Foundations of Kinesiology Ch. 1-7 {Midterm Study Guide}
The impact of a force should be gradually reduced ("give with the force") and spread over a large surface.
Absorption of Force
Change in velocity involving the speed or direction
Acceleration
feild
According to Corbin, _____ is a combination of a well-established discioline and one or more professions that deliver a social service
sport history
According to Struna, ___ is a feild of scholarly inquiry with multiple and often intersecting foci, including exercise, the body, play, game, athletics, physical recreation, health, and leisure
Concerned with the preparation of teachers and sport leaders to provide programs and services for individuals with disabilities.
Adapted Physical Activity
Synthetic forms of male hormone testosterone - testosterone secreted by testes is responsible for the development of masculine characteristics and promotion of growth of tissue, muscle mass, weight, and bone growth. Taken orally or injected in 10 to 100 times the recommended therapeutic dosage. Banned by IOC and some sport organizations. Serious side effects, some irreversible, associated with chronic use including: increased risk of heart disease, liver tumors, cancer, hypertension, mood swings, aggressive behavior.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Change of angular velocity for a unit of time
Angular acceleration
Angle that is rotated in a given unit of time
Angular velocity
Practice on mastering the timing of the skill Fewer and more consistent errors
Associative Stage
Concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. Professionals can contribute to the knowledge of the human body, exercise, disease, and health. Bloom's Taxonomy - remembering, understanding, applying analyzing, evaluating, and creating.
Cognitive Domain
Understanding of the nature and goal of the activity Initial attempts at the skill - gross errors
Cognitive Stage
Colonists led an agrarian existence - physical activity through performing tasks essential to living and survival. Colonists brought sports with them from their native lands. Puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned upon. Reading, writing, and arithmetic in schools, not physical education.
Colonial Period (1607-1783)
Principle of Overload is critical!!
Developing Muscular Strength and Endurance
High number of repetitions with a low resistance.
Endurance
Any action that changes or tends to change the motion of an object
Force
Process of gathering information or collecting data.
Measurement
Amount of work accomplished in one unit of time
Power
Physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn.
Readiness
Encompasses the many managerial aspects of sport including personnel management, budgeting, facility management, and programming.
Sport Management
Study of teaching and learning in school and non-school settings.
Sport Pedagogy
Slowly moving into a stretching position and holding for a certain period of time (10-30 seconds; 5 times).
Static Stretching
Force is between the fulcrum and the weight
Third class Lever
-Better understanding of the human body and the various internal and external forces that affect movement. -Offers scientific knowledge that can enhance performance. -To improve sport techniques, equipment, and safety. -To design and conduct programs to enhance individual movement skills (Adapted PE).
Why Study Biomechanics?
Force that is applied to a body through a distance and in direction of the force
Work
synthetic forms of testosterone--male sex hormone
anabolic-androgenic steroids
legal drugs (caffeine)
pharmaceutical aids
Classifications for behavior and objectives for learning: Cognitive - thinking Affective - feeling Psychomotor - doing
3 Domains
Contemporary physical education, exercise science, and sport programs are diverse in content, vary in setting, and serve people of all ages. 1995 & 2004 - National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) developed Content Standards in Physical Education -Identifies content standards and assessment guidelines to measure student learning. -Provides a framework that identifies goals and objectives associated with quality programs. -Professionals in all settings can incorporate the assessment benchmarks, points of emphasis, criteria, and suggested assessment techniques.
Contemporary Goals and Objectives
Includes where an individual lives and works. Some factors include: amount of noise, level of pollution, availability of safe places to walk, and type of housing.
Environmental
20th century - gradual, epidemiologic transition from infectious to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death. LCD- Leading Cause of Death 1900- 47.3 years life expectancy. LCD Infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gastrointestinal problems 1950- 68 years life expectancy. LCD Development of antibiotics and vaccines leads to improvement in lifespan 2011- 78.7 years life expectancy. LCD Chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer
Epidemiological Shift
Examines the nature of knowledge.
Epistemology
Women have a longer life expectancy than men (80.4 to 75.2 years). 30% of the gap between men and about 40% between women is attributable to cardiovascular disease and its effects.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Gender
Rural populations are less likely to exercise regularly and experience higher rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and injury-related deaths than people living in urban areas.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Geographic Location
The death rate from heart disease for African Americans is more than 40% higher than for whites and the death rate for cancer is more than 30% higher than whites. Hispanics have higher rates of blood pressure and are almost twice as likely to die from diabetes than non-Hispanic white
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Race & Ethnicity
Gay men experience health issues, such as HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, depression and suicide at a higher rate than their heterosexual peers
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Sexual Orientation
1875 - 1950: Eclectic philosophy of education approach -Educational reform era that shifted towards progressive education; providing individualized learning experiences for students. 1950 - 1965: Comparative systems approach -The major tenets of the traditional philosophies of idealism, realism, pragmatism, naturalism, existentialism, and humanism were compared and applied to the goals, objectives, values, and conduct of educational programs. 1965 - present: Developmental approach -This era focused on critically analyzing the many complex dimensions of the sport experience; less attention was directed to the study of physical education. -Questions addressed include the nature of sport, values achieved through participation, the meaning of competition, and ethical issues (e.g., cheating, intentional fouling, use of performance-enhancing drugs, and promoting equity).
Historical Development of Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity
Importance for professionals to continuously develop their cultural competency through awareness and reflection of their own values, beliefs, biases, and prejudices. Culture - refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups. Competency - implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities. Culture Competency is essential to the achievement of lifespan involvement in physical activity for all people
Implications of Changing Demographics
Emphasizes the use of the scientific method to arrive at the truth. Reasoning and understanding the natural laws of nature are features of this philosophy. The total development of the person is important, and physical activity has an important role in this endeavor.
Major Philosophies--Realism
Emphasizes the mind as central to understanding; reasoning plays a critical role in arriving at the truth. Values and ideals are held in high regard and are considered to be universal and absolute. Values and ideals do not change regardless of circumstances. Professionals emphasize the development of character, the importance of values, and the application of reasoning in their work.
