FIVS 205 Final Exam Rvw.
.......% of all described animal species in the world are arthropods
80
The illegal wildlife trade is worth upwards of ---- anually
$15-50 billion
affidavit addresses:
- the probable cause -seriousness of crime -importance of evidence and extent -practicality -extent to which search may threaten suspect's health/safety -extent to which search may intrude sus. dignity and privacy
Lamendin method pt.2
- tooth must be out of jaw, with root fully intact -computers v accurate
Crystal glass
-alkali oxides, metal oxide and lime have been added -makes glass sparkle more (used in premium table more) -lead crystal- alkali oxides, and lead oxide are added to the glass mixture. This also changes refractive index, makes it sparkle and have a clear ring when clinked.
nurse
-a licensed clinician -Nursing and medicine are independent practices that overlap and benefit each other in the healthcare system
Schedule III-V Drugs
-accepted medical use - low potential for abuse
third degree burn
-all layers of the skin are destroyed, and the damage extends into the subcutaneous tissues. -can appear black or white -dry and leathery texture
Tool Marks
-any impression, cut, gouge, or abrasion caused by a tool coming into contact with another object -minor differences -class & individual characteristics
affidavit
-attached to a search warrant -a sworn written statement -outlines the probable cause that the person or items are at that particular location
contact wound
-barrel contacts the skin, the gases released by the fired round go into the subcutaneous tissue and can cause a star-shaped laceration
Blunt force trauma
-bats, fists, bullets, or other blunt objects -laceration wound
tooth pulp
-beneath dentin -made of connective tissue and cells, and contains blood vessels and nerves
hematopoiesis
-blood cell formation -center of bones
Calliphoridae
-blow flies, bottle flies, and screw worms -arrive w/in seconds of carcass
CGS level 5
-body is totally or near totally cremated, leaving little to no tissue present -remains are highly fragmentary, scattered, and incomplete -odontologist and the anthropologist is not enough for a positive identification
hemolysis
-break down of hemoglobin -causes green coloration associated w/ decomposing bodies
putrefaction
-breakdown of tissue by microorganisms -Simultaneously with autolysis
vicarious trauma (VT)
-can cause cognitive changes in caregivers similar to those experienced by the victims with whom they work and may degrade the ability of the nurse to effectively care for patients
method of collection for residue
-carbon-coated adhesive stub (fewer false negs.) -alcohol swab
sharp force trauma
-caused by sharp implements such as axes, knives, and swords -incised wound
Oxygen related smoldering
-characterized by heavy, dense smoke and gasses, with a an excess of carbon monoxide
CGS level 3
-characterized by major portions of the arms and/or legs missing -head, while usually present, does not have recognizable features
Crow Glassman Scale
-classification of burns is different on dead bodies than it is on living humans, primarily because the burns can be much, much more extensive -five levels (CGS level 1-5) to describe the extent of burn destruction to remains. Each level depicts increasing destruction to the body from burning
Degrees of mark
-clearly defined -obvi. defined -quite noticeable -lacerated
Tire treads
-composed of ribs of design elements separated by grooves -leave impressions at the scene (usually the grooves)
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
-confirmatory test -unknown fluid is placed on a test strip (a strip not unlike a pregnancy test) where it reacts with chemicals embedded on the strip. The presence of three colored lines indicates a positive result for PSA.
Louis Francois Etienne Bergeret
-considered the first official forensic entomologist
What year did fingerprint records from the bureau of investigation and Leavenworth federal penitentiary in Kansas merge to form records for the new FBI?
1924
When was the first statewide medical examiner system officially established?
1939
Blood spatter analysis was recognized as a forensic discipline in what year?
1955
When did the "modern period" of forensic anthropology begin?
1972
American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA) (est. 1977)
1979-Essentials of Forensic Anthropology by T. Dale Stewart
Krokodil (desomorphine)
IV opioid from Russia damage to veins -> soft tissue infections -> gangrene/necrosis clumps in veins because it doesn't dissolve completely in blood, then clumps travel to distant places in the body
The Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution establishes what?
Grand jury screening of federal criminal indictments
A grand jury is empowered to:
Hear evidence in a case at the state level
The Origin of Fingerprinting in 1916.
Herschel eventually published his findings and experiences using fingerprints as positive identification in the journal Nature
Formula: K+ concentration
Hours since death= ((5.26)(K+ concentration))- 30.9
Class to Individual Evidence
How many: -striations are necessary to individualize a mark to a single tool and no other? -color layers individualize a paint chip to a single car? -ridge characteristics individualize a fingerprint? -handwriting characteristics tie a person to a signature?
Medical Examiner
Investigates deaths and bodily injuries that occur under certain circumstance; requires a medical degree with certification in forensic pathology
Eumelanin
Produces brown to black pigments in the hair
Fourth Amendment
Protects against unreasonable search and seizure
Mechanism of death
The biochemical or psychological abnormality produced by the cause of death which makes living impossible
micrometry
The measurement of dimensions of specimens under a microscope using a micrometer or specialized software
Secondary consumers
carnivores
medulla patterns
continuous, interrupted, fragmented
stress cycle
contraction and expansion of tread as it touches the ground
luciferin to oxyluciferin
conversion atp
Blowfly life cycle
egg, 3 larval stages, pupa, and adult
transfer or contact pattern
either a bleeding victim touches or brushes something as he or she is moving, or if someone touches blood and then touches something else
Electrical Trauma
electrical conduction through the body
Five basic methods of heat production
electrical, mechanical, compressed gas, nuclear, and chemical
root
embedded in bone of the jaw, and covered in a specialized calcified substance called cementum—helps to anchor the tooth in the jaw
viviparous
embryonic development happens inside the mother without an egg -produce fewer offspring and provide more parental care in an attempt to ensure the survival of the offspring kstategists
The Culshaw Case
first documented use of matching physical evidence in modern history
Microscopic
focuses on specific types of physical evidence
Misc. (ra)
food poisoning
Using cyanoacrylate (superglue) fumes to develop latent fingerprints was started by ---- investigators in the 1970s.
forensic
The inability to detect gross and subtle differences in the size and shape of things, a condition called .... , will prevent you from becoming a questioned document examiner.
form-blindness
abrasion ring
formed when the force of the gases entering below the skin blow the skin surface back against the muzzle of the gun
In a light microscope, the __ may be opened and closed to adjust the amount of light shining through the specimen.
iris diaphram
DNA as a Gold Standard
is any tangible object that can connect an offender to a crime scene, an offender to a victim, a victim to a crime scene, etc.
consensual scope
items they were given permission to search for, along with the exact area they were given consent to search
n the absence of a ..., the ... is considered the trier of fact in a court case
jury; judge
controls
known items tested at same time as unknown piece of evidence
Oviparous
lay eggs
ply
layers of cords (often metal) embedded in the rubber that hold the shape of the tire by preventing the rubber from stretching in response to the internal pressure
Backhand handwriting
leans to left
Forward handwriting
leans to right
Osteoporosis
loss of bone density
to individualize a print
match somewhere between 8 and 16 minutiae
evidence
materials collected and scientifically analyzed to determine the nature and circumstances of a crime
reference standard
physical evidence whose origin is known and that can be compared to evidence collected at a crime scene
phytotoxin
poison derived from plants
bacteriotoxins
poison produced by bacteria
contact patch
portion of a tire that touches the road surface
quaternary consumer
prey on tertiary
DNA evidence
primarily concerned with the identification of unknown people
rugae prints
prints left by the lining of the cheeks inside the mouth
transfer pattern
recognizable image of the thing that transferred the blood, such as a shoe print, hand print, finger print, tool print, etc.
DOT
reference symbol that certifies the tire manufacturer's compliance with the U.S. Department of transportation tire safety standards
Jurisdiction
region or geographical area over which law enforcement or a legal entity can exercise authority
In what part of the hair is DNA found?
root
Root reabsorption
root becomes smaller and less robust, the body tries to keep the tooth from falling out by depositing cementum
Medulla
row of cells that run up the center of the cortex like a canal
hemocytoblasts
stem cells
Toxicokinetics
study of how a chemical substance enters the body and the course it takes while in the body
sociocultural anthropology
study of human society and culture
entomology
study of insects
Toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts
osteobiology
study of the molecular mechanisms of bone development, regeneration, remodeling, and degeneration associated with age and pathology
Pathology
study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies amplify of a particular gene
fire point
temperature at which the liquid will produce vapors that will sustain combustion for at least five seconds
sexual dimorphism
term used for the difference in size and shape between sexes
What makes up about 1/3 of the weight of living bone?
water
Chromosomes
what dna is packaged in
Dr. Henry P. de Forest
1902- first systematic use of fingerprints in the United States
Laceration
tearing of tissue
spoliation
the intentional or negligent destruction or alteration of evidence
Document Analysis
Ink Examination Paper Examination Machine Examination
Dr. Eduard Piotrowski
"Concerning the Origin, Shape, Direction and Distribution of the Bloodstains Following Head Wounds Caused by Blows"- first published work about blood spatter 1895
Dr. Thomas Dwight
"The Identification of the Human Skeleton, A Medicolegal Study" - first recognized forensic paper written in 1878
Which of the following is a very unlikely conclusion from a fiber analyst?
"The fiber originated from the item of clothing with no doubt"
Autopsy
"look at oneself" M.E. dissect body in effort to determine cause and manner of death
Necropsy
"looking at the dead" -In US, look at death of animals
trophic levels
"trophic" means having to do with the process of nutrition. A trophic level, therefore, is the position of an organism within a food web.
Fleas
$9 billion in damage
accumulated degree (unit of time)
(Average Temperature - Minimum Threshold) x Unit of Time
3D POC
(Tan(AOI))(y)
The results of a projectile are related to its
**energy - dependent on the velocity, weight, and distance
indicators
*Char -depth of char *V Patterns- points close to or directly to the area of origin of that pattern -narrow- very fast burning -wider- slower burning *light bulbs- points toward heat source *rundown patterns- presence of possible accelerant
Most common places that poisons are found
*Domestic or household items *Industrial *Agricultural *Commercial *Drugs and Medicines *Food and Drink *Miscellaneous
Collection of Firearm Evidence
*Make sure it is unloaded!!!!! *DO NOT put a pencil into a barrel -REVOLVERS: *Indicate location of fired & unfired ammunition -AUTOMATICS: *Check magazine for number of rounds *Fingerprint magazine *Place ID tag on trigger guard -AMMUNITION: *Write on base or nose *Package in pill box or envelope *Wrap in tissue to protect
Wildlife offenders:
*Minor- those that violate permits, and are more opportunistic. These offenders tend to be tracked through inadequate record keeping or other paper trails. *Organized illegal trading involves people who are using poaching for financial gain, and will develop and maintain markets for these activities. *Serious major criminal activity is different than organized illegal traders due to its scope. This group involves major professional criminals that are financially supported and dealing with specific markets. These crimes yield significant financial gains for the criminals with low likelihood of punishment
• Matrix
*Natural- oil, sweat, other bodilu fluids *foreign- anything else (blood, grease, ink, paint, etc.)
