Final- Research

Participant A finished 2nd in race. Participant B finished 4th in race. Is participant twice as good?

Ordinal scale

It is easier to falsify a simple explanation than it is to falsify a more complex explanation

Parsimony

The ____ group of individuals that the researchers want to test but _____ was you can actually test is

Population; Sample

When participants are randomly assigned to levels of iv in the experiment to control for individual differences as a extrange variable

Random Assignment

Which of the following used for group difference?

Randomization

Person coefficent correlation is used for data that is measures on what kind of scale?

Ratio

Time measured in minutes is an example of N scale:

Ratio scale

IF I set my alarm at 810 and its really 8. And alarm goes off at 810 then this alarm will be

Reliable and not valid.

If I set my alarm to 810 when it's really 8. And alarm goes off at 810 then this alarm will be:

Reliable and not valid.

______ investigates fundamental aspects of behaviors whereas _____ investigates solutions for real world problem

Research; applied

Fair selection of participants is covered by what principle?

Respect for persons

Difference between nominal and ordinal scales are what?

Response on ordinal scale can be ranked order

Difference in score occurs when we test a sample drawn out on a population

Sampling error

A risk analysis involves

Showing that the benefits outweighs the risk

Which of the following sampling technique involves choosing individuals at random that have an equal chance of being selected?

Simple Random Sample

Which of the following sampling technique is likely to create smallest amount of sampling error?

Simple Random Sample

Which of the following illustrates the correct apa style citation?

Smith and Jones (1999) found that...

Researcher selects two samples : Sample r= -.77 Sample 2= .+68 stronger correlation?

-.77

_______ refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared to the benefit of the study

Beneficence

People at the grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and asked to rate them in order from least to favorite. This is an example of?

Depend ordinal

People at the grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and asked to rate them in order from least to favorite.This is an example of?

Depend ordinal

Which of the following would be most appropriate to include in the method section of APA?

Description of instructions

How often do teenagers feel depression ed is an example of a research question

Descriptive

Research question that asks about presence of behavior, how frequent its exhibits or whether there is a relationship between the differences of the behaviors:

Descriptive research question

the sign of the correlation coefficient r indicates what of the relationship? value?

Direction; strength

The solution to experiement bias is to use a what?

Double blind (participant and researcher are blind"

Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when researcher with human participants are conducted:

Minimize harm; benefit outweigh the risk

Participant A finished 2nd in race. Participant B finished 4th in race. IS participant B twice as good?

No, this is a Ordinal scale

Sampling error occurs when ind do not respond thus biasing the sample

Non-response bias

Which of the following is the operational definition for hunger?

Number of time someone's stomach makes an audible rumble; number of minutes since they ate.

Scientific method involves gaining knowledge through

Observation

The empiricism canon of scientific method states new knowledge is gained from

Observation

A confederate is a:

Someone that is apart of the study but acts as they are apart of the study

Which of the following sampling involves choosing individuals at random where porportions of members are different groups are the same as population and sample?

Stratified Random Sample

Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occur in their daily lives is which observation technique

Survey observation

Asking individuals to complete task under controlled conditions

Systematic

Above question: dependent variable?

Test scores

Main effects compares mean for :

The levels of one independent variable averaged across the levels of the other independent variable

The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that

The simplest explanation of phenomenon is most likely correct.

Explanations of behaviors that needs to be tested

Theories

a major limitation OF THE one group post test only design is that

it lacks a comparison group

A statistical procedure used to determine the regression line

linear regression

a quasi experimental research design used to study change in across lifespan by observing the same participant over diff time

longitudinal

u study same people from 7, 14, 21, 30 you used what method?

longitudinal study

Any naturally occurring change within ind that has a effect on the dependent var is referred to what

maturation

before and after and the same dependent is measured at the pretest and post test that is in similar group that does not receive the treatment is called what

non equivalent control group pretest post

WOf is a potential source ofbias in survey data

non response bais; coverage error; social desirable bias

A quasi experiment research design in which dependent variable measure for one group following a treatment

one group post test only

A quasi experiment research design in which the same dependent is measured one group participants before and after treatment is

one group pretest post test design

at the beginning of the time they measure the attitude and then at the end of the time, example of what?

one group pretest posttest design

Spearman coefficent correlation is used for data that is measured on what kind of scale

ordinal

A researcher measures a 20:02

perception of forgiveness

When two factors change in the same direction they have a _____ when they change in oppiste dirrection

positive; negative

A researcher who examines difference in anxiety levels between who smokes and do not smoke is a:

quasi experiment

A variable that levels that are not randomly assigned to participants to differently groups to be compared

quasi-independent variable

best fitting straight line to a set of data points

regression line

the one group pretest protest design is prone to threats to internal validity

regression of the mean; maturation; testing effect

ABA design can only be used when when level or pattern of change in dependent variable can

return to baseline levels when treatment removed

WOF is an appropriate graphical summary of a correction between two factors

scatter plot

As sample size becomes larger, MOE becomes

smaller

A researcher measures the extent to the speed of which they eat in min predicts the k intake, which is the predictor variable?

speed at which ppl eat

External validty

*Generalization* degree to which a study results can apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study

An abstract journal article adheres in APA guidelines-

-Cannot be as long as we want it to be -Should not include information forgot in body of paper -should not include all results in study -should not define abstract terms ITs a brief summary, only important information needed.