Major Philosophy--Idealism
Addresses the ultimate nature of reality; what is real and exists.
Metaphysics
Progressive Education John Dewey - Leader of the progressive education movement. Reflects a pragmatic philosophy; believes that education was the avenue to improve the social conditions of society. 'Learning by doing'; child/student-centered approach where students are active participants in their learning. Contributes to the development of the whole person (i.e., mind AND body)
Modern Ed. Philosophy
Study of changes in motor behavior that are primarily the result of practice and experience, specifically the effect of content, timing, and frequency, of feedback on skill learning. -Acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience
Motor Learning
educational process that uses physical activity as a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and well-being.
New physical education
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) - tracks the prevalence of overweight youths and adults. 35.7% of adults were obese in 2009-2010 (estimated) This number signify a dramatic increase from the 1970s when 14.6% of adults were obese.
Obesity in Adults
Derived from goals, but are more specific. Describe learning, specifically what individuals should know, do, or feel as a result of instruction. Short-term statements of specific outcomes that build cumulatively to reach a goal.
Objectives
Definition and Scope Sport philosophy is the systematic and reflective study of the truth, meanings, and actions of sport. Sport philosophers use logic and reasoning to gain a broader understanding of how sport contributes to our lives and to analyze the principles that guide our professional practices and actions. Sport philosophers study the values connected with sport, examine the relationship between the mind and body, and debate ethical dilemmas.
Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity
What is the meaning of competition for athletes with disabilities? What role does sportspersonship play in influencing the values derived from competition? How does culture influence the meaning derived from participating in sport? Why do some athletes risk permanent disability by continuing to participate in sport when injured? Why do adults persist in emphasizing winning in sports when children want to emphasize the fun elements associated with play? Does participation in sport develop character? Does a coach have the right to control the athlete's lifestyle choices (e.g., curfew, social media, code of conduct)?
Questions Adressed with Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity
What is the role of human beings on this earth? What are the origin and nature of the universe? What constitutes good and evil, right, and wrong? What constitutes truth? What is the function of education in society? What relationship exists between mind and matter?
Questions Philosophy Adresses...
encompasses the study of the nature of reality, the structure of knowledge in sport, ethical and moral questions and the aesthetics of movement seek to understand the relationship between the mind and the body
Sport Philosophy
Study of the role of sport in society, its impact on participants in sport, and the relationship between sport and other societal institutions
Sport Sociology
Uses principles and scientific methods from psychology to study human behavior in sport
Sport and Exercise Psychology
applies the methods of physics and mechanics to the study of human motion and the motion of sport objects
Sports Biomechanics
In 2010, 40.3 million people (13% of population) was 65 or older. By 2030, it is projected that 20% of the population will be 65 or older.
Age Distribution- Older Adults
Examines the nature of values.
Axiology
Major threat to health today.
Chronic Diseases
Dioclesian Lewis (1823-1886) -Developed system of "light" gymnastics -1861 - established Normal Institute for Physical Education in Boston to train teachers. Edward Hitchcock (1828-1911) 1861 - Director of Hygiene and Physical Education at Amherst College -Pioneering work in the scientific approach to PE -Anthropomorphic measurement incorporated into program to assess outcomes. -1885 - First president of the Association for the Advancement of Physical Education. Dudley Sargent (1849-1924) 1879 - Director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University. -Scientific and comprehensive approach to physical education; used anthropomorphic measurement to develop individualized conditioning programs for students. -1881 - Sanatory Gymnasium to prepare teachers in his approach. William Anderson (1860 - 1947) -Played an instrumental role in the founding of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education in 1885. -1885 - Director of Physical Training at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn. Delphina Hanna (1854-1941) 1885 - Accepted teaching position at Oberlin College where, in 1903, she became the first woman full professor of physical education in the US. -Developed training program for prospective teachers which evolved into one of the first professional preparation programs. George Fitz (1860-1934) Research physiologist at Harvard. -Emphasized the need for physical education programs to be based on scientific principles so that the actual benefits of exercise could be determined. -1892 - established a formal exercise physiology lab at Harvard where he and his students conducted research on physiological effects of physical activity. Hartvig Nissen (1855-1924) - Pioneered in the promotion of Swedish system of gymnastics in the US. -1891-1990 Leadership role in physical education for the Boston Public School System where he influenced adoption of Swedish gymnastics. Baron Nils Posse (1862-1895) Leader in the promotion of Swedish system of gymnastics in the US. -1889 - helped establish the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics to train teachers in the Swedish system. Amy Morris Homans (1848-1933) 1889 - Director of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. Mary Hemenway, Bostonian philanthropist, underwrote the establishment of the school. -Played an influential role in getting the Boston Public School system to adopt the Swedish system of gymnastics. Luther Gulick (1865-1918) Instrumental role in YMCA International Training School at Springfield, MA. -Designed the YMCA logo, with the equilateral triangle representing the unity of the mind, body and spirit and importance of developing the whole person. -1906 - helps form the Playground Association of America. Battle of the Systems Late 1880s sparked debate among physical educators regarding which system of gymnastics should serve as the curriculum for American schools. 1880 - Boston Conference on Physical Training No consensus on which system would best serve needs of American people Posse - need an American system designed for the American people Growth of American sport in popularity: Tennis Golf Bowling Basketball (Naismith) Founding of forerunner of Amateur Athletic Association (AAU). 1896 - Revival of Olympics in Athens. Colleges and universities develop departments and expand programs. 1851 - first YMCA opens up in US; 1885 YMCA training school established in Springfield, MA. Expansion of intercollegiate athletics: Abuses raise concerns Establishment of governing bodies Emphasis on teacher preparation, scientific basis of PE, diagnosis and prescription of activity. Organized PE programs in elementary and secondary schools. 1885 - Founding of the forerunner of AAHPERD.
Civil War Period until 1900
Studies movement patterns and how they change across the lifespan and varying disabilities.
Developmental biomechanics
belief that the mind and body are separate entities (e.g., the mind is superior to the body).