Impression Evidence
*Objects or materials that have retained the characteristics of other objects through direct contact * 2D & 3D collection
Substrate
*Porous- absorbs moisture *semi-porous- absorbs small amounts of moisture *non-porous- cannot absorb moisture
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
*Schedule I *ergot fungus
Taphonomic Factors
*Temperature- extrinsic (depositional) *Embalming- extrinsic (human behavior) *BAC- intrinsic
Hair growth- based on cellular and biochem. activity
*Zone 1- ell proliferation and differentiation zone, and is at the very base of the hair follicle, called the bulb *Zone 2- keratin gene expression zone, and is found in the upper portion of the bulb *Zone 3- keratogenous zone in which hardening of the fiber occurs *Zone 4- inner root sheath degradation
Mathieu Orfila
*father of forensic toxicology -He started his research career by publishing a paper on poisons in 1914 when he was 26 years old -favorite substance to study was arsenic, as this was a common murder weapon at the time
Controlled Substance
*legal term- substances controlled by federal or state laws *drugs of abuse
Reliable Data
*most controversial area -data must be shown accurate - collection accuracy, records, analysis
• Types of fingerprints
*visible (patent)- found on a surface after contact with a colored material. This can be anything from blood, to paint, to grease, to ink, etc. The point is, you can see these friction ridge patterns without any extra development *plastic- left on a soft material (putty, wax, soap, dust, etc.) *latent- formed due to the production of sweat and oils hidden or invisible, and therefore must be enhanced in some way to be seen (by using something like fingerprint powder)
Hamann-Todd Collection
- 1912-1938 - 2600 people - known demographics - standards for age, ancestry, sex and stature
Medicolegal division
- Accidental - Suicidal - Homicidal - Self inflicted - Undermined
People v Jennings (1911)
- Admissibility of fingerprint expert testimony -first use of the fingerprint expert testimony
Specific/Confirmatory Tests
- Can lead to individual classifications - Costly - Time consuming - Typically done in the lab - More exact procedure - Match a suspect to a crime
People v Mitchell (1998)
- Daubert guidelines -argued fingerprints were not unique
semisynthetic drugs
- Heroine, LSD
presumptive test
- Identify suspect evidence (class) - Cheaper - Faster - Can be done at crime scene - Less training needed - Help focus investigation
Verify
- Independent verification of examiner's opinion
Pantry Pests
- Indian meal moths (4 weeks- 300 days)
revised rule 702
- Is it good science? - Does it incorporate reliable data? - Is the data applied by a qualified expert?
Analyze
- Level 1: The pattern of the prin - Level 2: Observe the minutia of the print
local action- Irritant
- Mechanical: Glass powder - Chemical
Evaluate
- Observe prints side by side for level 2 similarity
Good Science!!
- Scientific: Knowledge generated through the scientific method
local action- corrosive
- Strong acid: mineral acid and organic acid - Strong alkali - Metallic: Mercuric chloride
Crime scene sketches require
- Title or caption - Legend of abbreviations - Symbols - Numbers of letters used - Compass designation - Scale, if drawn to scale - Documentation block with case number, offense type, victim's names, location, date and time, and sketcher's name
Hepatotoxic (ra)
phosphorus, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform
Lamendin method
- age determination - states that dental attrition and other factors tend to be population specific, and therefore uses the tooth height and root transparency increase to determine age
The title "Forensic Nurse" is not protected by legal or educational requirements for use
- any nurse can call himself or herself a forensic nurse, but there is an implied expectation of proficiency for someone who uses it. -if someone uses the title "Forensic Nurse" he or she must be an actual nurse or be in violation of the law.
CGS Level 1
- describes burn injuries characteristic of a typical smoke death -blistering of the epidermis, and singing of head and facial hair -similar to that of victims without burn injury
Carcass ply
- on top of inner liner -comprised of thin textile fiber cables bonded into the rubber
xenobiotic toxin
-a chemical which is found in an organism, but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in that organism
Other books by Megnin
-"Maladies de la Peau des Animaus" (Animal Skin Diseases) -"Maladies parasitaires" (Diseases Caused by Parasites) -"Faune de Tombeaux" (Fauna of the Tombs)
R
-"R" indicates the construction used within the tires casing *R- radical construction *B- belted bias *D-diagonal bias
Clara Barton (19th Century)
-1865 created the office of missing soldiers -Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
The Forensic Anthropology Research Center at the University of Tennessee
-1980 -body farm: a place to study the decomposition of human remains, and an easy way to skeletonize remains for the inclusion in the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection -2.5-acre plot of land near the University of Tennessee Medical Center
Early Decomp.
-24 to 30 hours - break down of hemoglobin
cockroaches
-3500 species
Schedule II drugs
-Accepted medical use -High potential for abuse
Seminal Acid Phosphatase (SAP)
-Acid Phosphatase test -human semen at uniquely high levels -spot test- misted with sodium-a-napthyl phosphate and o-dianisidine (presumptive)
Albert Osborn
-American handwriting expert, and is credited with starting the forensic field of questioned documents -published Questioned Documents -famous for Lindbergh baby case
ACE-V analysis procedure
-Analyze -Compare -Evaluate -Verify
Seven types of evidence
-Biological -Trace (Locard's exchange principle) -Chemical -Fingerprint -Indented or impression -Firearm and tool mark -Questioned document
Most common questioned documents:
-Checks, wills, letters, voter registrations, contracts, drivers licenses. -passports, threatening letters, suicide notes, lottery tickets
Roles for FN:
-Clinical Forensic Nurse -Forensic Nurse Investigator -FNE/SANE -Correctional or Institutional Nurse -Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse Investigator -Human Trafficking Investigator -Nurse Coroner -Nurse Attorney (JD RN) -Legal Nurse Consultant (LNC) -Expert Witness
Federal Rules of Evidence
-Congressional rules which govern the introduction and admissibility of evidence to federal trials within the United States -Supreme Court drafted in 1969, passed by Congress in 1975 -Admissibility or inadmissibility of trial information is determined by the Rule of Evidence as interpreted by the Supreme Court
Fay Battiste Otto (1883)
-ER nurse in Riverside County,CA -American Forensic Nurses and has expanded its services to include forensic training for healthcare providers
ABFE Requirements
-Each applicant must have a Master's or Doctoral degree in Entomology, Biology, Ecology, or Zoology, and have taken certain classes in entomology -must also have at least three years of professional experience doing entomology casework, have one publication, three professional presentations, and be able to submit three case reports for review - earn 80%+ on exam -renew every 5 yrs
1932
-FBI crime lab in forensic anthropology is created -became helpful in i.d. WWII soldiers
Sir Francis Galton
-Finger Prints (1892)- brought fingerprinting to the forefront of personal i.d. tech. still primary reference for fingerprint classification -credited with developing the first classification system for fingerprints
People v Crispi (1911)
-Fingerprint evidence based conviction -gave demonstration of how fingerprint evidence works
Charles Baudelaire (poet)
-Fleurs du mal (Flowers of Evil) - 1857 & 1861 - Une Charogne (The Corpse)
DOT number
-US Department of Transportation number -includes info about the tire's basic characteristics, capacities, and construction, and production batch -ust beginning with DOT followed by 10, 11, or 12 characters, and must be branded in full on one sidewall -opposite sidewall need only the letters DOT and the first digits of the number
Paul Brouardel
-French pathologist, hygienist, and the president of the French Society of Forensic Medicine
Presumptive tests for blood
-Hydrogen peroxide -Benzidine (Adler test)- turns blue then brown -Phenolphthalein test (Kastle-Meyer Test)- turns bright pink -Leucomalachite Green - Malachite green Hemastix - Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)
Professional Organizations for Forensic Nurses:
-IAFN - International Association of Forensic Nurses -AALNC - American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants -ABFN - American Board of Forensic Nursing -ACFEI - American College of Forensic Examiners International -APNA - American Psychiatric (Forensic) Nurses Council -FNSC - Forensic Nurses' Society of Canada -FSSoc - Forensic Science Society (UK) -National Association of Medical Examiners
four major categories of crimes against wildlife
-Illegal taking or poaching -Illegal possession of animals -Illegal trading shipping or moving -Infliction of cruelty to or persecution of wildlife in breach of laws
Why is DNA evidence more challenging in wildlife cases than in cases dealing with human victims?
-In cases with human victims they are testing DNA dealing with only one species. Wildlife cases can be dealing with potentially thousands of species -Often evidence comes in the form of animal parts or products so new procedures must be developed to extract DNA from those types of evidence -Developing STR primers for each individual species is expensive
89
-Information on weight is next: -"89" is the load index —how much weight the tire can support when properly inflated. This number is given in a range from 75-150 for passenger tires
Urban Entomology
-Insects in Human environments -rural ento. -Myiasis -Mortuary neglect
Proper identification and analysis of crime scenes and evidence can bring about the following:
-Linkage of person, objects, or scenes. -Investigative leads -Suspect identification -Corpus delicti ("body of the crime") -ID of unknown substances -Modus operandi MO ("signature"; method of operation) -Support of witness statements -Tangible objects -Reconstruction of the crime
Joseph Bell
-MD- 1859- emphasized importance of close observation in making medical diagnosis -Personal surgeon to Queen Victoria -Sherlock Holmes
1995 - Recognition by Other Nurses
-Members of the IAFN petitioned the American Nurses Association (ANA) for authority to certify sexual assault examiners. -The ANA officially recognized forensic nursing as a nursing specialty2 after a six-month review process in 1995
Coroner
-Performs the same duties as any death investigator; no professional training or certifications required -elected position
Spencerian System
-Popularly taught to children in the 1800's -characterized by fluid lines and connecting letters -necessary system used to keep the sharp edged steel nib pens of that era from tearing the writing paper
Low-velocity impact (LVI)
-Relatively large stains 4 mm in size and greater. Impact velocity up to 5 feet/sec -splashing of blood, stepping in, throwing it, arterial spurt, blunt object impact
Qualitative
-Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis by x-ray detector (SEM-EDX) -atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Herbert Leon McDonnell
-Sherlock Holmes of bloodstain evidence -worked as a consultant, criminalist, and professor for many years, and the chairman of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Science from 1969-1970
Paracelsus
-Swiss physician, philosopher, and scientist *1493- 1541 *father of for. toxicology "All substances are poisons: there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy." -the dose makes the poison
2017- WHOOP!!!! gig em baby
-Texas A&M University announced a new Master's of Applied Science in Forensic Nursing degree to be offered beginning in Spring 2018
Friction Ridge Skin
-The skin on the fingertips, palms of hands, and soles of feet, characterized by patterns of hills and valleys -12th week of fetal dvlpmt. -increases friction
adipose tissue
-Tissue that stores fat -15% of body
Why are biological samples dried before collection/packaging?
