Final Review

What is another name for dynamic range?

Compression

What are some adult learning styles?

Conceptual, learner-centered and contextual

What described a vertical imaging plane that runs from side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Coronal Plane

Pitch and frequency are related how?

Correlative

What is the equation for frequency?

Cycles/Seconds

Homogeneous

Even echo texture

When scanning a patient in the prime position using a longitudinal scan plane, which of the following would correctly describe the screen orientation?

Feet correspond to the left of the screen

What transducer will produce a rectangular shape image?

Flat Linear Array

How many hertz is Ultrasound?

Greater than 20,000

What do vascular studies utilize?

Grey scale, Color Doppler, Spectral Doppler

What is a measurement of frequency in cycles per second?

Hertz

What is frequency measured in?

Hertz

Do you use a higher or lower frequency transducer for more superficial structures?

Higher

What best describes the location of the left internal jugular vein?

Located lateral to the common carotid artery in the left neck

What will result in a view of the aorta shown continuously across the screen from right to left?

Longitudinal, supine position

M-Mode

Documents the movement of structures in the body along a single scan line

Hyperechoic

Echoes stronger than surrounding tissues

Hypoechoic

Echoes weaker than surrounding tissues

Internal Echoes

Echoes within a cystic structure. Can be an indicator of hemorrhage within a cystic structure

Isoechoic

Equal echo density

What is the thyroid gland in relation to the carotid artery?

Medial

What injuries are the most common WRMD in Sonography?

Muscle strains, tendonitis/bursitis and nerve issues in neck, arms and back

A-Mode

Represents the depth of the returning echo on the x-axis and the strength (amplitude) of the reflector on the y-axis

Using a coronal scan plane, the patients feet will be on which side?

Right

What side of the imaging screen is the orientation notch located on for cardiac scanning?

Right

What part of the heart is visualized in the near field when imaging the heart from the apical approach?

Right and Left Ventricles

In the PLAX view, what is the most superficial structure?

Right ventricle

Compression Study

Rules out DVT in upper or lower extremities

Carotid Artery Exam

Rules out atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries

Hererogeneous

Several different characteristics

When describing two structured that are very similar in echogenicity, what term is most likely to be used?

Simple

What is consistent with sound wave propitiation?

Sound must travel through a medium

What can be used to determine the exact velocity at a particular location within a blood vessel

Spectral Doppler

What do the various shades of gray visualized on our images correspond to?

Strength of the returning echoes

To affect the gain at a specific death in the horizontal plane in your image you should adjust what?

TGC

Andrology

Teaching strategies focused on adults

Color Box

Term used to describe the sample volume on a color doppler image

The heart is found what to the carotid arteries?

Caudal

What are the units indicated for the image depth on the ultrasound display?

Centimeters

While scanning, I see an image needed for my study but hit the freeze button too late to capture it. Manipulating which of the following controls may allow me to retrieve the image I passed up?

Cine

What are some uses of the track ball?

Cine, movement of the measurement calipers on the screen and moves color box

Triplex

Color

Duplex Arterial Exam

Color/Spectral Doppler study to rule out arterial stenosis or occlusion in upper or lower extremities

What are three descriptors that can be used to describe a cyst?

1. Smooth Borders 2. Anechoic 3. Enhancement

What are three reasons why protocols are necessary?

1. Standardization 2. Thoroughness 3. Accuracy

The Order of Pulse Echo Principle

1. The electrical signal is converted to a mechanical wave by the vibration to the crystals in the transducer 2. The mechanical wave travels through a medium 3. The mechanical wave reflects off interfaces in the body 4. The return echoes are converted to electrical impulses by vibration of the crystal in the transducer, then displayed on the screen

What clock position should be used for a PLAX image of the heart?

11 o'clock

Compared to a flat linear array what transducer type has a lower frequency?

A curved array

Compared to a phased array what transducer type has a higher frequency?

A flat linear array

What transducer is better for imaging superficial structures?

A flat linear array

Piezoelectric materials

A material, such as lead zirconate titanate, that had piezoelectric properties

What transducer has better penetration than a flat linear transducer?

A phased array

What are the types of imaging modes?

A. B. M.

How does protocol ensure quality?

Accuracy of measurements, standardization of studies, and provides thoroughness.

Transthoracic

Across the thoracic

Examples of FLIP learning are:

Active learning, critical thinking, home study

What is a benefit of imaging protocols?

Allows for standardization between departments

What terms can be used independently?

Anechoic, Homogenous, Herterogenous, Complex, and Echogenic

What is the best way to avoid WRMD?

Asjust the ultrasound system, chair, bed and accessories for every scan

What are the learning styles?