Dualism
Movements influenced by the interaction of the individual, task and environment These factors influence the movement pattern exhibited
Dynamical Systems Approach
Capacity of the body to perform work - Kinetic energy and potential energy
Energy
Force that occurs when surfaces come in contact and results from the sliding of one surface on the other
Friction
Period of nationalism - focus on development of strong citizens through school and community programs of physical education. Physical education should be included in the school curriculum - programs emphasize the development of strength.
Germany
Statements of purposes, intents, and aims that reflect desired accomplishments. Expressed as general statements and are broad in their direction. State long-term outcomes to be achieved by participants in the program
Goals
Natural force that pulls all objects toward the center of the earth Center of gravity
Gravity
'a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (World Health Organization, 1947).
Health
Research on how cognitive factors influence motor skill acquisition and motor development based on dynamical systems theory.
Historical Development-- Process-Oriented Period (1980s-present)
Helps maintain individuals' interest and provides a change of pace while continuing to make progress toward desired goals.
Principle of Variation
performance of a movement through the full range of motion.
Repetition
Computers Help in maintaining records of test results or keeping a log of participants' involvement in the program (e.g., Fitnessgram, Activitygram, HealthFirst TriFit). Heart-rate monitors and pedometers Hand-held devices Smart mobile phones applications
Role of Technology in Assessment
Concerned with the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries
Sports Medicine
Low number of repetitions with a heavy resistance.
Strength
-Scientific study of physical education -Used anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical education on the body. -Less emphasis on strength than German approach Influenced by nationalism.
Sweden
Per Ling (1776-1839) -Design of gymnastic programs to meet specific individual needs. -Different types of gymnastics: -Educational, military, medical and aesthetics gymnastics. -Teachers of physical education must have foundational knowledge of the effects of exercise on the human body. Hjalmar Ling (1820-1886) -Significant role in developing school gymnastics and curriculum. -Day's Order - daily exercises for school children
Sweden's Leaders
TRUE
T/F: The greater the rate of fluid intake, the lower the athlete's response during physical activity
HRMAX= 220 bpm - age Target zone = 55% to 90% HRMAX Lower threshold target HR= HRMAX x 55% Upper threshold target HR= HRMAX x 90%
Target Heart Rate Zone
Twisting, turning, or rotary force related to the production of angular acceleration
Torque
Heath, Rec and leisure, and Dance
Traditional Allied Fields
Speed and direction of the body
Velocity
cannot be changed. PG 218
inherited and biological factors
carbohydrate supplementation and creatine
nutritional aids
1. Exercise physiology 2. Sports Medicine 3. Sports Biomechanics 4. Sport Philosophy 5. Sport History 6. Sport and Exercise Psychology 7. Motor Development 8. Motor Learning 9. Sport Sociology 10. Sport Pedagogy 11. Adapted Physical Activity 12. Sport Management
12 Subdisciplines
48% of adults engage in regular physical activity during their leisure time. -Men engaged slightly more frequently than women. -Younger adults were more active than older adults. Differences in leisure-time physical activity participation were associated with level of education, poverty, race, and ethnicity. -Higher levels of education and income were associated with greater participation by adults. -Non-Hispanic whites were more active than non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics.
2011 National Health Interview Survey
-- 14% of students did not participate in 60 or more minutes of physical activity on ANY day during the past seven days. -- 33% of students played video or computer games and 33.4% watched television for three or more hours a day. -- 13% of students were obese and 15.2% were overweight. -- 61% of the students reported they exercise to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight and 41% of the students tried to manage their weight by eating less food, consuming fewer calories, or selecting foods low in fat to eat.
2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
-Cognitive Stage -Associative Stage -Autonomous Stage
3 Stages of Learning
-Readiness -Motivation -Reinforcement -Individual Differences
4 Factors Influencing Learning
Recommended that adults engage in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. Recommended that adults engage in muscle-strengthening exercises on 2 or more days a week that work all the major muscle groups. Additional benefits can be derived from increasing the amount and/or intensity of physical activity.
Adult Physical Activity Recommendations
Studies the nature of beauty and art.
Aesthetics
Concerned with how individuals' feelings about themselves, the learning experience, and the subject influence their learning. Krathwohl's taxonomy reflects the development of values, appreciations, attitudes, and character. Desired outcomes include a positive self-concept, enhancement of self-worth, self respect, and social responsibility.
Affective Domain
In 2020, approximately 24% of the population will be under the age of 18.
Age Distribution - Under the Age of 18
The force of an object is most effective when it is applied in the direction that the object is to travel.
Application of Force
Focus: Describes how the movement was performed. EX: whether or not the child performing the overhand throw steps toward the target with the foot opposite the throwing arm.
Approaches to Motor Development--Process
Focus: What is the outcome of the movement? EX: How far was the ball kicked, whether or not a target was hit, or was the basket made or not.
Approaches to Motor Development--Product
Effects of various exercises on various systems of the body. Relationship of energy metabolism to performance. Effects of environmental factors on performance. Effects of individual differences. Effectiveness of various rehabilitation programs. Ergogenic aids and exercise. Health and therapeutic effects associated with exercise. Effects of nutrition on performance.
Areas of Study
Studied muscles and motions of the human body and described them in his book De Moto Animalium
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Process of gathering information to learn what participants know and are able to do in order to determine their progress toward achievement of the goals and objectives.
Assessment
Should be a dynamic, ongoing process integrated into programs. provide important information about participants' progress, program quality, instructional practices, and the effectiveness of professionals. Gives meaningful information about learning and achievement related to goals, objectives, and outcomes in the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor domains.
Assessment of Learning
Well coordinated and appears effortless Few errors "Automatic" performance lets attention be directed to other aspects of performance
Autonomous Stage
Momentum generated from repeated bouncing to stretch. (Not recommended) may overstretch a muscle
Ballistic Stretching
Reduces the risk of early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, adverse blood lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancers. Helps prevention of weight gain and helps with weight loss when combined with a diet. Reduces abdominal obesity. Increases cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. Prevents falls. Reduced depression. Better cognitive function for older adults. Better functional health for older adults.
