Foundations Exam 1
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
1970-All humans are born with instinctive needs-grouped into 5 categories Arranged in order of importance Provides a framework for recognizing and prioritizing basic needs Constructed as a pyramid derived as a motivational theory
CINAHL
Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature -High quality information -Access through Baylor Libraries -Target rich environment Also covers non journal sources: -dissertations -theses -books -book chapters -reports -symposia -conference proceedings -audiovisuals indicates what kind of material is at the end of the citation, just below the large blue title
Senate Bill 1000
Defined term "professional nursing" "The performance of an act that requires substantial specialized judgment and skill, the proper performance of which is based on knowledge and application of the principles of biological, physical, and social science as acquired by a completed course in an approved school of professional nursing." "The term does not include acts of medical diagnosis or the prescription of therapeutic or corrective measures"
environment
Includes factors that affect the person both externally and internally Can mean everyday surroundings or where nursing care is provided A stimulus is any factor that encourages man to seek fulfillment of human needs.
BULHSON Definition of Health
a dynamic state of human functioning wherein the patient exists with varying degrees of wellness and illness according to the status of need fulfillment.
science of nursing
incorporates the study of relationships among nurses, clients, and their environments within the context of health. Conceptual and theoretical nursing models generate knowledge that will improve nursing practice,
3-5 authors
list all authors the first time -(Jones, Roberts, & Smith, 2010) -(Jones et al., 2010)
cancer
neoplasms
esteem
Need to be well thought of by oneself and by others
title page
-Title -Author Name -Institutional Affiliation -Running Head -Pagination recommended title length is no more than 12 words
ways to become a registered nurse
-diploma program -baccalaureate education for nurses -associate degree programs for nursing -external degree programs
Nightingale
(1860) - the nurse manipulates the patient's environment to meet the needs of the patient. Includes cleanliness, ventilation, temperature, light, diet, sound. Role of nurse was to place the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him. To "nurse" meant having charge of the personal health of someone. Formal training necessary to teach what is to be done and how to do it. Taught the importance of rationale for actions. Stressed the significance of trained powers of observation and reflection. Record observations. Develop knowledge about factors that promoted healing. This knowledge should be distinct from medical knowledge.
Hildegard Peplau
(1952) Described an interpersonal process between the nurse and the client. Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal and goal-oriented process. Suddenly, nurse leaders began debating the nature of nursing practice and theory development.
Motivation and Personality
(1954) Maslow's landmark book Took a look at positive psychology rather than the negatives. Encouraged scientists to study man's potentialities, virtues and psychological health. Motivate by focusing on strengths rather than deficits.
Virginia Henderson
(1955) The patient is an individual who requires help to reach independence.
Roy's Adaptation Model
(1968) Nurse Theorist, Sr. Callista Roy, Ph.D., RN Now Professor, Nurse Theorist at the William F. Connell School of Nursing at Boston College Pediatric nursing specialty Began as an investigation of nursing as a service to society. Started looking a person and family as adaptive systems. Focuses on the interrelatedness of 4 adaptive systems. Is a deductive theory based on nursing practice This model guides the RN who is interested in physiologic adaptation as well as the one who is interested in psychosocial adaptation.
Martha Rogers
(1970) Emphasis on the science and art of nursing with the unitary human being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing assists the patient in mobilizing inner resources. Energy fields. Science of Unitary Human Beings
Wagner
(1986) sampled 160 deans of BSN programs. 94% - 98% agreed that the concepts that comprise the nursing paradigm are person, health, nursing, and environment. concluded: there is a consensus in nursing that these are the dominant phenomena within the science of nursing.
health
(concept) -Addresses the state of well-being -Patient's perceptions -On a continuum
person
(concept) All human beings -Sometimes referred to as client or patient -Recipients of nursing care -Individuals -Families -Communities -Groups
System
(concept) Set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole. Each part is necessary or integral to make a meaningful whole-(von Betalanffy, 1968 -Input -Output -Evaluation -Feedback
Output
(concept) is the end result or product of the system. Vary widely, depending on the type and purpose of the system of our example is educated graduates
Conceptual framework
(model) is the blueprint that specifies where each board, brick should go.
input
(system) Information, energy, or matter that enters the system. For the system to work, input should contribute to achieving the purpose of the system. EX: Students, faculty, ideas, desire to learn, knowledge
Feedback
(system) is the process of communication of the evaluation of the system. Information given back into the system to determine if the purpose or result has been achieved Example: Patient satisfaction, patient outcomes, staff retention, etc
Evaluation
(system) means measuring the success of failure of the output and consequently the effectiveness of the system. For this to be meaningful, outcome criteria against which performance is measured must be defined. A standardized exam of reading comprehension, math, and analytical skills would be used.