-To prevent microbial (mold) formation -To prevent mixing of samples (e.g. blood and semen)
Edmond Locard
-Trained as lawyer and doctor -learned his forensics trade working on victims of violent crime and suicide in the pathologist's office (studied under A. Bertillion) -Trace evidence
Juan Vucetich
-considered the western hemisphere's fingerprint pioneer -1892 when he made the positive identification of a murderer in a case in Argentina -outlined his fingerprint identification method in a text published in 1904 called Comparative Dactyloscop
document dated to the Quin Dynasty (221-206 BC)
-contains a methodology for using hand prints as evidence -Individual fingerprints were also pressed into clay seals on documents to positively identify the author of the documents, and to prevent tampering prior to delivery
National DNA Index System (NDIS)
-contains the DNA profiles contributed by federal, state, and local participating forensic laboratories -october 1998; attempts to bridge as many forensic agencies as possible
Major steps in crime scene reconstruction
-data collection -conjecture -hypothesis formulation -testing -theory formulation
5107
-date of manufacture -first number indicates week of the year (51st in this case) -last two numbers indicate the year (2007 here)
Forensic Toxicology
-deals with medical and legal aspects of harmful effects of chemicals
Chemical Trauma
-death due to drugs, poisons, and other chemicals - most common is ethanol
Asphyxias
-death due to lack of oxygen to the brain -drowning, drug OD, etc..
spontaneous human combustion
-death of a person from a fire originating without an apparent external source of ignition -no such thing :/ -wick effect
DNA
-deoxyribonucleic acid -blueprint of life
tire track width
-dimension measured between the tire center line at the ground -front and rear track width are normally not the same on cars
tache noire
-discoloration of the whites of the eyes -if the eyelids are open after death, then air and other substances have unfettered access to the conjunctiva -cornea may appear cloudy
Victims of spontaneous human combustion have been shown to usually be
-drunk -drugged -incapacitated in some way
free burning
-during which the rate and intensity of open burning increases -intensity of fire doubles with each 18°F increase in temperature
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
-enacted on October 21, 1972 -prohibits with only certain exceptions the taking of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas -also regulates the importation of marine mammals and their products into the U.S.
Epiphysis
-end of bone -region of constant cartilage
kinetic energy
-energy of motion KE = [V2/7000)/64.32] x grains **KE = kenetic energy; V=velocity; 7000=number of grains in a pound; and 64.32 is a correction factor.
double swab method
-ensure any DNA present is collected from bite mark
Terry Collection
-est. 1914 St. Louis, Missouri -compiled 1636 skeletons between 1914 and 1965 -primarily from cadavers of known age, sex, and ancestry
Calvin Goddard
-est. examination of firearms in the U.S. -Valentine's Day Massacre (1929) in Chicago -comparison scope -left the directorship of the johns hopkins hospital to join the bureau of forensic of ballistics
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Forensics Laboratory
-established 1989 in Ashland, Oregon -Agent Grosz -handles 600 wildlife cases anually, 30,000 different species
Omnivore
-feed on both carrion and inhabitants of the carrion -eat plants and animals
William James Herschel
-first credited European to recognize the value of fingerprints as a means of personal identification -use fingerprints on legal documents instead of signatures to avoid impersonation
Registered Nurse (RN)
-forensic nurse IS an RN
Probability
-frequency of occurrence of an event • In all cases, it is not possible to state with mathematical exactness the probability that the specimens are of common origin -It can only be concluded that this probability is so high as to defy mathematical calculations or human comprehension
backdraft
-fresh oxygen is supplied at this stage of fire, then the fire will burst back into the free burning stage
murder
-general concept used under specific circumstances in the court of law -unlawful killing of another human being by a sane person, with intent, malice forethought, and with no legal authority -used to distinguish other homicides like manslaughter (unlawful killing with intent, malice forethought, and no legal authority) or justifiable homicide (self defense)
sidewall rubber
-gives tire its height and protects against impact with objects -has info about the tire, such as speed rating, load rating, and dimensions
Adipocere
-grave wax • Bacterial enzymes convert unsaturated fats into saturated solid fats • 3-6 months to develop
most common types of trace evidence:
-hair -fibers -glass -soil -paint
cementum
-harden substance that cements the tooth into the jaw. -As we age, the cementum deposition increases at the end of the root and decreases at the top.
Enamel
-hardest substance in the body -what teeth are made of
Types of Bite Marks
-hemorrhage -abrasion -contusion -laceration -avulsion -artifact
P
-identifies type of tire -passenger tire, and stands for Pmetric, which is a standard tire sizing developed for passenger cars -LT- light truck
205
-indicates size -tire section width in mm -depends on rim to which tire is fitted
trier of fact
the jury in a jury trial; the judge where there is not a jury trial
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES
-international treaty regulating trade in threatened and endangered wildlife and plants, and includes both dead and alive specimens -developed in 1963 as a result of a resolution of the members of the World Conservation Union. On March 3, 1973 the final text 8 of the convention was agreed upon, and CITES became enforceable on July 1, 1975. The United States along with 182 other countries have signed this document in an effort to stop the poaching and transport of endangered animals between countries
Ivan Antonovich Yefremov
-introduced taphonomy (1935)
partial thickness burn
-involve entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis -pink or red in color w/ wet appearance -blisters maybe -very painful
V
-last letter=speed -indicates speed rating—it's a number issued by the U.S. government which signifies how well a tire can reach and maintain a certain speed. The letter corresponds to a specific top speed -tires with higher speed ratings are likely to provide better traction and handling. In this case, the letter "V" means a top speed of 130 MPH
Arterioles
-lead to capillaries
Manner of Death
-legal definition of death -the way by which the cause of death came to be
associative evidence
-links a suspect with a crime -Hairs, fibers, blood, bodily fluids, chemicals, glass, paint, bullets, DNA, fingerprints, and imprint evidence
explosives categorized by speed
-low velocity: generate pushing power and have a burn rate of 171 - 250 m/s, such as black powder or smokeless gunpowder -high velocity: front of the chemical reaction moves faster than the speed of sound (> 343 m/s), like TNT or C-4.
regenerated fibers
-made from natural raw materials like cotton or wood pulp -example: rayon
Alphonse Bertillon
-made the first attempt at a systematic method for personal identification -anthropometry or Bertillonage- relied upon 11 body measurements with accompanying descriptive information and photographs -method of identification
Wilton Krogman
-major founders of forensic anthropology in the US -Publication in 1939 FBI guide to ID of human skeleton material, detailing use of skeletons in legal investigations marine science to law-enforcement first to publish on forensic anthropology
parenteral poisoning
-manner other than through the digestive tract -intravenous, or directly into the blood stream
U2
-manufacturer's plant Identification code -maintained in the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA) database -manufacturer of this particular tire, and where the rubber originated
Borosilicate glass:
-manufacturers add sodium oxides, borax (or boron) feldspath (or feldspar—a group of minerals) to the basic glass recipe -largest percentage of sand -makes the glass resistant to thermal shock
Indentation marks
-marks or impressions made by a tool when it is pressed against a softer surface -indicate size, shape, particular characteristics
CGS Level 2
-may be recognizable but will have various degrees of charring -characterized by the absence of the hands and/or feet, and possible removal of the genitalia and ears
wheelbase dimension
-measurement of center of hubs of front wheels to center of hubs of rear wheels -usually not present at crime scenes
micrometer
-millionth of a meter -a scale calibrated with a micrometer can be placed in the ocular of the microscope to aid in measuring very small things
amorphous material
-molecules not arranged regularly -glass -fused inorganic materials
oxygen
-most common oxidizing agent -earth's atmosphere (21% oxygen)
thermal burn
-most common type of burn
first degree burn
-most minor -only outer layer (epidermis)
Morphology
-most of what we study when it comes to hair -relates to structure
Radial ply
-most tires
causes of fire
-natural -accidental -undetermined -incendiary (arson)
Analytical methods
-neutron activation analysis (NAA) -atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) -inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
16
-next group of numbers is again wheel size -diameter of the wheel (inches)
55
-next set of numbers is a ratio -"55" is the two-figure aspect ratio: this percentage compares the tires section height with the tires section width
One of the first, and arguably most famous
-nitroglycerin -synthesized by Italian Ascanio Sobrero in 1847
Schedule I drugs
-no accepted medical use in the US -highest abuse potential
Legality of Fingerprints
-no two fingerprints are same
Master's of Science in Forensic Nursing (MSN-FN)
-non-thesis master's degree specifically for RNs -receives advanced training in nursing theory, public health, public policy, and health informatics -sought by hospitals and insurance companies to participate in quality assurance, risk management, and internal investigations not associated with the legal system, but they may also work with law enforcement and volunteer organizations.
soda-lime glass
-normal glass -most prevalent type -the most inexpensive, chemically stable, and workable
Distal embolization
-occur when a projectile slows enough and enters the vascular system -may not be found anywhere near to the entrance wound
In the year ---- , American police began to receive training on fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yard representatives.