Benefits of Regular Physical Activity
The application of the principles of mechanical physics to understand movements and actions of human bodies and sport implements. Kinesiology and biomechanics are intricately related. Principles of these two fields can be applied to study of human movement as well as to the fields of biology, physiology, engineering, physical and occupational therapy, and medicine.
Biomechanics
Focus on maximizing the benefits of exercise and reducing chances of injury.
Biomechanics of exercise
the means of assment of body composition in which a person sits in an enclosed chamber and computerized sensors measure the amount of air displaced in a persons body
Bod Pod
Percentage of body weight composed of fat as compared with fat-free or lean tissue. Obesity is associated with numerous health problems and earlier mortality. Determination of the cause of obesity is important. Body composition is influenced by nutrition and physical activity. Energy balance is important to achieving a favorable body composition. Energy expenditure through: basal metabolism (maintenance of essential life functions) work (including exercise) excretion of body wastes
Body Composition
Estimated - Weight in pounds X 703 divided by height in inches squared Determines if an idividual is at risk for poor health outcomes due to over weight or obesity Often used in large scale surveys because of ease of collecting large amounts of data. BMI=(Weight in pounds/{Height in inches x height in inches})x703
Body Mass Index (BMI)
First scholar to apply the principles of levers to the human body, to determine the forces acting on the body, and to estimate the location of the center of mass of a person; wrote the second De Moto Animalium; considered the father of biomechanics.
Borelli (1608-1679)
Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Axiology Ethics Aesthetics
Branches of Philosophy (6)
Stimulant, restricted by IOC - standard up to 6 to 8 cups of coffee. Enhances muscle tension development, increased alertness, decreased perception of fatigue, increased endurance performance. Effect depends on dosage and amount of caffeine athlete typically consumes. Side effects - very rapid heart rate, diuresis, insomnia, nervousness, diarrhea, anxiety.
Caffeine
Used in endurance events lasting 60 to 90 minutes or longer in order to maintain pace and delay fatigue. Change training regimen and modify diet to eat more complex carbohydrates than normal in order to store additional glycogen in muscles and liver to provide extra energy. Pre-event meal - 1 to 5 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight 1 to 4 hours prior to event
Carbohydrate Loading
Focuses on the assessments of cardiovascular functioning and on the effectiveness of various exercise programs in preventing cardiovascular disease and rehabilitating individuals suffering from the disease.
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Body's ability to deliver oxygen effectively to the working muscles to perform physical activity. Most important component of health fitness. Helps prevent hypokinetic disease. Concerned with the aerobic efficiency of the body. performance of an individual's activities diminshes greatly when sufficient oxygen cannot be provided by.. to working muscles
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Active in research and measurement, including anthropometry. Advocated for the "education of the physical" approach to physical education. School physical education's unique contribution to the education of the individual is organic and psychomotor development. Wrote Philosophical Bases for Physical Education.
Charles McCloy (1886-1959)
-Accounts of 70% of all deaths and 75% of health care costs each year -Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the most prevalent chronic diseases AND the number one and two causes of death in the U.S., respectively. -Cardiovascular disease is related to physical inactivity, poor nutrition, obesity, and tobacco use. -1/3 of cancer deaths are related to poor nutrition, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, and other lifestyle factors.
Chronic Disease in the U.S.
-1910 - articulates the four objectives of physical education as organic (fitness), psychomotor development, character development, and intellectual development. -Credited with inventing the phrase "new physical education" to describe Wood's approach.
Clark Hetherington (1870-1942)
Stable, predictable; self-paced EX: Diving 2 ½ somersault Bowling Driving golf ball off a tee
Closed Skills
muscle contracts and shorten's in length
Concentric contractions
Relaxing of the muscle to be stretched by contracting the opposite muscle (hamstrings/quadriceps)
Contract-relax Technique
Used in an effort to increase stores of muscle phosphocreatine and have more fuel available to support short, high intensity activity. Used in conjunction with a resistance training program to maximize muscle strength and increase fat-free mass. ACSM - creatine supplementation enhances exercise performance in events involving short periods of extremely powerful activity, especially during repeated efforts.
Creatine
differences associated with gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age, and ability/disability, but it can also be extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, veteran status, physical appearance, marital status, and parental status" (De Sensi)
Cultural diversity
influences an individual's health, beliefs, activities, access to care, adherence to programs, and treatment outcomes. So, it is IMPT. for professionals to reflect on their view of Cultural Diversity
Culture can...
A physical activity and performing art that gives participants, of all ages, an opportunity for aesthetic expression through movement.
Dance
Franz Nachtegall (1777-1847) - "father" of Danish gymnastics. -Worked with Danish public schools to incorporate PE into their curriculum. -Established a school to train teachers of gymnastics for the army and for the schools. -Gymnastics emphasized fitness and strength, with formalized exercises being performed on command
Denmark
Economic forces lead to cutbacks in PE programs and growth of recreational programs. Many gains achieved by physical education in the schools of the nation were lost Physical educators more involved in recreational programs for the unemployed. Growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate and women's programs. Charles McCloy (1886-1959) - advocated "education of the physical" and stressed the importance documenting results and measuring progress of using scientific data.
Depression Years (1930-1939)
-Medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and asthma must be taken into account. -Consider the participant's fitness needs and goals. -Activities selected should allow participants to achieve the desired fitness goals while maintaining interested and enjoyment. -Attention must be directed to educating participants about the principles of designing a personal exercise program, assessing their own fitness, and resolving personal fitness problems.
Developing a Fitness Program
Descriptions of common movement patters placed along a continuum, ranging from inefficient and ineffective to efficient and effective. Stages identify where each child is in relation to developing the proficient form of the skill Stages: -Initial -Emerging elementary -Proficient
Developmental Sequences Approach
Req. individual lie on the table while a machine scans alongside the body to yeild an estimate of the body's density as well as info about the amounts of fats stored in different parts of the body
Dual-energy X-Ray absorptiomtery
Study of mechanical factors that relate to systems in motion
Dynamics
Extensive interscholastic programs - controversy over programs for girls. Growth of intramural programs and emphasis on games and sports in our programs. Increased concern for the physically underdeveloped in our society. Playground movement. Higher standards for teacher training (4 year preparation). NCAA established to monitor collegiate athletics.
