Final Review
What is another name for dynamic range?
Compression
What are some adult learning styles?
Conceptual, learner-centered and contextual
What described a vertical imaging plane that runs from side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Coronal Plane
Pitch and frequency are related how?
Correlative
What is the equation for frequency?
Cycles/Seconds
Homogeneous
Even echo texture
When scanning a patient in the prime position using a longitudinal scan plane, which of the following would correctly describe the screen orientation?
Feet correspond to the left of the screen
What transducer will produce a rectangular shape image?
Flat Linear Array
How many hertz is Ultrasound?
Greater than 20,000
What do vascular studies utilize?
Grey scale, Color Doppler, Spectral Doppler
What is a measurement of frequency in cycles per second?
Hertz
What is frequency measured in?
Hertz
Do you use a higher or lower frequency transducer for more superficial structures?
Higher
What best describes the location of the left internal jugular vein?
Located lateral to the common carotid artery in the left neck
What will result in a view of the aorta shown continuously across the screen from right to left?
Longitudinal, supine position
M-Mode
Documents the movement of structures in the body along a single scan line
Hyperechoic
Echoes stronger than surrounding tissues
Hypoechoic
Echoes weaker than surrounding tissues
Internal Echoes
Echoes within a cystic structure. Can be an indicator of hemorrhage within a cystic structure
Isoechoic
Equal echo density
What is the thyroid gland in relation to the carotid artery?
Medial
What injuries are the most common WRMD in Sonography?
Muscle strains, tendonitis/bursitis and nerve issues in neck, arms and back
A-Mode
Represents the depth of the returning echo on the x-axis and the strength (amplitude) of the reflector on the y-axis
Using a coronal scan plane, the patients feet will be on which side?
Right
What side of the imaging screen is the orientation notch located on for cardiac scanning?
Right
What part of the heart is visualized in the near field when imaging the heart from the apical approach?
Right and Left Ventricles
In the PLAX view, what is the most superficial structure?
Right ventricle
Compression Study
Rules out DVT in upper or lower extremities
Carotid Artery Exam
Rules out atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries
Hererogeneous
Several different characteristics
When describing two structured that are very similar in echogenicity, what term is most likely to be used?
Simple
What is consistent with sound wave propitiation?
Sound must travel through a medium
What can be used to determine the exact velocity at a particular location within a blood vessel
Spectral Doppler
What do the various shades of gray visualized on our images correspond to?
Strength of the returning echoes
To affect the gain at a specific death in the horizontal plane in your image you should adjust what?
TGC
Andrology
Teaching strategies focused on adults
Color Box
Term used to describe the sample volume on a color doppler image
The heart is found what to the carotid arteries?
Caudal
What are the units indicated for the image depth on the ultrasound display?
Centimeters
While scanning, I see an image needed for my study but hit the freeze button too late to capture it. Manipulating which of the following controls may allow me to retrieve the image I passed up?
Cine
What are some uses of the track ball?
Cine, movement of the measurement calipers on the screen and moves color box
Triplex
Color
Duplex Arterial Exam
Color/Spectral Doppler study to rule out arterial stenosis or occlusion in upper or lower extremities
What are three descriptors that can be used to describe a cyst?
1. Smooth Borders 2. Anechoic 3. Enhancement
What are three reasons why protocols are necessary?
1. Standardization 2. Thoroughness 3. Accuracy
The Order of Pulse Echo Principle
1. The electrical signal is converted to a mechanical wave by the vibration to the crystals in the transducer 2. The mechanical wave travels through a medium 3. The mechanical wave reflects off interfaces in the body 4. The return echoes are converted to electrical impulses by vibration of the crystal in the transducer, then displayed on the screen
What clock position should be used for a PLAX image of the heart?
11 o'clock
Compared to a flat linear array what transducer type has a lower frequency?
A curved array
Compared to a phased array what transducer type has a higher frequency?
A flat linear array
What transducer is better for imaging superficial structures?
A flat linear array
Piezoelectric materials
A material, such as lead zirconate titanate, that had piezoelectric properties
What transducer has better penetration than a flat linear transducer?
A phased array
What are the types of imaging modes?
A. B. M.
How does protocol ensure quality?
Accuracy of measurements, standardization of studies, and provides thoroughness.
Transthoracic
Across the thoracic
Examples of FLIP learning are:
Active learning, critical thinking, home study
What is a benefit of imaging protocols?
Allows for standardization between departments
What terms can be used independently?
Anechoic, Homogenous, Herterogenous, Complex, and Echogenic
What is the best way to avoid WRMD?
Asjust the ultrasound system, chair, bed and accessories for every scan
What are the learning styles?