1904
Natural orifices
-other than the mouth -Anal suppositories are very common methods of administration, especially for drugs that cannot be tolerated by patients, or by people who for some reason do not want to have to eat or drink anything. Other natural orifices include eyes, ears, nose, and vaginal openings
second degree burn
-partial or full thickness burns
Classifying Burns
-percentage of the body burned -depth -extent
Paint Types
-pigment -enamel -solvent -shellac -lacquer -varnish -stain
Emergent smoldering
-products of combustion become increasingly pronounced (flame, smoke)
Lacey Act (1900)
-prohibits transporting wild animals across state borders without permit. -first federal wildlife protection law
Virginia Lynch (1986)
-proposed first forensic nursing specialty at UT at Arlington and was their first student
The American Board of Forensic Entomology (ABFE) 1996
-purpose of the organization is to promote education, research, and practice of medico-legal entomology
tread wear indicator
-raised areas of rubber throughout the tire tread -in most modern tires
hyoid bone
-rarely fracture, v flexible
Complete combustion reaction
-reactant burns in oxygen, producing a limited number of products, primarily carbon dioxide and water -clean combustion -almost impossible to acheive
Erythrocytes
-red blood cells -produced in bone marrow
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act
-regulates the possession, importation, taking, transport, selling, purchase, barter, or exportation of any migratory bird or anything associated with migratory birds (i.e. nests, eggs, feather, etc) -og act passed in 1918
Zaner-Bloser System
-replaced Palmer method in the 1950s -still used today
Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State (also known as the London Convention) 1933
-replaced ^^^ -"magna carta" of wildlife conservation and included plants and animals -established parks and reserves for animals away from humans, and required that certain animals be given special protection.
African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (also known as the Algiers Convention) 1968
-replaced ^^^ -called for the conservation and rational use of natural resources for the welfare of present and future generation -also added consideration of environmental concerns in development plans, and for research and education
Palmer Method
-replaced the Spencerian method in the late 19th and early 20th century -less ornate style than the Spencerian method, and became the most popular method in the U.S. at that time.
Forensic Nurse Examiner (FNE)
-required to learn and demonstrate skills and competencies such as forensic photography, evidence collection, and advanced patient examinations. -few that do not focus on sexual assault
DOTR
-retreaded tires -add some different letters to indicate which manufacturer did the retread, and when it happened
Maputo Revision of 2003
-revision of the algeres act -took several decades of negotiation -more comprehensive and general approach to environmental protection, defining natural resources as renewable resources, tangible and intangible, including water, flora and fauna, as well as non renewable resources (land) -established implementation guidelines and allowed for easier use of the treaty throughout the continent
ligature strangulation
-rope or belt -asphyxia
Automotive paint
-rustproofing -primer -topcoat -clearcoat
Casting a Tire Mark
-same steps as casting a footprint 2 lb dental stone = 3-6 inch cast but not the full width of the tread 3 ft long impression = 15-25 bags of casting material
full thickness burn
-second degree burn is more serious -red or white in appearance, but will appear dry -pain and other sensation can be present, but is diminished due to the destruction of nerve endings -excision and skin grafting to heal
livor mortis
-settling of blood according to gravity will result in a discoloration (hypostasis) -reddish purple coloration
void
-shadowing or ghosting -can give information about things that were there when blood was flying around—people, objects, etc
London Convention Designed to Ensure the Conservation of Various Species of Wild Animals in Africa Which are Useful to Man or Inoffensive
-signed in 1900 -treaty attempted to stop the indiscriminate slaughter of various animals on the African continent
Acute poisoning
-single excessive dose, or in several doses over a very short interval -Symptoms begin quickly and are usually very obvious -lethal injection
CGS level 4
-skull is fragmented and absent from the body -only small portions of the arms and/or legs still remain intact
bridge
-small ridge that touches two longer ridges, usually at a perpendicular angle -happens rather close to the initial bifurcation point
Chronic poisoning
-smaller doses are taken over longer periods -symptoms begin small, and then gradually get worse -arsenic, phosphorus, opium
Termites
-social insects -> $2 billion in damage/ year in US
Fuel
-solid -liquid (flashpoint, firepoint)
Homicidal poisons
-someone administers a poison with the intent of harming another person -arsenic, digitalis
Suicidal poisons
-someone administers a poison with the intent of harming themselves -opium, barbiturate, organophosphorus, carbolic acid, and copper sulfate
fulminant poisoning
-someone takes a massive dose of poison -dose is so large that death occurs rapidly, sometimes without having any apparent symptoms at all -poisonous mushrooms or with large amounts of drugs -healthy to dead within days with few to no symptoms
stupefying agent
-someone takes or administers a poison with the intent of altering the state of consciousness -cannabis and chloral hydrate
abortifacient
-someone takes or administers a poison with the intent of halting a pregnancy -ergot, quinine, and calotropis
Bodily Injury
-someone takes or administers a poison with the intent of harming the a part of the body for some reason -corrosive acids and alkalis
Beads
-sponsible for clasping the tire firmly against the rim of the wheel
Comparison of prints
-start by looking at largest element -center rib, grooves, slots, any noise treatments
rigor mortis
-stiffness of the body - Death- cessation of respiration- no ATP - Ca binds with troponin - cross bridging between myosin and actin proteins
Dr. Victor Balthazard
-studied the manner in which blood exits wounds, the trajectories of that blood, and how the blood droplet changed when it hit a solid surface -calculation of angle of impact
Dr. Paul Kirk
-submitted an affidavit of his examination of bloodstain evidence in the case of the State of Ohio v. Samuel Sheppard in 1955 -Crime Investigation in 1953- notable for its chapter on blood spatter: "Blood: Physical Investigation."
antidote
-substance that can counter act a poison -works on mechanical, chemical, physiological, and specific receptor antagonists
Accidental poisoning
-takes a poison themselves, administers it to another person, or comes into contact with it unknowingly without any ill intent -asprin, organophosphorus, copper sulfate, snake bites, ergot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide
flash point
-temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture at its surface -usually just a few degrees lower than the fire point, and if there isn't enough vapor fuel present to raise the temperature to the fire point, then the fire will not catch
taphonomic context
-the environment and immediate surrounding of the bones
cause of death
-the immediate reason for a person's death (such as heart attack, kidney failure) -stating the disease or injury that initiated a lethal chain of events that ultimately lead to the irreversible shutting down of bodily systems.
LL
-tire size code -Each manufacturer has its own tire codes, and this abbreviation just has to be explained by the manufacturer somewhere
LMLR
-tire type code -optional by the manufacturer
Ecotoxicology
-toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms -esponsible for making sure that different drugs are not getting into the natural population
Diptera
-true flies -most important insect order to human and animal health is
grains
-unit of measurement of mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of barley -legal foundation of traditional English weight systems
manual strangulation
-use of the hands in strangulation -fracture of cornu of the thyroid cartilage
Certificate of Forensic Nursing (FN)
-usually a year-long program of instruction that may or may not confer college or continuing education credits -Successful completion of this program allows a nurse to add the "FN" credential after his or her name
undetermined
-very little available information about the circumstances surrounding death
Jean Pierre Megnin
-veterinarian and entomologist that had a fascination with the methods of decomposition -La faune de cadavres" or "The Fauna of the Cadaver." -theory of ecological waves (seres) on corpses
Leukocytes
-white blood cells -fight disease and foreign invaders -only cells in the blood stream that have a nucleus and ribosomes -necessary for DNA typing of blood
M. Orfila and C. Lesueur
-wrote and published handbooks on exhumations -1831-identified the insects down to species, and created the first published relationship between specific insects and decomposing bodies
Loops have how many deltas?
1
Rates of body decomp.
1 week in air = 2 weeks in water = 8 weeks in soil
Five-Step Nursing Process
1. Assess 2. Diagnose 3. Plan 4. Implement 5. Evaluate
Forensic Anthropology in the United States
1849- Parkman murder (George Parkman)
Autopsy process
1. External exam 2. Opening of body 3. In situ exam 4. Evisceration 5. Brain 6. Exam of specific organs
32 teeth in adults
1. Molars 2. Premolars 3. Canine 4. Incisors
Scientific Method
1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Analysis and conclusion
Collecting rolled prints
1. Roll on ink from nail bed to nail bed 2. Lift and move to card 3. Roll finger 4. Check to make sure it's legible
Dreyfus Affair
1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet
Order of prints
1. start with right thumb 5.right pinky 6. left thumb 10. left pinky
presumptive tests for semen
1. visual search 2.UV light 3. acid phosphatase test
Decomp. Two Major Processes
1.) Autolysis 2.) Putrefaction
burning rate of gunpowder
1.) Degressive (regressive) 2.) Neutral 3.) Progressive
To become an RN
1.) Hospital-based Diploma Program 2.)Associate's Degree of Applied Science in Nursing (ADN) 3.)Baccalaureate Degree of Applied Science in Nursing (BSN)
Forensic Science attempts to:
1.) It should help distinguish actual evidence from simple coincidence without ambiguity 2.) allow for certainty and probabilistic considerations. 3.) attempts to pursue general impressions to the level of specific details 4.) can (and should) take into account all alternative results
Describe wound
1.) Nature 2.) Dimension 3.) Position 4.) Number 5.) Margin
basic tire types
1.) Original equipment tires: tires old on new equipment 2.) Replacement tires: those used to replace worn or damaged tires
Advancing age has two primary effects on the fingerprint
1.) The surface ridges tend to flatten, making them appear "less sharp" 2.)loss of elasticity in the dermis causes the skin to become flaccid and to wrinkle
When a tire print is left at a scene, it is an impression (1.) of the that you see. When you ink a tire print, you are left with a copy of the (2.) and (3.) elements. This is important to note when making comparisons between casts from the scene and samples that have been inked.
1.) groove 2.) ribs 3.) design
explosive energy
1.) nuclear- uranium235 or plutonium239 2.) gas- aerosol or gas cylinder 3.) chemical- dynamite or nitroglycerin
Tire Impressions
1.) reflect the thread design 2.) give dimensional features of individual tires on a vehicle
In People v Mitchell, when fingerprint evidence was challenged, the judge ruled that human friction ridges are (1.) and (2.) and that fingerprint science is (3.).
1.) unique 2.) permanent 3.) valid
Sung Tzu
1235, first to use entomology for criminal case -The Washing Away of Wrongs
The inside temperature of a closed car during summer seasons can reach ...°F within 10 minutes.
140
average print has --- minutiae
150
Wildlife cases have risen by .... over the past several years
150%
Fingerprints are completely formed by ......... weeks of development.
16
How many amino acids are coded in a gene that is 5.1 kilobases long?
1700
Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)
1767- famous for his taxonomic prowess
The chance that you and your sibling inherited the exact same thing from your parents at any given spot in your DNA is ...%.
25
Fraternal twins are essentially siblings who happen to be born at the exact same time. How much of their DNA do they share?
25%
insects have ... pairs of legs
3
After what age do bones start to deteriorate overall?