To Become an RN
-Graduate from an accredited school of nursing -Be accepted by the BON for candidacy -Pay fee for licensure -Pass the NCLEX-RN -Receive registration and license to practice -Must renew license every 2 years with 20 hours of mandatory CE in Texas
Criteria of a Profession Bixler and Bixler (1959)
1. Possesses a well defined and well organized body of knowledge that is on an intellectual level and can be applied to the activities of the group. Unique or borrowed knowledge? -Biological sciences -Social sciences -Medical sciences -Nursing research -Code of Ethics -Standards -Peer review 2. Enlarge a systematic body of knowledge and improve education and service through the use of the scientific method. -Nursing process -Nursing research -Quality improvement 3. Educate its practitioners in institutions of higher education. 4. Function autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity. -Dependent versus collaborative practice -Care vs. cure -Planning and Accountability -Nursing Diagnosis -Prescriptive Authority -Third-party reimbursement 5. Develop within the group a code of ethics. -ANA Code for Nurses -International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics 6. Attract to the profession individuals who recognize this occupation as their life work and who desire to contribute to the good of the society through service to others. -Longevity vs. burnout or short term -Stepping-stone vs. articulation -Service vs. Self-preservation 7. Strive to compensate its practitioners by providing autonomy, continuous professional development, and economic security. -Appropriate remuneration and dedication -Collective bargaining
Lewin's Theory of Change
1. Recognition of where change is needed -Burned out-desire new profession 2. Analysis of a situation to determine what forces exist to maintain the situation and what forces are working to change it -Money, support from family, time, desire 3. Identify what methods by which change can occur -Research nursing programs, financial aid, location 4. Recognition of the influence of group mores or customs upon the change -Family and friend support, change in lifestyle 5. Identification of the methods that the reference group uses to bring about change -Admission to nursing school, study groups, living situation 6. The actual process of change -Quit old job, Enroll in school, begin classes
Lewin's Change-3 States
1. Unfreezing 2. Movement 3. Refreezing
nursing fields of activity
1. practice: hospitals, schools, community clinics, offices, etc 2. research: institutes of higher education, hospitals, community centers, medical schools, etc. 3. administration: management positions in hospitals, schools of nursing, armed services, nurse executives 4. service: community service, church service, organizational service
Hierarchy of Needs
1. safety needs: Need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger 2. physiologic needs: Need for air, nutrition, water, elimination, rest and sleep, and thermoregulation and sex 3. Self -actualization Needs: Need to be self-fulfilled, learn, create, understand, and experience one's 4. Esteem Needs: Need to be well thought of by oneself as well as by others 5. Love needs: Need for affection, feelings of belongingness, and meaningful relations with others
Human Need
A requisite within a client system which is necessary in order to maintain or attain integrity or completeness. Needs are met through an adaptive process in which internal and/or external forces help maintain or restore integrity. The nurse serves as an external force for the client by assisting in the fulfillment of _________.
websites
APA manual does not give much detail about how to deal with online sources. Refer to Purdue's online writing lab websites at http://owl.english.purdue.edu "Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report" Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address For direct quotes, use paragraph number rather than page number (para. 1). (p. 172 in APA manual)
Physiologic Needs
Air-oxygen for metabolic processes which requires properly functioning respiratory and cardiovascular systems Nutrition-essential for energy production and the body's metabolic processes. Requires adequate food and a properly functioning GI system Water-fluids are necessary for metabolic processes and a proper fluid balance is critical for life. Elimination-crucial part of metabolic process. Allows body to dispose of waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance Sleep and Rest-Necessary for revitalization Thermoregulation-Body maintains through sensors in skin, hypothalmus, and effector system. Age and health status greatly affect body's ability to regulate
Conceptual Framework
Also called a "model" A group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern.
Utilitarianism
Also referred to as "Teleological theory" From the Greek word teleos or end. This theory is sometimes called the "greatest happiness principle". This uses the weight of consequences of actions such that the actions with the most positive consequences and the least negative consequences are preferred The concept that an act is right if it is useful in bringing about a good outcome or end. **The greatest good for the greatest number.