Auditory, hands on, writing, reading
What are examples of limited OB Ultrasound?
BPP's, Fetal Doppler and Fetal Echo
Shadowing
Black area posterior to a calcified or metallic. Is an indicator of calcified or metallic structure
What does BART stand for?
Blood colored blue is away from the transducer and blood colored red is towards the transducer
What does ultrasound move fastest through?
Bone
What is the order of the biological tissues, fastest to slowest when related to sound propagation speed?
Bone, air, soft tissue
Echogenic
Capable of producing echoes by reflecting the sound
Smooth Border around Solid Structure
Capsule around outer edge of a solid structure. Can be indicator of benign
What best describes the location of the heart?
Located in the left side of the chest with the apex closest to the left lateral aspect
What described a patient lying on their sides?
Decubitus position
B-Mode
Displays the returning Ultrasound signal as a dot on the monitor
What terms can be used to compare two structures?
Hyperechoic and hypoechoic
How would you correct a Doppler spectrum that demonstrates aliasing?
Increase Doppler Scale
What parameter of the spectral display is indicative of a significant stenosis?
Increased PSV, Filled in spectral window and Blood flow above and below the baseline at the same point in time
Enhancement
Increased intensity posterior to a cystic structure. Is an indicator of a cystic structure
What term would be used to indicate an area on or affecting the same side of the body?
Ipsilateral
What term would best describe two organs or structures located on the same side of the body?
Ipsilateral
The kidneys are what to the aorta?
Lateral
The right kidney is located what to the aorta?
Lateral
What describes the location of the right kidney?
Lateral to the IVC
Where are the carotid arteries located?
Lateral to the trachea
The mitral valve lies between which two chambers of the heart?
Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
Name three things you can visualize from the PLAX view of the heart
Left Ventricle, Left Atrium and Right Atrium
What's the most superficial structure when looking at the apical four chamber of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which of the following transducers does not produce a wide field view at increase depth?
Linear Array
Anechoic
No reflected echoes
Physiologic Arterial Exam
Non-imaging study to demonstrate general area of arterial disease
To increase the brightness of the entire image equally, which controls should be used?
Overall Gain
Which of the following views is equivalent to a cross section of the heart?
PSAX
Of the transducers, what has the smallest footprint?
Phased array
I'm a PSAX view, in midpapillary level, the left ventricle is what to the right?
Posterior
Spiculations
Projections off outer edge of solid mass, can be indicator of malignancy
Which term is used to refer to a structure toward or nearest the trunk or point of origin?
Proximal
What are Ultrasound images based off of?
Reflected waves
What describes the focus of the sound beam?
The area where the sound beam is most narrow
What is the most fragile portion of the transducer?
The crystal
Nyquist Limit
The maximum velocity depicted by a spectral display
In a transverse scan plane, your patient is supine, what is the right side of the screen?
The patients left side
When scanning a patient in the supine position issuing a transverse scan plane, what does the right side of our image correspond to?
The patients left side.
Piezoelectric effect
The process whereby a material, such as a crystal or element within an ultrasound transducer, generated electricity and changed shape when pressure is applied to it
Who contributes to the initial creation of an ultrasound protocol?
The radiologist, the technologist and the professional organization
Sample Gate
The sample volume in a spectral display that measures the speed of the blood flowing at a particular area of a vessel
Pathology
The scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue or organ system response to injurious agents
What do the various shades of grey on an ultrasound mean?
The strength of the echo
What best describes a transverse medial image of a patient's neck?
The thyroid gland is midline to the carotid arteries
What is the natural focus of ultrasound?
Thin Beam
What is a risk factor for WRSD will most likely result in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Tight grip on transducer with wrist resting on the patient
Why is it necessary to utilize proper ergonomics when performing ultrasound examination?
To protect the patient from harm to, protect the sonographer from repetitive strain injury and to ensure exam efficiency
If the transducer notch is facing one of the patients sides, which plane would it be?
Transverse
Which scan plane is described as dividing the body into left and right sides?
Transverse
How would you describe plaque within a vessel that appears to have a rough or jagged surface?
Ulcerative
Duplex
Ultrasound
What is the name given to an examination used to demonstrate the pathway of the veins in the upper extremity for use with dialysis graft?
Vein mapping of the upper extremity
What test would be used to rule out DVT?
Venous Duplex Lower Extremity Exam
What vessel would be interrogated as part of a carotid artery scan?
Vertebral Arteries
Vein Mapping Study
Vessels are marked for location for a later surgical procedure
Bifercation
Where an artery splits
Confluence
Where veins come together