30
Erythrocytes life span
4 months
blood loss that causes death
40% blood volume loss
Fourth, fifth and sixth degree burns
4th- burn penetrates through the skin and burns the underlying muscle and ligaments 5th-penetrated the muscle and begins to burn the bone 6th-charred the underlying bone
Insects account for ____% of all living organisms
50
The consequences and punishments for breaking wildlife laws are low. The maximum punishment for breaking the endangered species act is a fine up to $------ and up to ----- year(s) in jail.
50,000;one
Blood composition
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
Insects have... legs and... major body regions
6; 3
Due to air resistance, speed maxes out at distances above .......... feet.
7
Approximately __% of hair is made up of the cortex.
75-90
On average, blood accounts for .........% of totally body weight in humans.
8
Processing a Crime Scene
8 universal rules: -safety first -secure and protect scene -fulfill the basic legal requirements -survey/ photograph scene -i.d. and mark evidence -collect, label, and package evidence -diagram the scene -write a report
...% of urine is water.
95%
What percentage of your body's calcium is in bone tissue?
99%
Will West Case
A case in which two inmates so closely resembled each other in physical characteristics that the traditional Bertillon method of identification was discredited.
AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
A computer database of scanned and encoded fingerprints. A.F.I.S. can quickly search known files for comparison and matching to unknown fingerprints. A.F.I.S. is maintained by the F.B.I.
total station
A computerized surveying and mapping instrument that uses a laser beam or radio waves to measure the distance and angle between the instrument and the target and then calculates the exact position of the target.
passive fall
A ........ .......... is formed when blood drops at a 90 degree angle due to gravity acting on the blood drop.
Taq polymerase
A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR
Remote action
A drug affects a part of the body that is distant from the site of administration.
unpolarized light
A light wave that is vibrating in more than one plane
Starch iodine test
A presumptive test used for saliva- blue/purple
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.
Thermus aquaticus
A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is
threatened species
A species that could become endangered in the near future
Pupiparous
A very few groups retain the developing larvae in their bodies until the larvae are ready to pupate
The only start codon
AUG
DNA bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA base pairs
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
All criminals are fingerprinted
After WWI fingerprinting became standard procedure
Gustafson's Method
Age= 11.43+4.56(total score) **after age of 21
Neurotics (ra)
Alcohol, ether, chloroform, belladonna, hallucinogens, cocaine
How does the court determine the admissibility of evidence?
Anything accepted by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences is considered admissible evidence
secondary dentin
As a person ages, the tooth cavity that is usually filled with pulp, begins to fill up with dentin
direct evidence
Evidence that establishes the existence of a fact that is in question without relying on inference. (eyewitness)
blood trails
Blood that is deposited when a wounded person walks or runs while dripping blood. It can also happen from carrying or dragging a body.
arterial spurting (or gushing) pattern
Bloodstain pattern(s) resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery.
transverse grooves (slots)
smaller grooves that run across the tire in between the individual design elements
Asphyxiates (ra)
CO2, CO, H2 S
Blood Spatter
Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.
P=2pq
Cap. P= probability that someone else would have same genetic make up (RMP) p & q= frequencies of an allele in a given population
One dangerous byproduct of incomplete combustion is
Carbon Monoxide
Natural deaths
Caused by disease without intervention of trauma
Christmas tree stain
Chemical that differentially stains sperm and other cells when mounted on microscope slides. Nuclear fast red and picroindigocarmine dyes are applied consecutively to the mount.
The medulla can be considered what type of evidence?
Class
Compare
Compare level 1 for exclusion of pattern type
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Victims of abuse and neglect rarely identify themselves to healthcare professionals. What can an observant nurse use to determine if a patient is a suspected victim of abuse or neglect?
Constellations of symptoms suspicious for abuse and neglect - No single sign or symptom is conclusive proof of abuse or neglect
What is evidence?
Court approved information that the trier of fact is allowed to consider when determining a defendant's guilt or innocence
Hans Gross
Criminal Investigation (1893)- first recognized forensic science textbook --coined the term criminalistics to describe the analysis of physical evidence found at a crime scene -began the journal Kriminologie, which continues to be a major source of primary forensic literature today
blood volume
Female: 4-5 L Male: 5-6 L
Hair is considered class evidence unless __ is present.
DNA
nDNA
DNA found in the nucleus
Pyrosequencing
DNA sequencing technology that is based on the generation and detection of a pyrophosphate group liberated from a nucleotide triphosphate
Post-mortem Toxicology
Determine alcohol, drugs, other poisons contributed to death
One of the first to associate temperature with developmental rate was Kamal's study on .............. aged at constant temperature (1958).
Diptere
If no death has occurred, the best way to figure out the exact chemical of a poison is to engage the
victim
blood transfer/contact
Direction of travel may be determined by the feathered edge.
Wound (medical def.)
Disruption of the continuity of the tissues produced by external mechanical force
Karl Landersteiner and Leon Lattes
Dr. Karl Landersteiner (1901)- realized that blood may be grouped into categories based on its physical properties Dr. Lattes (1915)- developed a simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain
Local Action
Drug action of a medication at the site of administration or in the surrounding tissues
DNA polymerase
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
A forensic practitioner uses a common technique for analyzing evidence. This technique has been used by forensic professionals in his field for many years, but has never been tested and subsequently published in a peer reviewed journal. Which of the following statements is true?
Evidence analyzed or generated using this technique meets the Frye standard.
Geotaphonomy
Examine the burial procedure How the body affects the geological and botanical environment
blood pools
victim bleeds heavily
incipient phase
First stage of the burning process where the substance being oxidized is producing some heat, but the heat has not spread to other substances nearby -depends upon the fuel or ignition source, and may last form seconds to hours
fraudulent writing
Freehand simulations, tracings, and disguised writing
Which standard was enacted after the court listened to evidence about polygraph tests?
Frye
Forensic Entomology
Interaction between arthropod science and the judicial system
Death
Irreversible cessation of function of CVS, RS, CNS
What is one of the drawbacks to using amido black to develop prints?
It can only be used once, so you only have one chance to develop the print properly
Who was the first to utilize pigs as suitable substitutes for humans in decomposition research?
Jerry Payne
1935
Jigsaw Murders of Great Britain
Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 702 (1975)
Judge is the gatekeeper
The __ Institute of Police Science was founded in 1902 as a direct result of the early use of forensic photography.
Lausanne
FDA Food Defect Action Levels
Levels set "because it is economically impractical to grow, harvest, or process raw products that are totally free of non-hazardous, naturally occurring, unavoidable defects" (Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 110.110)
biological fluids
Liquid excreted/secreted from living organisms
Marie Latelle Case
Locard's theory applied
objective lenses
Located on the nosepiece and range from low to high power
Which species is currently the primary necrophagic species used in MDT?
Lucilia sericata
Thermocycler
Machine that rapidly changes DNA sample temperatures
The Marie and Charles Lafarge Case
Marie poisioned her husband via rat poison (arsenic)
naturally occurring drugs
Marijuana, cocaine, morphine, mescaline, psilocybin/ psilocin
First state to...
Massachusetts was the first state to actually license nurses, physicians, and lawyers, so it makes sense that in 1877 Massachusetts was the first state to pass a statute that replaced corners with medical examiners
carbon monoxide
Most common non-drug of abuse that causes death
Crime Scene Safety
Must: -wear latex gloves and shoe covers -wear masks when potentially infectious dust or mist is at the crime scene -be alert to sharp objects -maintain red biohazard bag for disposal of contaminated materials -take notes without gloves -not eat, smoke, or drink @ scene -launder any clothing that may be contaminated
Types of drugs
Naturally, synthetic, semisynthetic
Nephrotoxic (ra)
Oxalic acid, mercury, cantherides
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells
Fire triangle - 3 parts
Oxygen, Fuel, Heat (provides reasonable explanation of nonflaming or smoldering combustion)
Size information
P205/55R16 89V
Formula: Hours since death
PMI= (37.2*C - Rectal T*C)/0.6
3D Point of Origin
PO= (Tan(AOI))(y)
fingerprint
Pattern transfer from friction ridge skin
Synthetic drugs
Phencyclidine (PCP), amphetamines, barbiturates
Zootoxins
Poisons produced by animals
Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time
Potential problems
High Velocity Impact (HVI)
Preponderant stain size 1 mm in size and smaller. Mist like appearance. Impact velocity of 100 feet/sec and greater. -mist like appearance -gunshot wounds
Medium Velocity Impact (MVI)
Preponderant stain size 1 to 4 mm size. Impact velocity of 25-100 feet/sec. -blood flying from body: blunt or sharp force trauma, punching someone
tooth eruption
Primarily the estimation of age in people under 21 is done by ____. _. patterns.
Two products resulting from decarboxylation of amino acids are
Putrescine and Cadaverine
Which side of the heart pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs?
Right
Physical Evidence
Roles: 1. Reconstruct the Crime Scene & Sequence of Events 2. Determine whether or not a crime occurred. 3. Link an individual with another or with a crime scene 4. Provide Investigative Leads to Investigators. 5. Provide facts to a jury which may assist in the determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused. 6. Provide evidence to link serial homicide or rape case
first responder
SAFETY FIRST!! -preserving integrity of the scene -secure scene
Hair growth rate
Scalp: 0.35-0.44 cm/day - 60-100 cm before breakage -pubic: 0.35 mm/day - 2 mil hair folliciles
Forensic pathologist
Scientist that uses knowledge of body and body processes to gather information pertaining to death
The problem of enforcing animal protection laws was first noticed and described by ........... .................
Terry Grosz
Rule 702
Testimony by Expert Witnesses
Victor Balthazard
The Hair of Man and Animals (1910)- considered the first comprehensive book on hair analysis
1991- Recognintion
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) officially recognized forensic nursing as a unique scientific discipline and as a subspecialty of nursing
1996 - First Certification
The IAFN created the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) certification and graduated its first class of nurses
1992 - First Professional Organization
The International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN) was founded by a group of nurses including Virginia Lynch to develop education programs for nurses to conduct sexual assault examinations
Hsi Yuan Lu (1241- 1253 AD)
The Washing Away of Wrongs: Instructions to Coroners -The text includes everything from wound descriptions, to methods of determining accidental suicide, to ways to "cure" death.
rules of evidence
The admissibility or inadmissibility of this evidence is determined by the trial court's application of the rules of evidence. These rules come from the precedent set forth by previous trials, and/or formal rules set by federal courts
Algor Mortis
The cooling (or warming) of the body after death to ambient temp *cools at rate 1.5*F to 2*F/ hour
Estimating Insect Growth
The entire concept of PMI estimation is based on the fact that insects are temperature dependent
Taphonomy
The study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation. -"law of burial"
Inframammary incision
The initial incision of an autopsy, the "Y"-shaped incision from shoulders to pubic area.