Improper Word Usage
Anthropomorphism NO: The doctoral program decided to increase enrollment. YES: The doctoral program faculty decided to increase enrollment. "Says" when reporting the work of authors As a reminder, books and articles do not "speak." Rather the author reports, notes, concludes, informs, etc. NO: Smith (2002) says that doctoral programs are becoming more selective. YES: Smith (2002) reports that doctoral programs...
ethical theories
Are moral principles or a set of moral principles that can be used in assessing what is morally right or morally wrong in a given situation
Nursing as an Art
Art forms generally use three components: -Medium-nurse -Process-nurse-patient interaction -Product-patient outcome -Requires great sensitivity -Involves dealing with questions for which there are no answers -Referred to as the "conscience of health care system" -Involves giving care based on the principles founded in humanism -Includes holistic care-Man responds as unique whole
Pro Futuris
Aspirational Statement One: Baylor will be a community recognized for Transformational Education...where academic excellence and life-changing experiences ignite leadership potential that increases our students' desire for wisdom, understanding of calling, and preparation for service in a diverse and interconnected global society. Aspirational Statement Two: Baylor will be a community recognized for Compelling Scholarship...where research discoveries illuminate solutions to significant challenges confronting our world and where creative endeavors reflect the breadth of God's creation. Aspirational Statement Three: Baylor will be a community recognized for Informed Engagement...where our Christian faith, in conjunction with our expertise and resources, inspires a desire to address systemic problems facing our community, both local and global, and renews our dedication to improvement of self and service to others. Aspirational Statement Four: Baylor will be a community recognized for Committed Constituents...where the dedication of alumni and friends advances Baylor through sustained involvement and philanthropy Aspirational Statement Five: Baylor will be a community recognized for Judicious Stewardship...where the value generated by and derived from a Baylor experience is supported through a diversity of revenues, prudent management of our resources and risks, and the pursuit of outstanding quality and character in every area of university life.
Diploma Program
Based in the hospital First type of nursing education in the US Height of popularity in 1920's and 1930's One of few avenues for women to have career Decline in programs due to education being in institutes of higher ed Most students lived in hospital dormitory and took classes by physicians Followed apprenticeship model
values
Beliefs that influence one's thinking and actions -If _______ influence one' s thinking and behavior then will one say it definitely influences one's health and illness behavior? -What is good? -What is harm? At times we have to do harm in order to do good (Injections, fluids, vaccines). What is a good life? -A sense of physical well being? Health and safety? Setting goals and achieving them? Removal of all obstacles without harm to anyone?
Hallmarks of Scholarly Writing
Clear, concise- requires precision in language Substantiates claims with evidence- not merely opinions Uses an orderly presentation of ideas Avoids biased language and adopts a professional tone
Nursing as a Science
Described as a systematic approach to knowledge with information categorized and organized within a clearly defined framework Nursing uses research, theories and facts to understand human needs and the pathologic processes that block the satisfaction of needs attempts to explain and address the universals, the similarities in the patterns and problems of humans as a group
baccalaureate education for nurses
Education for nurses moved to Colleges and Universities in early 1900's Difference in BS is theoretical, scientific orientation rather than hands-on skill 4 year programs with 2 pre-req years and 2 yrs nursing courses Continues to be debate about entry level into practice
professions
Education takes place in college or university Education is prolonged Values, beliefs, and ethics are an integral part of preparation Accountability rests with the individual
Incorrect matching of pronouns to antecedents
Examples: NO: A professor is expected to have knowledge of their field. YES: Professors are expected to have knowledge of their field. NO: A well-written paper demonstrates a student's dedication for their work. YES: A well-written paper demonstrates dedication for one's work
bearcat, cinahl
How do I get the article?
deductive/inductive reasoning
How does one arrive at a theory?
Homeostasis
Internal stability that is the goal or the dynamic balance for systems this equilibrium is the goal of the systems theory
Change Theory
Involves a modification or alteration and may be planned or unplanned Kurt Lewin (1962) developed classic theory of change, with 6 components:
Nursing Theories
It is the unique theories and perspectives used by a discipline that distinguish it from other disciplines. Four Major Concepts 1. Systems 2. Person 3. Environment 4. Health
Neglecting Economy of Expression
Lack of conciseness -In order to (eliminate this) -Taken into consideration vs. considered Redundancy of terms -in close proximity -absolutely essential -a total of 72 participants
external degree programs
Learning is independent Assessed through highly standardized and validated exams Students responsible for arranging own clinical experiences Excelsior (formerly Regents) College is most well known program.