Early Twentieth Century (1900s-1940s)
muscle contract while gradually lengthening
Eccentric contractions
development of the body is the only emphasis.
Education of the physical
medium for the development of the total person.
Education through the physical
Enhanced through acceptance of one's feelings, appropriate expression of a wide range of emotions, and effective stress management
Emotional
Number of calories taken into the body as food minus number of calories expended. Caloric Expenditure: Neutral balance Caloric intake equals expenditure. Positive balance More calories consumed than expended. Negative balance More calories are expended than consumed.
Energy Balance
With oxygen Lower rate of energy expenditure, longer period of time (more than 3 minutes)
Energy Production for Physical Activity- Aerobic system (2/2)
Without oxygen High energy expenditure, short time (6-60 seconds) dose not produce fatiguing by-products such as lactic acid
Energy Production for Physical Activity- Anaerobic system (1/2)
Hot and humid weather: Use extreme caution Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke Fluid replacement Adaptation Extreme cold weather: Heat conservation Hypothermia Frostbite
Environmental Considerations
can be changed, people may face obstacles doing so
Environmental factors
To have motion, the equilibrium of the body must be upset, which occurs when the forces acting on the body become unbalanced. A force is required to start a body in motion, slow it down, stop it, change the direction of its motion, or make it move faster.
Equilibrium
Increases in performance through enhancement of equipment design.
Equipment design
-Work-producing substances or phenomena believed to increase performance. -Used to enhance energy use, production, and/or recovery in quest for improved performance. Forms of Ergogenic Aids: Mechanical Psychological Pharmacological Physiological Nutritional
Ergogenic Aids
Concerned with issues of right and wrong, responsibility, and standards of conduct.
Ethics
Process of interpreting the information or data.
Evaluation
Examines the effects of exercise at the cellular level, specifically within the muscle cell.
Exercise Biochemistry
Studies the relationship between physical activity and mortality.
Exercise Epidemiology
The study of the effects of exercise on the body. Body's responses and adaptations to different exercises: -System to subcellular level -Acute (short term) to chronic (long term) adaptations Population served: -Elite performer -People of all ages and abilities
Exercise Physiology
the study of the effects of various physical demands, particularly exercise, on the structure and function of the body considered one of the largest and most popular areas of study within the realm of physical education and sport
Exercise Physiology
Frequency Number of sessions each week (i.e., how often). Intensity Degree of effort put forth during exercise (i.e., how hard). Time Duration of activity (i.e., how long). Type Mode of exercise being performed.
FITT Formula
Hispanic are the fastest growing racial and ethnic group as they are expected to comprise 25% of the population by 2050.
Fastest Growing Population Group
Fulcrum between the weight and the force
First class Lever
Maximum range of motion possible at a joint. Joint specific: better range of motion in some joints than in others. Can prevent muscle injuries and low-back pain. Decreased flexibility can be caused by: -Sedentary lifestyle (lack of use of muscles) -Age -High amounts of body fat -Stress Affected by the length that a muscle can stretch
Flexibility
distance from the fulcrum to the point of application of the force
Force arm
center or axis of rotation
Fulcrum
Fundamental motor skills are the foundation for development of more complex and specialized motor skills used in games, sports, dance, and fitness activities. Classification: -Locomotor -Nonlocomotor -Manipulative Rate of progress in developing these skills varies with each individual. Several fundamental motor skills can be combined to create a specialized movement necessary in an activity. Lack of development of fundamental skills may hinder future participation in activities.
Fundamental Motor Skills
Basedow (1723-1790) - designed physical education programs for school students based on philosophy of naturalism; first school in modern Europe that included PE as part of the educational curriculum. Guts Muths (1759-1839) - extensive program of outdoor gymnastics; stressed the value of physical education in the development and education of children. Jahn (1778-1852) - Turnverein movement to mold youth into strong, hardy citizens capable of overthrowing foreign control. Spiess (1810-1858) - advocated for the inclusion of gymnastics within the school curriculum; emphasis on professions, use of trained teachers, and contribution of gymnastics to total development of child.
Germany's Leaders
Rapid growth since the passage of Title IX in 1972. Changes in governance of intercollegiate sports. Challenges to Title IX. Changes in physical education classes following passage of Title IX.
Girls and Women in Sport
-Understand how motor skills are learned -Understand how motor skills are controlled -Understand how learning and control of motor skills changes across the lifespan
Goals of Motor Behavior
Primary Goal -improve the well-being and quality of life of individuals who participate in our programs. Main Purpose -provide people with the skills, knowledge, and attitudes to participate in regular physical activity throughout their lifespan.
Goals of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games, sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time. "New" physical education emphasized contribution to the total development of the individual; "education through the physical" vs. "education of the physical". Calls for reform of collegiate athletics due to increasing professionalism, public entertainment, and commercialization. Women's programs increase staff, activities, required participation, and facilities.
Golden Twenties (1920-1929)
Home of outdoor sports and recreational pursuits. Maclaren (1920-1884) -Eager to make physical training a science; system adopted by the British Army. -Health is more important than strength. -Exercise adapted to the individual. -Physical education essential in school curriculum. Muscular Christianity Sport contributes to the development of moral character. -Reconciles sport and religion.
Great Britain
"Golden Age" of physical education and sport -Unity of the mind, body and spirit "Body beautiful" Areté - the pursuit of excellence Vital part of the education of every Greek boy National festivals-- Olympics
Greece
-Recommended to engage in moderate intensity exercise (2 hours and 30 minutes a week), vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (75 minutes a week), or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity each week. -Adults should engage in aerobic activity, such as brisk walking or gardening, in episodes of at least 10 minutes. -Adults should also partake in muscle strengthening activities twice a week.
Guidelines for Physical Activity- Adults (18-64)
-60 min of moderate physical activity daily and vigorous physical activity three times a week -Recommended to engage in muscle and bone strengthening activity 3 days a week.