Trauma Analysis
The major goal of ___. ____. is to tell the difference in marks made by patterns in weapons, and marks made by weathering.
dental formula
The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
soot
The presence of .......... will determine if a combustion reaction was complete or incomplete
result of gene expression
The protein it codes for is produced
generalists
The scientists responsible for early discoveries in forensic science
Convection
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid
12-12-12 rule
This means that it takes about 12 hours for rigor to fully appear in the body; full rigor lasts for about 12 hours; then it takes 12 hours for rigor to disappear completely.
Francesco Redi
This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat. 1668
graphologist
Those who analyze handwriting and draw conclusions about the writer based on handwriting characteristics -this discipline lacks much scientific support
According to your reading, what is the primary responsibility of a forensic scientist?
To perform scientific analyses and report the results
The major goal of working a crime scene is:
To reconstruct the events that generated the collected evidence
Degree Hours
Total degrees of heat above lower threshold accumulated in 60 minutes
Degree Days
Total degrees of heat above lower threshold accumulated in one 24 hour period
double jeopardy
Trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the Constitution.
blood typing
Type A- anti b Type B- anti a Type AB- none Type O- anti a&b
20th century an archaeological dig site (6k years old)
Upon this pottery were clearly visible friction ridge impressions. These impressions are considered the oldest known friction ridge skin impressions in history
Incomplete combustion
When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product.
Which of the following is not a hair collection method?
Which of the following is not a hair collection method?
In one of the early cases of questioned document analysis, William Henry Ireland forged and attempted to pass off as authentic the handwritten work of what famous playwright?
William Shakespeare
Cast-off pattern
a bloodstain pattern created when blood is released or thrown from a moving blood-bearing object **low velocity
oxidation reaction
a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge
combustion reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light
The size of that circle is a function of the speed and distance the blood dropped:
a faster drop will equal a larger diameter
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
a federal statute that regulates the manufacture and distribution of the drugs that are capable of causing dependency.
high velocities
a projectile leave a round, crater-shaped hole, wider on the exit side
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)
a registered nurse specially trained to provide care to sexual assault patients. The SANE conducts medical forensic examinations and can serve as an expert witness.
smoldering fire
a slow-starting fire, that begins or is burning in an oxygen deprived environment
poison
a substance that causes illness, injury or death if taken into the body or produced within the body.
attrition
a wearing down over time
blood viscosity
accounts for the characteristic flow of blood, and we can use knowledge of the viscosity of the blood to determine things like directionality and angle of impact
homicide
action of one person directly causing the death of another
analyzing teeth
adult: number primary: letter
Bloat
after about 3 days
In general, when is most evidence likely to have been analyzed by forensic scientists?
after the arrest of the defendant, but before the trail begins
Platelets
aid in blood clotting
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN)
allows firearm analysts to acquire, digitize, and compare markings made by a firearm on bullets and cartridge casings
Presumptive tests for saliva rely on the detection of ___.
amylase
screening area
an area near to the remains that has been thoroughly searched and can be used to investigate soil from around the body
Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA)
an instrument used to visualize writing impressions
Hair growth cycle
anagen, catagen, telogen
Thin layer chromatography
analysis technique used for inks in which a portion of the suspect ink is separated from the paper using a solvent and is separated into band of color as they migrate up the plate
major methods for detection of primer residues
analytical and qualitative
n wildlife forensics practitioners use the same basic investigative practices as any other forensic investigators, but for --- victims.
animal
immunoglobulins
antibodies; y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells
projectile
any material that travels through space by the exertion of a force
Questioned Document
any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other written mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or uncertain
radial fracture
appear as straight lines coming from the center of the hole
concentric fracture
appears as circles around the center of the hole
Mechanical trauma
applied physical force exceeds the tensile strength of the tissue to which the force is applied
Tests such as comparison and analysis of handwriting are done to establish the ......................... of the document.
authenticity
A questioned document is one that, in entirety or in part, is subject to question as to ... and/or ....
authenticity; origin
bifurcation
area where a single ridge breaks into two
These .................... are responsible for the pulse you feel when you press your fingers to your wrist or neck
arteries
Capillaries
attach to venules, which unite to form veins *veins return blood to the heart
deciduous teeth
baby teeth
You are likely to find blood on a perpetrator as a result of a high velocity spatter phenomenon called
back spatter
Ligaments
bands of tissue that connect two or more bones
Forensics
belonging to, used in, or suitable to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate
Indented writing, also known as second-page writing, is the impression from the writing instrument captured on the sheet .......... the original paper.
below
physical anthropology
biological anthropology; study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions
Ecosystem
biological community together with its physical environment (habitat) which functions as a unit to capture and cycle energy and which does this more or less independently of other ecosystems
most common fluid found at a crime scene
blood
Dentin
blood supply and nerve system is covered in a bone like substance
Expirated blood
blood that is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure or air flow, which is the propelling force
wipe pattern
bloodstain created when an object moves through an existing stain removing it or changing its surface
blood splashes
bloodstain pattern that results from blood dripping into blood
The structures of the skeletal system include the .... , the ....., and the ...... .
bones; joints; ligaments
Oestridae
bot flies
Bullet jackets are usually .............
brass
Wound (legal def.)
breach of the full thickness of the skin
Inhalation
breathing in
Contusion
bruise
Nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids
Torus mandibularis
bumps on the the inside of mandible below the teeth
larvae
bunch of fly eggs
tertiary consumers
eat secondary consumers
Forensic Photography
came of age during the killings in London attributed to Jack the Ripper
cause
can be identified through careful analysis and inspection of potential heat and fuel sources
One of the biggest challenges we face in wildlife forensic is maintaining a secure ------ , since evidence is often analyzed by private or public institutions (e.g., museums, universities) other than forensic laboratories.
chain of custody
Holometabolous Metamorphosis
changes between young and adult are significant
Bones originate
chondroblast, osteoblasts, ossificate, osteocytes
What type of cells do bones originate from?
chondroblasts
Arthropoda
class that insects are in
imaginal discs
clusters of undifferentiated (embryonic) tissue that form during embryogenesis but remain dormant throughout the larval instars
handwriting systems
collection of letter formations
A document is any fixed method of .... between one individual and another.
communication
Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca)
• Schedule II • Andes mountains • Powder and rock
inner liner
composed of virtually impermeable rubber
tetracycline
compound can give the investigator knowledge of childhood antibiotic use
postmortem redistribution
concentration changes that occur after death as drugs move from one bodily region to another
Accidental Whorl
contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories
Sir Alec John Jeffreys
credited with developing the techniques for DNA profiling and ultimately DNA fingerprinting.
Layers of the hair shaft
cuticle, cortex, medulla
As is true for any mechanical device, use of a printing device will result in wear and .............. to the machine's moving parts.
damage
International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ)
database contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive paints
One broad definition of ... is the point at which cells and tissues that make up an organism cease to ...
death; funtion
minutiae
defines the individuality of a fingerprint
PCR steps
denaturation, annealing, extension
natural fibers
derived from animal or plant sources
Flavins
derived from riboflavin -uv light
oil immersion lens
designed to increase the resolving power of a microscope -increase the ability of the microscope to see two objects as separate and distinct
Polarized Light Microscopy
designed to view/ photograph species that optically are varying in magnitude according to the direction of measurement **one of the most powerful analytical tools available to a forensic scientist
basic philosophy of medical practice
diagnostic process involving a differential diagnosis
Cardiac (ra)
digitalis, nicotine, quinine, oleander
Adenine attaches to Thymine via a .. hydrogen bond; Guanine attaches to Cytosine via a ... hydrogen bond.
double; triple
In terms of profit, wildlife crime is second only to ----- and -----trafficking
drugs;arms
accidental death
due to trauma resulting from acts that no reasonable person would have felt had a high probability of injury or death
Triangle of safety
ears, side of face, neck, top of shoulders
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
enables federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles
ATP
energy
penetrating gunshot wound
entrance wound and no exit wound
Sulfurylase
enzyme used in conversion of Pyrophosphate to ATP
Three layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Fourteenth Amendment
equal protection of the laws
Changes to documents
erasures, alterations, obliterations
Central Identification Laboratory (CILHI) in HI
estimate the height of the remains, and compare those estimates to soldier records
Locard's Exchange Principle
every contact leaves a trace. It is the basis of investigative sciences, and we still use this idea when developing new methods of forensic investigation
forensic evidence
evidence obtained through scientific techniques of analyzing physical evidence
Forensic Document Analysis
examination of questioned documents consists of several things, including comparison and analysis of handwriting, printing, typewriting, photocopies, various papers, different inks, and any other minutiae that may be present on a document
Biotaphonomy
examines the remains in regards to their decomposition and destruction
Hypothermia
excessive cold
Hyperthermia
excessive heat
Bite-mark comparison is therefore used to primarily ___ certain suspects from inquiry.
exclude
exculpatory evidence
exclude a person as a source
Thermal Trauma
exposure to excessive heat or cold
fire point of origin
extend out horizontally and vertically from the point of origin.