Concept
Like an idea. Is an abstract impression organized into symbols of reality. Describes objects, properties, events and relationships among them. Element or component of a phenomenon necessary to understand the phenomenon are the building blocks, bricks, boards to build a project.
reference page
Lists each source from the body of your paper Allows the reader to find your sources Every source cited in the body must also appear on the reference page, and vice versa. Authors are listed alphabetically by last name Double-spaced Indented on all lines after the first-- Use the Hanging Indent feature in MS Word to format your references
associate degree programs for nursing
Located in Community Colleges 2 year programs-but most students cannot finish in 2 years as curriculum has changed Most common program in US 3 Competencies -Provider of Care -Manager of Care -Member within the discipline of nursing
use of this or these without a clear referent
NO: Palmer (1993) elaborated on his views regarding the importance of community within a classroom. This is helpful for all teachers. YES: Palmer (1993) elaborated on his views regarding the importance of community within a classroom. This concept is helpful for all teachers.
love and belonging
Need for affection, feelings of meaningful relationships with others
safety
Need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger
Self-Actualization
Need to be self-fulfilled, learn, create, understand, and experience one's potential
American Nurses Association (Social Policy Statement 1998)
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
Secondary Sources
Only use ______________ when you do not have access to the original source: (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
ethics
Rules or principles which govern right conduct
formatting
Set page margins to 1" all around Text: 12 point serif Times New Roman or Courier New Tables & Charts: 12 point sans-serif Arial
nursing teaching
The faculty believes effective teaching employs a variety of strategies to foster independence, critical thinking and self discovery. The teacher as a facilitator strives to be innovative and flexible in planning, implementing, and evaluating educational experiences consistent with curriculum goals and objectives. The teacher as scholar participates in endeavors to acquire, create, and use new knowledge. As members of the academic community, the faculty recognizes that its professional role includes formal teaching, scholarly pursuits and community service.
nursing health
The faculty believes health is a basic human condition which is uniquely perceived by individuals and groups. Health is a dynamic state of human functioning wherein patients exist with varying degrees of wellness and illness. The higher the level of human need fulfillment, the more optimal the state of wellness of the client. Individuals have the right to pursue that level of health perceived by them to be optimal, taking into account their social and cultural definitions of health. The level of health individuals can attain is influenced by the levels of health of families and communities of which they are a part and with whom they coexist.
nursing learning
The faculty believes individuals learn in a variety of ways. Learning is a life-long process built upon previous knowledge and experience. Learning occurs in a variety of situations and settings and should become self-directed over time. Knowledge acquisition, critical inquiry, reflection and decision-making prepare learners to respond to issues that confront them as professionals.
professional nursing
The faculty believes professional nursing is the caring for individuals, families, groups, communities and society through the diagnosis and treatment of the responses to actual or potential threats to health and through facilitating human need fulfillment. Professional nursing is a practice discipline which has evolved from a rich, unique heritage. It encompasses the arts, sciences, ethics, and politics. Nursing has a dynamic body of knowledge based on nursing research and on the application of theories and concepts from the physical and behavioral sciences and the humanities. Professional nursing utilizes the nursing process in a caring, interactive manner to promote optimal wellness. Through a variety of roles, professional nursing contributes to the improvement of health care services to society.
nursing experience
The faculty believes specialization occurs at the masters level of education in the refinement of existing skills, expansion of knowledge, and development of competencies in a specific area of nursing practice.
nursing education
The faculty believes the aim of undergraduate and graduate education in nursing is to provide an opportunity for personal and professional development. Professional education includes a study of the arts, sciences and humanities and is best achieved in a Christian setting beginning at the Baccalaureate level. The faculty believes that baccalaureate education in nursing is the basis for professional practice as a nurse generalist and should be equally accessible to generic students and to other students who have previous formal educational experience in nursing. The nurse generalist has the knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for assuming the responsibility of entry-level professional nursing positions and for graduate study in nursing.