Auditory, hands on, writing, reading

What are examples of limited OB Ultrasound?

BPP's, Fetal Doppler and Fetal Echo

Shadowing

Black area posterior to a calcified or metallic. Is an indicator of calcified or metallic structure

What does BART stand for?

Blood colored blue is away from the transducer and blood colored red is towards the transducer

What does ultrasound move fastest through?

Bone

What is the order of the biological tissues, fastest to slowest when related to sound propagation speed?

Bone, air, soft tissue

Echogenic

Capable of producing echoes by reflecting the sound

Smooth Border around Solid Structure

Capsule around outer edge of a solid structure. Can be indicator of benign

What best describes the location of the heart?

Located in the left side of the chest with the apex closest to the left lateral aspect

What described a patient lying on their sides?

Decubitus position

B-Mode

Displays the returning Ultrasound signal as a dot on the monitor

What terms can be used to compare two structures?

Hyperechoic and hypoechoic

How would you correct a Doppler spectrum that demonstrates aliasing?

Increase Doppler Scale

What parameter of the spectral display is indicative of a significant stenosis?

Increased PSV, Filled in spectral window and Blood flow above and below the baseline at the same point in time

Enhancement

Increased intensity posterior to a cystic structure. Is an indicator of a cystic structure

What term would be used to indicate an area on or affecting the same side of the body?

Ipsilateral

What term would best describe two organs or structures located on the same side of the body?

Ipsilateral

The kidneys are what to the aorta?

Lateral

The right kidney is located what to the aorta?

Lateral

What describes the location of the right kidney?

Lateral to the IVC

Where are the carotid arteries located?

Lateral to the trachea

The mitral valve lies between which two chambers of the heart?

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Name three things you can visualize from the PLAX view of the heart

Left Ventricle, Left Atrium and Right Atrium

What's the most superficial structure when looking at the apical four chamber of the heart?

Left ventricle

Which of the following transducers does not produce a wide field view at increase depth?

Linear Array

Anechoic

No reflected echoes

Physiologic Arterial Exam

Non-imaging study to demonstrate general area of arterial disease

To increase the brightness of the entire image equally, which controls should be used?

Overall Gain

Which of the following views is equivalent to a cross section of the heart?

PSAX

Of the transducers, what has the smallest footprint?

Phased array

I'm a PSAX view, in midpapillary level, the left ventricle is what to the right?

Posterior

Spiculations

Projections off outer edge of solid mass, can be indicator of malignancy

Which term is used to refer to a structure toward or nearest the trunk or point of origin?

Proximal

What are Ultrasound images based off of?

Reflected waves

What describes the focus of the sound beam?

The area where the sound beam is most narrow

What is the most fragile portion of the transducer?

The crystal

Nyquist Limit

The maximum velocity depicted by a spectral display

In a transverse scan plane, your patient is supine, what is the right side of the screen?

The patients left side

When scanning a patient in the supine position issuing a transverse scan plane, what does the right side of our image correspond to?

The patients left side.

Piezoelectric effect

The process whereby a material, such as a crystal or element within an ultrasound transducer, generated electricity and changed shape when pressure is applied to it

Who contributes to the initial creation of an ultrasound protocol?

The radiologist, the technologist and the professional organization

Sample Gate

The sample volume in a spectral display that measures the speed of the blood flowing at a particular area of a vessel

Pathology

The scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue or organ system response to injurious agents

What do the various shades of grey on an ultrasound mean?

The strength of the echo

What best describes a transverse medial image of a patient's neck?

The thyroid gland is midline to the carotid arteries

What is the natural focus of ultrasound?

Thin Beam

What is a risk factor for WRSD will most likely result in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Tight grip on transducer with wrist resting on the patient

Why is it necessary to utilize proper ergonomics when performing ultrasound examination?

To protect the patient from harm to, protect the sonographer from repetitive strain injury and to ensure exam efficiency

If the transducer notch is facing one of the patients sides, which plane would it be?

Transverse

Which scan plane is described as dividing the body into left and right sides?

Transverse

How would you describe plaque within a vessel that appears to have a rough or jagged surface?

Ulcerative

Duplex

Ultrasound

What is the name given to an examination used to demonstrate the pathway of the veins in the upper extremity for use with dialysis graft?

Vein mapping of the upper extremity

What test would be used to rule out DVT?

Venous Duplex Lower Extremity Exam

What vessel would be interrogated as part of a carotid artery scan?

Vertebral Arteries

Vein Mapping Study

Vessels are marked for location for a later surgical procedure

Bifercation

Where an artery splits

Confluence

Where veins come together