---- of species are occurring between 50 and 1,000 times faster than what is considered the ---- rate.
extinctions; natural
Ocular lenses (microscope)
eye pieces used to view the magnified image from the slide
predators
feed on living organisms, consume full prey, killing it in process
parasites
feed on living organisms, do not consume full prey
Sarcosaprophagous
feed specifically on decaying flesh
Necrophagous
feeding on corpses or carrion
Saprophagous
feeding on decaying matter
Ovoviviparous
female produces an egg, but retains it inside her body until it hatches
area of origin
geographic location of where the fire started
coronal suture
goes over the crown of head
Anagen phase of hair growth
growth phase
Most common type of trace evidence
hair
triple bifurcation
happens three times rather than one or two
perforating gunshot wound
has both an entrance and exit wound
American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE)
have a strict set of standards which ensure that each certified document examiner is fully apprenticed and trained
Starting at the anterior end, the main body regions of an insect are the:
head, thorax, abdomen
Maggot debridement therapy efficiently removes the necrotic tissue without damaging ... cells
healthy
circulatory system pt.2
heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, all attached together to form a closed circulatory system
What is the enzyme that breaks just the hydrogen bonds associated with a certain gene so that RNA can "zip" in?
helicase
Forensic Nursing
help investigate crimes like sexual and physical assault and accidental death
The decomposition of ........... is responsible for the color change we see in aged blood stains.
hemoglobin
primary consumers
herbivores
Chinese
honor of being the first known culture to use such impressions as identification.
minor axis
horizontal line
Base pairs are held together by
hydrogen bonds
sine of the angle of impact
i = sin-1(15/20)
exclusionary rule
improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial
parasuicide
impulsive, manipulative act that is undertaken to get rid of an intolerable situation, but without wanting to actually kill oneself
Inculpatory evidence
includes a person as a source
A fingerprint is made of two major parts: the ridge or hill, which is the raised portion of the print, and the ............ or groove, which is the indented portion of the print.
indentation
peridontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
Stored Product Entomology
insects in stored foods and material goods
Most of the training for forensic document analysis comes from ....................... and observations of masters in the field.
intelligence
One of the biggest problems facing wildlife and other animal forensics units is that cases must meet the same ............ ................. as human cases.
legal standards
pitch
length from a point on one tread block to the same point on the next tread block
The surface tension of blood is slightly ....... than that of water.
less
dissecting microscope
light microscope used for low magnifications and larger objects
Chain of Custody
list of all persons who come in possession of an item of evidence
The thorax, which holds the legs and wings, is considered the center of ...... on the insect.
locomotion
Double Loop Whorl
made up of any two loops combined into one print
larval stage
maggot
Blood
major fluid that moves throughout the body, carrying nourishment to tissues and cells
tooth mark
mark left by a human or non-human tooth, usually during the act of biting.
bite mark
mark made by teeth either alone or in combination with other mouth parts. It is produced by the action of antagonist teeth (i.e. the upper and lower jaws working together).
Which of the following is not a quality of a coroner?
medical degree
Electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
compound light microscope
microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses (ocular and objective) to form an image
light microscope
microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
threshold
minimum
mDNA
mitochondrial DNA, can be used to trace evolutionary relationships
ATP steps
mix pyrophosphate (PPi) w/ adenosine phosphosulfate (APS)
Firearms- bft
most common suicidal and homicidal wounds in US
The primary focus of wildlife protection laws is the illegal taking and ................. of organisms from one place to another, but agencies are expanding these laws to include crimes such as abuse.
movement
Conduction
movement of electrons and the collision of particles within the solid.
Due to the lack of wildlife dedicated labs, evidence was often sent to universities and .................. for process.
museums
Licensure
must take and pass a board exam, usually the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN)
Nasal index
nasal width/nasal height X 100
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)
national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI
Distant gunshot wound
no powder tattooing, exit wound larger than entry wound
Ametabolous metamorphosis
no real change between the young and the adults
bear paws
notoriously similar to human hands and feet
total magnification
objective lens x ocular lens
Macroscopic
one location, composed of many microscopic crime scenes
bone remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Paurometabolous Metamorphosis
only a slight change between each developmental stage
Do insects have a closed or open circulatory system?
open
transformers
organisms responsible for taking dead organisms and recycling their bound up nutrients back into the environment
accidental species
organisms that are not attracted to the carrion in any way, but end up there somehow
environment
part of the ecosystem and is defined as the total of circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms especially the combination of external or extrinsic physical conditions that affect and influence the growth, development and survival of organisms
objectives of microscope
part you look into to find your image
Rather than using the skull, the .... is a better bone to use to determine the sex of a skeleton
pelvis
Garland movement
pen moves overhand or clockwise
Arcade movement
pen moves underhand or counterclockwise
Catagen phase of hair growth
period of transition between anagen and telogen phases
Polarization
process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Arch Mark
produced by four or five adjacent teeth on the same arch (either on the upper or lower jaw), and has a characteristic curve
Man-made fibers
produced by human intervention, and either are regenerated or synthetic
synthetic fibers
produced solely from synthetic chemicals and include nylons, polyesters, and acrylics
Phaeomelanin
produces lighter (red and yellow) pigments in the hair
low velocities
projectile leaves an irregular shaped hole, and the glass will most likely shatter
cell cycle
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
voir dire
prosecution presents the expert's academic background, training, and experience
Wildlife forensics is the application of science to the regulation of wildlife ................... and conservation laws.
protection
Endangered Species Act of 1973
protects critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation."
CITES
protects more than 35,000 species of animals and plants
Genes direct the production of a specific ...
protein
histone
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
crown plies (belt)
provide the rigid base for the tread rubber
circumstantial evidence
provides an inference about what happened (more reliable than direct)
Reconstruction evidence
provides information about the events, preceding, occurring during, and concurring after the commission of a crime
tread rubber
provides traction in a variety of conditions
Fire
rapid oxidation process with the evolution of heat and light
Nessler's reagent
reagent used to detect the production of ammonia; yellow color indicates a positive result
Key to a good hypothesis:
repeatability
r-strategist
reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring
circulatory system
responsible for ensuring that blood reaches all parts of the body. This allows each and every cell to receive nourishment in the form of nutrients and oxygen
Telogen phase of hair growth
resting phase of hair growth where matrix portion shrivels and hair falls out of follicle
The ... is used to adjust the intensity of light emitted by the light source.
rheostat
RNA
ribonucleic acid
...take amino acids and knit them together into proteins.
ribosomes
grooves
run in between the ribs
Cartilage
same type of tissue that makes up the growth plate, wraps the end of bones for protection and to keep them from scraping together.
A ............. is an extra tiny drop of blood that is not attached to the main droplet.
satellite
Ballistics
science of mechanics that deals with the flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles
1800s
scientists began using skull measurements to differentiate human bodies
Abrasions
scraping damage to skin
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule
short tandem repeats (STRs)
sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated
Powder tattooing
seen in this intermediate range gunshot wound
Autolysis
self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
suicide
self-inflicted injury with evidence of intent to die
Ethics
set of rules that govern the conduct of a professional working in a given field
SICAR (shoeprint image capture and retrieval)
shoeprint database
hair swipe pattern
shows obvious hair patters in the blood, and the direction of travel by feathered edge
Ocelli
simple eyes
Angle of Impact
sin^-1 (width/length)
enclosure
single ridge breaks into two, then comes back into one single ridge
individual characteristics
skill level, slant or inclination, form, movement, height ratios, the i dot, the t crossing, loops, pressure/shading, alignement to baseline, pen lifts and embellishments, speed, retracing, format and case, aging and handwriting
main bone used in many methods to identify forensic ancestry
skull
trace evidence
small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene
island
small ridge, larger than a dot, but much smaller than a normal ridge, within an enclosure or between two ridges
blood drops fall as
small spheres
toxicologist
specialist in the study of poisons
adventive
species are those that use carrion simply as an extension of their environment
Endoconidium megnini
species of mold associated with decomposing bodies
toxin
specific toxic chemical
Reference standards
specimens that are kept in a permanent collection and have often been collected from various known sources under various conditions throughout the years
The ............... at which a combustion reaction occurs will determine whether the fire is termed a "fire" or "explosion"
speed
Semen
spermatozoa and seminal fluid discharged from the urethra during ejaculation
When dropping through the air, a blood drop is ____ in shape.
spherical
A ............ is an extension of the blood that is attached to the main droplet.
spike
You would expect an insect that feeds on liquid during early stages of decomposition to have ..... mouthparts. You would expect an insect that feeds on tougher substances during later stages of decomposition to have ...... mouthparts.
sponging; chewing
Secondary
subsequent crime scenes
Accelerant
substance that causes a fire to start that would not ordinarily start or to burn faster than in the absence of the accelerant
chelating agents
substances which act on absorbed metallic poisons
Burning or flaming fire
sufficient oxygen and fuel, flames and smoke visible
Functions of the skeletal system
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
Abrasion marks
surface worn or ground
What is the only appendage of the friction ridge skin?
sweat glands
Grasshopper
the "basic" model for insect anatomy
Forensic Odontology
the application of dental and paradental knowledge to the solution of legal issues in civil and in criminal matters
trabecular pattern
the arrangement of supportive strands of connective tissue of the alveolar bone in relation to the bone marrow spaces within the cancellous bone
Colin Pitchfork Case
the first person to be convicted of a crime based on DNA fingerprinting evidence
1897
the first successful court case using forensic anthropology was prosecuted
Osteobiography
the physical record of a person's life as told by his or her bones
root translucency
the root of the teeth become more and more translucent, making it harder to see on x-rays. (as we age)
Anthropology
the scientific study of the origins and behavior as well as the physical, social, and cultural development of humans
Forensic anthropology
the study of physical anthropology as it applies to human skeletal remains in a legal setting
Palynology
the study of pollen and spores
microscopy
the use of a microscope
Forensic Taphonomy
the use of taphonomic models, approaches, and analyses in forensic contexts to estimate the time since death, reconstruct the circumstances before and after decomposition, and discriminate the products of human behavior from those created by natural processes
Hemimetabolous Metamorphosis
the young look a lot like the adults with one or two major differences
The only thing consistent about crime scenes is:
their variety
What might be a reasonable conclusion to draw from examining blood that has a high red blood cell count?
they live in the mountains
Illegal wildlife trafficking is the .............. most lucrative criminal trade in the world.
third
Comparison standards
those materials collected from a known source for comparison with an unknown piece of evidence
orally
through mouth
ommatidia
tiny lenses that make up compound eyes
ridge dot
tiny ridge portion resembling a dot
noise treatment
tire designs chance the size and pitch of the tread blocks there are several different sizes of tread blocks (width between different changes in design on the tread)
contact or near contact wounds
touching or very close to the skin when fired. The effects of gas is seen on the wound-blackening of the skin + variable amounts of lacerations. will turn bright red
swipe pattern
transfer of blood from a moving source onto an unstained surface
Radiation
transfer of thermal energy produced by the movement of charged particles of matter -energy moves in the form of waves
high velocity projectiles
travel at over 2000 ft/second. **both high and low velocity can cause significant damage; it all comes down to a matter of the weight of the projectile
Low velocity projectiles
travel at under 2000 ft/second
Tire impressions can give you information about the ... design and ... features of individual tires.
tread; dimensional
It is impossible to distinguish between hair damage caused by forcible trauma and damage due to insect activity.