Guidelines for Physical Activity- Children and Adolescents (6-17)
Persons with disabilities have fewer rates of vitality, lower rates of physical activity, and higher rates of obesity compared with persons without disabilities.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Disability
Activity limitation caused by chronic disease occurs three times more frequently among people whose income is low compared with those people with higher incomes. The overall death rate for adults with less than 12 years of education is more than twice the death rate for those with 13 or more years of education.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Education and Income
Enhanced cardiovascular function, including reduction of many cardiovascular disease risk factors. Increased ability to perform tasks of daily living. Reduced risk of muscle and joint injury. Improved work performance. Improved physical appearance, self-image, and sound mental health. Reduction of susceptibility to depression and anxiety. Management of stress. Increased socialization through participation in physical activities. Improved overall general motor performance. Increased energy. Resistance to fatigue. Mitigate the debilitating effects of old-age or retain a more desirable level of health for a longer period of time. Reduced risk of heart disease
Health Benefits
45.5 million people were members of a health club. 13.7 million health club members were between the ages of 18-34. 14 million health club members were between the ages of 35-54. 9.9 million health club members were aged 55 or older. Women represent slightly more health club members than men (54% versus 46%). 51% of the members have a household income greater than $75,000; 33% have a household income greater than $100,000. Only 9% of health club members have a household income of less than $25,000.
Health Club Memberships
Body composition Cardiorespiratory endurance Flexibility Muscular endurance Muscular strength
Health Fitness -- Physical Fitness
Healthy People 2020 - Improving the Health of Americans -Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. -Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. -Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. -Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation -In 2010, First Lady Michelle Obama, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, and U.S. Surgeon General Regina Benjamin called this report to action to help Americans lead healthier lives through better nutrition, regular physical activity, and improving communities to support healthy choices.
Health Goals of the Nation
Health care expenditures rose from $1.2 trillion in 1999 to $2.3 trillion in 2008 and are expected to reach $4.5 trillion in 2019. Cardiovascular disease - $368.4 billion in 2004 Obesity - $147 billion in 2008 Physical inactivity - $76 billion in 2000
Healthcare Costs
The goals and objectives shifted from an emphasis on the education of the physical to a focus on education through the physical (i.e., developmental model). 1883 - Thomas Wood - physical education should contribute to the complete education of the individual. 1910 - Clark Hetherington - 'father of modern physical education', viewed PE's contributions to organic, psychomotor, intellectual, and character education. 1964 - Charles Bucher - identified 4 developmental objectives for PE: physical, motor and movement, mental, and social development.
Historical Development
Increased teaching, research, and writing
Historical Development Biomechanics Era (mid-20th century)
Differentiation between kinesiology and biomechanics, and application of biomechanics to physical education and sport. walking focuses on the development of biomechanics
Historical Development Development of Biomechanics (1960s-present)
Application of mechanics to the study of movement Nils Posse: "The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics"
Historical Development Kinesiology Era (late 1800s- early 1900s)
Use of anthropometry to measure changes in students' development after training programs.
Historical Development- Late 1800's
Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper promotes aerobic exercise and its contribution to health; publishes Aerobics.
Historical Development-- 1968
ACSM: Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Prescription
Historical Development-- 1974
Increased understanding of the relationship between physical activity and health. 1996:Surgeon General's Report Physical Activity & Health
Historical Development-- 1980s and 90s
1st certification exams for Clinical Exercise Physiologists.
Historical Development-- 2000
Increased interest in fitness as a result of youth fitness tests and the results of the physicals of men in the military.
Historical Development-- After WWII
McKenzie ~ Investigating effects of exercise on various systems of the body and the idea of preventative medicine.
Historical Development-- Early 1900s
Research on the underlying biological processes guiding maturation. Focus on rate and sequences of motor development from infancy in terms of acquisition of rudimentary and mature movements
Historical Development-- Maturational Period (1928-1946)
-Craik focused research on how the brain processes and uses information to determine the motor response. -Henry - "Memory drum theory" (role of cognitive activity in motor learning)
Historical Development-- Middle Period (1940-1970)
Description of the motor performances of children. Research on how growth and maturation affect performance and the impact of perceptual-motor development.
Historical Development-- Normative/Descriptive Period (1946-1970s)
-Sport participation at all levels and within all segments of the population have exploded -Emergence of motor learning and motor control within physical education programs. -Closed Loop theory (Adams) -Schema theory (Schmidt) -Dynamical Systems theory (Kelso)
Historical Development-- Present Period (1970-present)
-Research focused on how the mind worked, not the production of skills. -Thorndike: Law of Effect - When responses were rewarded, the behavior was strengthened
Historical Development--Early Period (1880-1940)
Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sport's growth. Identify some of the outstanding leaders in the fields. Discuss recent developments in physical education, exercise science, and sport. Draw implications from history of our fields for the future of physical education, exercise science, and sport.
Historical Foundations
focuses on the whole person and encompasses the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions.
Holistic Health
they can determine the amount of physical activity necessary for the health benefits for different population groups
How can professionals and exercise physiologist contribute to the promotion of physical activity by older adults?
-Proper hydration is important for safety reasons and to improve performance. -Fluid replacement during exercise is associated with lower heart rate, body core temperature, and levels of perceived exertion. -Water - 4-6 ounces for every 15-20 minutes of exercise. -Sports and/or energy drinks - add fluid as well as replace lost electrolytes and supply additional carbohydrates
Hydration, Energy and Sports Drinks
Diseases caused by insufficient physical activity, often in conjunction with inappropriate dietary practices. EX: Coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, non-insulin diabetes, chronic back pain, and obesity.
Hypokinetic Diseases
Professionals should 'practice what they preach' (Corbin) by being role models and reflect a commitment to a healthy and physically active lifestyle. School-based programs must teach students the skills for lifetime participation and foster an appreciation for the value of fitness and physical activity. School and community physical activity programs should align with the Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation and the Physical Activity Guidelines. Programs for at-risk youths can increase well-being, enhance self-esteem, and teach important life skills (e.g., goal-setting, planning, and values development) Professionals must understand the inequities individuals have to navigate (e.g., low socioeconomic status) to be physical active and develop effective strategies to change these inequities. Need to expand public sector opportunities and make them available to people of all socioeconomic classes. Culturally competent professionals are needed to design and implement programs that are sensitive to the needs and values of different population groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities, females, and the aged.