nursing the person
The faculty believes the individual, in constant interaction with the changing environment, responds as a unified whole to life situations. In addition, the individual impacts the environment and his/her own welfare through a personal relationship with the Creator. As an integral part of a family, group, or community the individual affects, and is affected by both culture and society.
nursing philosophy
The faculty of Baylor University School of Nursing believes in the philosophy, the Christian mission, and the goals of Baylor University and, in harmony with these, provides an environment in which the nursing student may grow in professional competence and Christian spirit. The faculty believes nursing is a service to humanity and is motivated by love for God and society. A commitment to this belief provides a foundation for teaching and learning in the School of Nursing.
nursing ethics
The values and ethical principles governing nursing practice, conduct, and relationships
purpose of nursing theories
To differentiate nursing from other disciplines. Provide a means of testing knowledge through research and expanding our knowledge base. Describe the phenomenon of nursing
occupations
Training may occur on job Length of training varies Values, beliefs, and ethics are not prominent features of preparation Accountability rests with employer
one
Typically, there is at least ______ citation in every paragraph
Parenthetical Citations
Use _________ in the body of your paper when ... -Quoting someone (using quotation marks) -Summarizing ideas or facts from source material -Paraphrasing another person's work Give only information needed to identify the source in your reference page Do not use author's first name Do not repeat information NO: Smith and Jones note that positive psychology is a growing field (Smith & Jones, 2002). YES: Smith and Jones (2002) note that positive psychology is a growing field. YES: Positive psychology is a growing field (Smith & Jones, 2002). The ampersand (&) is used
Frequent Dissertation Errors
Use of colloquialisms or informal language -Write up vs. report -Figure out vs. determine -Point out vs. note -Lay out vs. outline -Moving on vs. progressing -Looked to vs. consulted -Fill out vs. complete -Hand in vs. submit -Hand out vs. gave -Looked at vs. examined or simply informal phrases -It is important to get across the point that... -This sums up my ideas. -That idea goes against my values. -As I look back on the past...
Personal Communications
When referencing an interview or conversation with someone: (C. Armstrong, personal communication, August 24, 2012)
Philosophy of Ethics
Your personal beliefs, experiences, and values are the foundation for the philosophy of ethics. We use this to understand human interaction
theory
a systematic explanation of an event in which constructs and concepts are identified and relationships are proposed and predictions made. consists of concepts that describe a pattern of reality arranges a group of related statements so that they make sense **Can be tested, changed, used to guide research, or provide the basis for evaluation.
refworks
a web-based service -Research Help/Citing Sources -Research Help/Electronic Resources Help/ -How Do I/Find a DOI (Endnote, Procite) websites or software aren't perfect, you are ultimately responsible for making sure citations are accurate and properly formatted
1 or 2 authors
always cite both (Armstrong & Milam, 2011)
Paradigm
an organizing framework that contains concepts, theories, assumptions, beliefs, values and principles. A discipline may have a number of ________.
long quotes
are 40 words or more Indent all lines five spaces No quotation marks (" ") used Punctuate after the last sentence - this is different than a short one in which punctuation is placed after the parenthetical citation
peer-reviewed
article is one reviewed by a panel of experts familiar with the topic or subject matter of the article before it was published -also called refereed not everything is: -news items -letters to the editor -Single-page (or shorter) articles -regular columns -editorials or opinion pieces -meeting or poster abstracts
Assumptions
beliefs one must accept about phenomena in order to accept a theory about the phenomena.
inductive reasoning
build from specific ideas to form generalizations
active
in apa use __________ voice NO: The surveys were completed by the students. YES: The students completed the surveys. NO: The answer was given by Emily. YES: Emily gave the answer.
citations
contain the elements to identify: Who wrote/created/originated it Where it appeared When
paragraphs
do not place extra space between _______. Indent using tab key (5-7 spaces)
nose bleeds
epistaxis
deductive reasoning
examine a general idea and then consider specifics -Roy's Adaptation Model
6 or more authors
first author et al. always (Baker et al., 2007)
mission of baylor university
is to educate men and women for worldwide leadership and service by integrating academic excellence and Christian commitment within a caring community.
1-9
spell out apa numbers ______.
BULHSON definition of nursing
the caring for individuals, families, groups and communities through the diagnosis and treatment of responses to actual or potential threats to health and through facilitating human need fulfillment.
Construct
the most complex type of concept; more general than a concept. Constructed by the theorist to fit a purpose