true
An example of a non-petroleum based accelerant is:
turpentine
opposed bifurcations
two bifurcations that are back-to-back
crossover or a ridge crossing
two ridges cross, making an X
exemplar
type of evidence is from an unknown source or origin until a comparison is made to a known standard
unnatural openings
ulcers, wounds, skin
contrite fallibilism
understanding the limits of our knowledge and the ability to acknowledge that we are not infallible as scientists
Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT)
use of necrophagic fly larvae to remove necrotic tissue and disinfect wounds
Lattes test
used antibodies specific for the A, B, and O blood groups, and applied them to bloodstains rehydrated with a saline solution
A blood loss of 1.5 liters internally or externally is required to cause one to incapacitate
usually go inconcious
As the child gets better at remembering letter formations and draws them from memory, he or she will begin to add in .................... and deviations of the model letters.
variations
major axis
vertical line
endangered species
very close to becoming extinct
Exigent Circumstances
when there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed, officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure
ridge ending
where ridge ends somewhere in the print
Primary
where the original crime occurred
Three basic forms of fingerprint patterns:
whorl (35%), loop (60%), and arch (5%)
expert witness
witness who is qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
Keeping ___________ separated from one another helps maintain the _____________ of their statements.
witnesses; integrity
The distance between the end of the lens and the object you're looking at on a light microscope is known as the _ distance.
working
1850
year dental evidence was first accepted by U.S. courts
detoxification
your bone tissue will remove heavy metals and other foreign substances from your blood
Recovery of Impressions (2D)
• 2-D impressions - Flat surface • Powder • Electrostatic lifting
Recovery of Impressions (3D)
• 3-D impressions - Soft surface • Print casting - Spray wax to seal wet surfaces - Hairspray to seal dry - Stone hardens in 20 min 24-48 hours cured
fingerprint examiner
• 4 year degree • 2+ years training • Certification program - Written test - Proficiency test - Continuing education • International association for identification
Anthropophagy
• Animal feeding • Damage may resemble antemortem injuries
Myiasis
• Animal or human disease - Fly larvae feeding on necrotic or living tissue - "Fly strike"
Drug (WHO 1996)
• Any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient • Recreational drug
Ancient use of fingerprints
• Babylonia - 4000 years ago • China - 3000 years ago • Japan - 1300 years ago
Barbiturate
• Barbituric acid • Schedule II-V - Some in schedule 5 legal with prescription • 2500 compounds
Family Calliphoridae
• Blow flies/bottle flies • Genera of greatest forensic importance • 1000 described species -Adults: 10-12mm long and usually metallic coloring
Firearms Evidence Collection
• CLOTHING - Protect & preserve any residue - Air dry if wet - Package separately in paper bags • Establish CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Tool mark examination
• Castings • Examine surfaces • Dusting powder • Measurements • Presentation in court
"Ideal" Poisons- Homicidal
• Cheap, easily available • Colorless, tasteless, odorless • Highly toxic • No residual product • Resemble natural disease • No antidote • No post-mortem changes • Capable of being administered with food or drink
Ink Analysis
• Chemical composition of ink • Visible-light microspectrophotometer - Different wavelengths of light - Detect different inks, changes • Thin layer chromatography
Methods of enhancement pt.2
• Chemicals - Iodine fuming • Paper - Ninhydrin • Reacts with proteins - Amido Black - Physical developer • Silver nitrate based • Used when other methods unsuccessful
Whose fingerprints are collected?
• Criminals • Teachers • Childcare providers • Security professionals • Law enforcement • Concealed-Carry permit holders • Military personnel
Collection Steps
• Detection and recovery • Enhancing • Producing known impressions • Comparison
evidence analysis- identification
• Determine the physical or chemical identity of a substance • Answer the question: "What is it?"
Pantry Beetles
• Drugstore or biscuit beetle • Sawtoothed grain beetle • Red flour beetle • Larder beetle
Recording post-mortem prints
• Early stages • Clean and dry • Special equipment • Various techniques for rigor mortis - Use early stages to your advantage - Cut the tendons
"Ideal" Poisons- Suicidal
• Easily available • No bad taste (no taste or pleasant taste) • No pain • Cheap • Highly toxic • Capable of being taken with food or drink
Methods of enhancement
• Fingerprint powders - Black (white surfaces) - Grey (dark surfaces) - Fluorescent (multi-colored surfaces) - Magnetic (leather or rough plastic) • Adheres to perspiration and/or body oils • Lift with tape
Insect Colonization
• Flies may colonize body within 15 seconds of death
Known Samples
• Footwear from suspected persons - All seized for comparison - Shoes needed to make test impressions • Elimination footwear - Officers, first responders • Analyze: Design, size/shape, wear marks, individual characteristic
Arches
• Formed by ridges that enter one side of print and exit other • No deltas present -plain-ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side -tented- similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center
Gunshot Residue
• GSR - Victim, clothing or target - Shooter's hands • Pb (lead); Ba (barium); Sb (antimony) • Griess Test
Handwriting Theory
• Handwriting is just as unique as your fingerprints • Difference between fingerprint and handwriting - Fingerprints are permanent and do not change - Handwriting is a learning process
Firearms Identification
• Harder object marks a softer one • Bullet Comparison • Weapons function • Serial number restoration • GSR detection • Muzzle to target distances
Daubert Test (1993)
• Has the scientific theory or technique been tested? • Has the scientific theory or technique been subjected to peer review and publication? • What are the known or potential error rates of the theory or technique when applied? • Do standards and controls exist are they maintained? • Has the theory or technique been generally accepted in the relevant scientific community?
Loops
• Have one delta and one or more ridge(s) that enter and leave on the same side - Named for their position related to the radius and ulna bones *Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the radial bone. *Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the ulnar bone.
Forensic Odontology Identification
• ID of living or deceased • ID, analysis, comparison - Lip print - Bite mark - Rugae print - Patterned injury • ID of dental specimens at scene
class evidence
• Inability to assign exact or even approximate probability values to the comparison of most class physical evidence. • Currently trying to update statistical databases for class evidence • Value of class evidence - Corroboration - Additive probability
The Scene Video
• Initial walk through • Map the layout • Secondary walk through • Team leader consultation
Necessary equipment for fingerprinting
• Inking stand • Card holder • Fingerprint cards • Ink slab • Black printer's ink • Roller • Cylinder • Cleaning supplies
Physical Evidence Characteristics- Class
• Intentional or recurring characteristics • Evidence associated with one group
Frye Test (1923)
• Is the scientific theory generally accepted in the scientific community? • Is the scientific method used generally accepted in the scientific community? • Has the technique been applied correctly?
Insect Parts Cannot EXCEED:
• Ketchup - 30 fruit fly eggs per 100 g • Canned corn - 2 insect larvae per 100 g • Blueberries - 2 maggots per 100 berries • Peanut butter - 50 insect fragments per 100 g • Curry powder - 100 insect fragments per 100 g • Wheat - 1% of grains infested • Hops - 2,500 aphids per 10 g • Chocolate - 80 insect fragments per 100 g
Choosing expert
• Legal standard • Effective experts: - Able to teach - Perceived as reliable - Track record - Image
Defining a crime scene
• Location of criminal activity •Size of area •Type of crime committed •Physical location of crime
soil
• Mixture of minerals, animal materials, vegetable materials
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
• Most widely used drug in U.S. • Schedule I •Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) •Resin>flowers>leaves - Flowers: 3.5-4% THC • Adenylate cyclase - Adenocine monophosphate
Forensic Scientist Ethics
• Obligation to the truth • Facts with without distortion • Witness's expertise allows them to properly present evidence
Mescaline (Lophophora williamsii, E. pachanoi)
• Peyote • Schedule I hallucinogen
Recovery of evidence
• Photograph from all angles with scale • Measure: width, length, depth • Impressions made if possible • Known prints
Footwear Evidence
• Physical contact between footwear and viable surface - ID - Elimination - Participation - Location -Rebuttal/ confirmation
Opposing Evidence
• Procedures • Areas of vulnerability • Rule 403 • Credentials
Advantages of Physical Evidence
• Provides a tangible object for the jury to see • Can be taken into the jury room • The defendant cannot distort the physical evidence. • Some cases cannot be solved without the physical evidence • Physical evidence is not subject to memory loss • The defendant can have the evidence tested by an independent expert.
Crime Scene Investigation
• Recognition • Identification • Individualization • Reconstruction
pests in human environments
• Roaches • Termites • Fleas • Bedbugs • Nuisance flies
Morphine (papaver somniferum)
• Schedule 1 drug • Endorphins • 200 mg, 60 mg, 2000-3000 mg • Naloxone • Blood, plasma, hair, urine
Bath salts
• Schedule I •methylenedixoypyrovaler one (MDPV) -Substituted cathinones -white crystal powder
Psilocybin and Psilocin
• Schedule I hallucinogen • Over 200 species - Psilocybe sp.
Amphetamines
• Schedule II -Legal and illegal forms
Phencyclidine(PCP)
• Schedule II - Some analogues schedule I • Animal tranquilizer • Adulterant
Challenges Facing Forensic Science
• Standardized terminology and reporting • Lack of rigorous research • Mitigation of personal bias • Accreditation and certification • Quality control • Code of ethics • Insufficient education/ training
Question Document Examiner
• Studies scientifically the whole document • The first QDE where called "handwriting specialists" because that was the primary means of agreements or contracts.
Methods of Enhancement pt 3
• Super glue fuming - Cyanoacrylate ester - Non-porous surfaces - Create fumes with heat - Portable wand available
evidence analysis- comparison
• Suspect and standard specimens • Answer the question: "Does it Match?"
Confirmatory Tests for blood
• Takayama Test • ABA Card Hematrace - Can cross react with some animals • RSID Test for human blood
Factors affecting print appearance
• Temporary disabilities - Cuts, wounds, blisters... • Permanent disabilities - Scars, amputations, crippled/ deformed hands • Contributor characteristics - Occupation - Age - Sweatiness
Videographer Requirements
• Understand basic elements of forensic videography • CSI experience • Video experience
Physical Evidence Characteristics- Individual
• Unintentional, random, and unique features • Evidence associated with common source with high degree of probability
Medico-criminal Entomology
• Use of arthropod evidence in violent crime
Crime Scene Investigation Goals
• What happened? • Where did it happen? • When did it happen? • Why did it happen? • Who may have perpetrated these actions? • How was the incident carried out?
Whorls
• Whorls have at least one ridge that makes complete circuit • Have at least 2 deltas **Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.
Preparing hands
• Worn ridge - Oil or lotion • Perspiration - Clean before each finger • Deformity/ Infirmity - Use a tool assist • Age - Little ink - Little pressure
Presumptive Tests: Invisible Blood
•Chemiluminescence and fluorescence • Luminol
Heroin
•Diacetylmorphine • Schedule I • Street heroin: 35% • Dilutants • 60% out of Southeast Asia