomes
smaller
A researcher measures the extent to the speed of which they eat in min predicts the k intake, which is the predictor variable?
speed at which ppl eat
External validty
*Generalization* degree to which a study results can apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
An abstract journal article adheres in APA guidelines-
-Cannot be as long as we want it to be -Should not include information forgot in body of paper -should not include all results in study -should not define abstract terms ITs a brief summary, only important information needed.
A good introduction should include what?
-Introduce topic; review past studies; state hypotheses; explain how this study is new.
suppose u survey 300 people and ask to choose. 210 choose a. what is estimated proportion of p hat?
.70; 70%
At minimum how many independent variable must be included in study must be classified as an experiment
1
In study examining room illumination and room temperature on test performance how many main effects are possible?
2 independent variables; 1 interaction
Factorial design at least how many independent varaible?
2 or more
A well written discussion section of article should begin with:
A review of the hypotheses made in introduction.
a single case design which a single participant observed before during and after treatemnet
ABA design
Which of the following is used to analyze data in Factorial design?
ANOVA
List sections of correct appearance of APA format
Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion.
Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies in humans is currently monitored by what?
An review board at each institution research conducted (IRB)
When participants choose not to complete the experiment is a
Attrition/ mortality
when a researcher measures a behavior before treatment to compare behavior after treatment has been implemented
Baseline measurement
Study of the amnesia used the _____ design
Case studies *Small N design
Does lack of sleep cause depression?
Causal
Some kind of response scales provide response cateegories while some others allows respondents to response to any way they choose
Closed; open response
A variable that offers results of study but not a variable of intrest is
Confound
An unanticipated variable not accounted for the research that can be causing or associated with observe changing
Confound
Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure _____ but this test was poorly developed and only measured how well people perform on standard test. otherward does not test intellegience this test will lack what?
Construct Validity
Which of the following is used to correct for order effect?
Counterbalacne
Having a different participant in study experience conditions in a different order
Counterbalance
Asking people to complete a survey relays on the principle of
Empricism
The research design that allows research that answers causal questions that manipulating measured variables
Experiment
A study that investigates that behavior naturally occurs in individuals would have a higher degree of
External Validity
The primary advantage of ______ over simple experiment is that the researcher can be more efficent in testing the effects of multiple IV in 1 experiment and can also examine the effects interactions in the IV on the DV
Factorial experiment
A researcher finds that 2 factors are correlated all the following can be true except:
Factors a and b are unrelated
As part of the respect for persons it is recommended that researchers do what?
Include informed consent process
Inform consent involves:
Inform participants ; obtain their consent so they can participate in the study
A study conducted to examine on instruction type on test scores
Instruction type- Independent variable
When the effect of 1 independent variable depends on levels of another independent variable
Interaction effect
Convience sample will likely increase the amount of sample error thus lower the ______ by making it test the hypotheses less accurate.
Internal Validity
IF you have confound what are you threatnening?
Internal Validity
Ruling out alternative explanation for the results increasing the ______ validity ; whereas the increasing the realness of the behaviors examining in the study increases the _______ validity
Internal; external
Tempature is measured in F/C is an example of
Interval
Temperature measured in F/C is an example of
Interval
Independent variable is a what?
Manipulated variable
Experiments find what?
Manipulating of variable; Control confounding variable; testing casual relationship
Participants is a subsection of which section?
Method
Which section of the APA article should give enough information to be replicated:
Method
Which of the following will violate ethical standards for ethical research?
Using another authors idea in ones report without citing that author
Which of the following sampling technique is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error?
Voluntary Sample
Participants receive all levels of _____ one levels of a _____ variable
Within; between subject
a major advantage one group of pretest post-test design is
can compare before and after treatment in same participant
The determinism of the scientific method states
cause effect relationship; identifiable causes everything you see have to have a cause
a group of individual that share common stat or demographic traits are characteristic
cohort
cross sectional design is more likely to be affected by ____ as a sort of bias than longitudinal design
cohort effect/generalization effect
A statistic used for to measure or strength and direction of the linear relationship of the correlation is called
correlation coeficent
measurement of 2 or more factors that determine or estimate the extent that to which the factors which are related or change inn identifiable pattern
correlational research design
The research design that allows the researchers to answers descriptive and predictive questions about the relationship between the different measures variables is a what kind of study?
correlational study
WHen different group of participants receive different order of the levels of independent variable
counterbalancing
elementary school 1, 3 and 6 grade, measured one time
cross sectional
a quasi experiment research design used to study grouped by their age and measured at each age group at thesame time
cross-sectional
According to ethical guidelines at the end of participants are often fully informed as to purpose of the study and given explanation and any deception in the study
debriefing
If you cite a source with 3 or more authors a second time include last name and first author
et al.
test ability canon
explanation of phen should be able to be falsified if incorrect.
Which of the following is example of non equivalent control group prestest posttest deisgn
final exam scores before and after at random; to receive or not receive exam review session
I assets your attitude of marijuana present with persuasive and even with music and reassest atti, then president gets in with the marijuana law
history
the one group post test only design in prone to the threats for internal validity
history effects
WOF describe cohort sequential design
study group/ 10-15 year old; then studying 2- 4 -6 years later
primary disadvantage of a longitudinal design is what?
the amount of time it takes
Soleman 4 group design allows researcher to measure what?
the effect of taking pretest on scores on the posttest
What is the diff in true experiment design and quasi experiment
true uses random assignment
in a longitudinal design age is age is a what kind of variable _____, is a ____ in cross sectional
within subject ; between subject
Testing affects are particually problematic for which kind of design?
within subjects