Implications of the Fitness Movement
Americans show limited progress in achieving previous goals, objectives, and recommendations suggested by Healthy People and 'Calls to Action' from the nation's administration. School Physical Education -Need for strong, passionate spokespersons on behalf of PE and sport. -Must reverse the decline in the number of children participating daily in PE. -Should be an integral component of a comprehensive school health program. -Should provide the foundation for participation in physical activities throughout one's lifespan. School Settings -Offer worksite health promotion programs to the 5 million school employees. -Use the school as a community center during evening hours, on the weekend, and during the summer. Community: Offer more physical activity programs for older adults. Increase worksite health promotion programs, for employees at all levels, that include fitness, recreational activities, and health promotion programs. Continue to offer programs at commercial fitness clubs and community programs for individuals of all ages.
Implications of the Wellness Movement
Motor competence influences children's activity during elementary physical education class. (Spessato, Gabbard, and Valentini) Developing motor competency, especially for children with high BMI, can influence their participation and further skill development. Failure to acquire the proficient form of the skill can adversely impact the development of more specialized skills in the later years. Poorly developed motor skills serve as a "proficiency barrier" to the development of more sport-specific skills. (Clark)
Importance of Motor Competence
Decreasing percentage of fat. -Decrease caloric intake through diet. -Increase caloric expenditure through physical activity and exercise. -Moderate decrease in caloric intake and moderate increase in caloric expenditure. Follow sound practices. -Obsession with weight loss, in conjunction with many other factors, may contribute to the development of an eating disorder.
Improving Body Composition
Backgrounds, abilities, intelligence, learning styles, and personalities of learners.
Individual differences
Input -> Decision Making -> Output -> Feedback -> input (loop)
Information-Processing Model
Computers -Simulation -Analysis Motion capture High speed imaging Stroboscopy Videography Anthropometry Timing devices Electrogoninometry Electromyography Dynamography Telemetry (CH 6 Pgs 199-202)
Instruments
duration of the activity decreases..
Intensity of an activity increases...
Contractions are performed at a constant velocity.
Isokinetic Exercises
Muscle exerts force against an immovable object. (+ no equipment required, - strength is devloped only at a specific joint angle, not through the entire range of motion) Static contraction develop strength at a specific joint angle to enhance a particular movement or for injury rehabilitaion
Isometric Exercises
Force is generated while the muscle is changing in length. Concentric and eccentric contractions.
Isotonic Exercises
-Physical education should give students the ability to use their leisure time in a worthy manner. -Recreational skills for enjoyment throughout the lifespan.
Jay B. Nash (1886-1965)
-Advocate of "education through the physical" philosophy of physical education. -Stressed the development of social responsibility and moral values through physical education and athletics. -1927 - Principles of Physical Education.
Jesse F. Williams (1886-1966)
time and space - velocity and acceleration
Kinematics
Scientific study of human movement Anatomical and physiological elements that carry out movements Purposes of kinesiology: -Move safely -Move effectively -Move efficiently
Kinesiology
forces such as gravity and muscles
Kinetics
Relatively permanent change in behavior or performance as a result of instruction, experiences, study, and/or practice. Inferred from changes in performance. Motor behavior is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan. -Motor learning -Motor control -Motor development
Learning
Mechanical device used to produce a turning motion around a fixed point called an axis. 3 Components: -Fulcrum -Fore Arm -Resistance Arm
Lever
Life expectancy for the U.S. population rose to 78.7 years; with whites and women outliving blacks and men by over 4 years. This compares to 47.3 years in 1900 and 68.2 years in 1950.
Life Expectancy 2011
Movement in a straight line and from one point to another.
Linear Motion
Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, leaping, sliding, skipping, galloping, dodging
Locomotor
Reality is determined by an individual's experiences. An individual's experiences and choices create a uniquely personal worldview and affect their perception of reality. Emphasizes the freedom of individuals to think as they choose and to make choices, but stresses that they must accept the consequences of their actions. Creativity, individuality, self-responsibility, and self-awareness are important aspects of this philosophy.
Major Philosophies - Existentialism
Emphasizes the development of the full potential of each individual. Focuses on personal growth, self-actualization, and the development of values. Considers the feelings, needs, goals, capabilities, and limitations of individuals.
Major Philosophies-- Humanism
Experiences - not realities or ideals - are the basis of truth. Reality differs from person to person. Whatever works in a given situation at a given time is seen as successful. Emphasizes social responsibility, problem-solving, consideration of individuals' needs and interests, development of individuals' social skills, and cooperation.
Major Philosophies-- Pragmatism
Examples: throwing, catching, striking, kicking, dribbling, volleying
Manipulative
Amount of matter possessed by an object
Mass
goniometer
Measurement of Flexibility
Hydrostatic weighing Skinfold measurements Body mass index (BMI) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Bioelectrical impedance Pg. 234
Measuring Body Composition
Characterized by sound decision-making skills, intellectual growth, and high self-esteem.
Mental
Impact of WW II physical training programs. Physical fitness movement. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Athletics Increased opportunities for girls and women. Increased interest in lifetime sports. Sport programs below high school level increased. Increased number of intramural programs. Professional preparation Colleges and universities increase programs for teachers American College of Sports Medicine (1954) National Athletic Trainers' Association (1950) Programs for individuals with disabilities Special Olympics (1968) Research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized
Mid-Twentieth Century (1940-1970)
views the mind and body as a fused, unified entity; neither one is superior to the other.
Monism
Newton's First Law Law of Inertia "An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." Newton's Second Law Law of Acceleration "The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object" Newton's Third Law Law of Action and Reaction "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object."
Motion
A condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal. Concern with initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior.