A good introduction should include what?

-Introduce topic; review past studies; state hypotheses; explain how this study is new.

suppose u survey 300 people and ask to choose. 210 choose a. what is estimated proportion of p hat?

.70; 70%

At minimum how many independent variable must be included in study must be classified as an experiment

1

In study examining room illumination and room temperature on test performance how many main effects are possible?

2 independent variables; 1 interaction

Factorial design at least how many independent varaible?

2 or more

A well written discussion section of article should begin with:

A review of the hypotheses made in introduction.

a single case design which a single participant observed before during and after treatemnet

ABA design

Which of the following is used to analyze data in Factorial design?

ANOVA

List sections of correct appearance of APA format

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion.

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies in humans is currently monitored by what?

An review board at each institution research conducted (IRB)

When participants choose not to complete the experiment is a

Attrition/ mortality

when a researcher measures a behavior before treatment to compare behavior after treatment has been implemented

Baseline measurement

Study of the amnesia used the _____ design

Case studies *Small N design

Does lack of sleep cause depression?

Causal

Some kind of response scales provide response cateegories while some others allows respondents to response to any way they choose

Closed; open response

A variable that offers results of study but not a variable of intrest is

Confound

An unanticipated variable not accounted for the research that can be causing or associated with observe changing

Confound

Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure _____ but this test was poorly developed and only measured how well people perform on standard test. otherward does not test intellegience this test will lack what?

Construct Validity

Which of the following is used to correct for order effect?

Counterbalacne

Having a different participant in study experience conditions in a different order

Counterbalance

Asking people to complete a survey relays on the principle of

Empricism

The research design that allows research that answers causal questions that manipulating measured variables

Experiment

A study that investigates that behavior naturally occurs in individuals would have a higher degree of

External Validity

The primary advantage of ______ over simple experiment is that the researcher can be more efficent in testing the effects of multiple IV in 1 experiment and can also examine the effects interactions in the IV on the DV

Factorial experiment

A researcher finds that 2 factors are correlated all the following can be true except:

Factors a and b are unrelated

As part of the respect for persons it is recommended that researchers do what?

Include informed consent process

Inform consent involves:

Inform participants ; obtain their consent so they can participate in the study

A study conducted to examine on instruction type on test scores

Instruction type- Independent variable

When the effect of 1 independent variable depends on levels of another independent variable

Interaction effect

Convience sample will likely increase the amount of sample error thus lower the ______ by making it test the hypotheses less accurate.

Internal Validity

IF you have confound what are you threatnening?

Internal Validity

Ruling out alternative explanation for the results increasing the ______ validity ; whereas the increasing the realness of the behaviors examining in the study increases the _______ validity

Internal; external

Tempature is measured in F/C is an example of

Interval

Temperature measured in F/C is an example of

Interval

Independent variable is a what?

Manipulated variable

Experiments find what?

Manipulating of variable; Control confounding variable; testing casual relationship

Participants is a subsection of which section?

Method

Which section of the APA article should give enough information to be replicated:

Method

Which of the following will violate ethical standards for ethical research?

Using another authors idea in ones report without citing that author

Which of the following sampling technique is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error?

Voluntary Sample

Participants receive all levels of _____ one levels of a _____ variable

Within; between subject

a major advantage one group of pretest post-test design is

can compare before and after treatment in same participant

The determinism of the scientific method states

cause effect relationship; identifiable causes everything you see have to have a cause

a group of individual that share common stat or demographic traits are characteristic

cohort

cross sectional design is more likely to be affected by ____ as a sort of bias than longitudinal design

cohort effect/generalization effect

A statistic used for to measure or strength and direction of the linear relationship of the correlation is called

correlation coeficent

measurement of 2 or more factors that determine or estimate the extent that to which the factors which are related or change inn identifiable pattern

correlational research design

The research design that allows the researchers to answers descriptive and predictive questions about the relationship between the different measures variables is a what kind of study?

correlational study

WHen different group of participants receive different order of the levels of independent variable

counterbalancing

elementary school 1, 3 and 6 grade, measured one time

cross sectional

a quasi experiment research design used to study grouped by their age and measured at each age group at thesame time

cross-sectional

According to ethical guidelines at the end of participants are often fully informed as to purpose of the study and given explanation and any deception in the study

debriefing

If you cite a source with 3 or more authors a second time include last name and first author

et al.

test ability canon

explanation of phen should be able to be falsified if incorrect.

Which of the following is example of non equivalent control group prestest posttest deisgn

final exam scores before and after at random; to receive or not receive exam review session

I assets your attitude of marijuana present with persuasive and even with music and reassest atti, then president gets in with the marijuana law

history

the one group post test only design in prone to the threats for internal validity

history effects

WOF describe cohort sequential design

study group/ 10-15 year old; then studying 2- 4 -6 years later

primary disadvantage of a longitudinal design is what?

the amount of time it takes

Soleman 4 group design allows researcher to measure what?

the effect of taking pretest on scores on the posttest

What is the diff in true experiment design and quasi experiment

true uses random assignment

in a longitudinal design age is age is a what kind of variable _____, is a ____ in cross sectional

within subject ; between subject

Testing affects are particually problematic for which kind of design?

within subjects