Motivation
Neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements
Motor Control
Origins of and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan and affected by the movement task, individual biology, and environment conditions
Motor Development
Studies the factors that influence the development of abilities essential to movement
Motor Development
... "progressive change in motor behavior throughout the life cycle brought about by interaction among the requirements of the movement task, the biology of the individual, and the conditions of the learning environment."(Gallahue, Ozman, and Goodway) To fully understand motor development we must understand the ongoing interaction between the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains throughout our lifespan (Payne and Issacs) According to Gallahue and his colleagues, the study of motor development can be undertaken from both a process and a product approach. From the process perspective, "motor development involves the study of the underlying biological, environmental, and task demands that influence change in motor behavior from infancy through older adulthood." From the product perspective, "motor development may be regarded as descriptive or normative change over time and is typically viewed as age-related changes in motor behavior and motor performance."
Motor Development Defined
Structure practice sessions to promote optimal conditions for learning. Help learners understand the skill or task. Design practice according to the skill or task to be learned and the environment in which it is going to be performed (e.g., open versus closed skill)
Motor Learning Concepts
Whether to teach by the whole or the part method depends on the skill and the learner. Whether speed or accuracy is emphasized in teaching a skill depends on the requirements of the skill. Transfer of learning can facilitate the acquisition of motor skills. Feedback is essential for learning. -Knowledge of results (KR) -Knowledge of performance (KP) Learners may experience plateaus in learning. Promote the development of self-analysis. Leadership influences the amount of learning.
Motor Learning Concepts
Muscular strength is the ability of a muscle or a muscle group to exert a single force against a resistance. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force repeatedly or over a period of time. Maintenance of proper posture; protect joints. Production of power to enhance performance. Use it or lose it!
Muscular Strength and Endurance
Charles Beck (1798-1866) 1825 - introduced German gymnastics to his students at the Round Hill School. Charles Follen (1796-1840) 1826 - organized exercise classes based on the German system for his students at Harvard University. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) 1828 - developed a program of calisthenics performed to music, which included Swedish exercises, to improve the health and vitality of her students at the Hartford Female Seminary. 1839 - Invention of baseball 1851 - first national Turnfest held in Philadelphia. 1852: First intercollegiate competition: a crew race between Harvard and Yale. Intercollegiate athletics becomes increasingly common on college campuses. Horseracing, foot races, rowing, and gambling on sport events were popular
National Period (1784-1861)
Examples: bending, stretching, pushing, pulling, twisting, turning, swinging
Nonlocomotor
MyPlate offers guidelines for eating a balanced diet. Current U.S. diet is too high in fat, cholesterol, sugar, and sodium while lacking in carbohydrates and fiber. Carefully monitor caloric intake AND caloric expenditure. Special diets for special situations.
Nutrition
Nutrients: carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins Minerals water Maintaining water balance important. Well-balanced diet necessary to obtain all the nutrients required by the body.
Nutrition and Fitness
Rebirth of the Olympics in 1896. Politicization of the Olympic Games. "Fairness" issues in the Olympics. Evolving definitions of amateurism. Commercialization of the Olympics.
Olympics
Variable, unpredictable; externally-paced EX: Hitting tennis forehand in a match Defending a player during a soccer game Offensive play in rugby game
Open Skills
Youth Obesity in 2009-2010 (estimated) -12.1% of children ages 2-5 -18.0% of children ages 6-11 -18.4% of adolescents ages 12-19 The biggest and most concerning change that has occurred with children's and adolescents' weight is that in 2003-2004 the results were based on overweight; however, the numbers reported above demonstrate a significant increase in obese children and adolescents. 80% of overweight and obese children and adolescents are becoming overweight and obese adults
Overweight and Obesity in Youth
Studies the response of the body to exercise during childhood, including the effects of growth and maturation and how responses differ between children and adults.
Pediatric Exercise
Improvement Consistency Stability Persistence Adaptability Reduction in Attention Demands
Performance Characteristics and Skill Learning
Agility Balance Coordination Speed Reaction Time Power
Performance/Skill Fitness -- Physical Fitness
love of wisdom set of beliefs relating to a particular field system of values by which one lives of works helps individuals address problems that confront them throughout the use of critical thinking, logical analysis, and the reflective appraisal
Philosophy
How your body functions, freedom from disease, being active on a regular basis, following sound nutritional practices, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting sufficient sleep.
Physical
under stand the different level of activities and their benefits
Physical Activity Pyramid
Influenced by European ideals: Systems of gymnastics (exercises) Philosophies of physical education Influence of Ancient Asian cultures: Yoga Martial arts Relationships between the mind, body, and spirit
Physical Ed in U.S.
Ability of the body's systems to function efficiently and effectively. Individuals who are "physically fit" have the ability to: "carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies."
Physical Fitness
Expansion of the fitness movement and involvement in physical activity. Shift from performance- to health-related fitness to an emphasis on moderate-intensity physical activity. Physical inactivity recognized as a major health problem.
Physical Fitness and Participation in Physical Activity
Inactivity is a risk factor for several diseases. Individuals who lead a sedentary lifestyle have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. -Inactive individuals have almost twice the risk of CHD as those who are active. -The degree of risk is similar to cigarette smoking, hypertension, and obesity.
Physical Inactivity and Health
Threshold of Training -Minimal level of exercise needed to achieve desired benefits. Target Zone -Defines the upper limits of training and the optimal level of exercise. Needs and goals of the individual -Program should meet the goals of the individual. FITT Formula
Planning a Fitness Program
Ratio of force to the area over which force is applied
Pressure
As fitness increases, gains achieved become less and less as individuals approach limits of adaptability. EX: When improvements in fitness become less, maintenance of fitness becomes important
Principle of Diminishing Returns
Individuals respond differently to exercise and will vary in their rate of improvement and levels of achievement.
Principle of Individuality
To gain improvements in health and fitness, an increased workload must be placed on the body.
Principle of Overload
Overload should be applied gradually, and steadily increased as the body adapts.
Principle of Progression
Rest allows the body to recover and adapt to the changes placed on it.
Principle of Recovery
"Use it or lose it - inactivity leads to gradual erosion of benefits achieved.
Principle of Reversibility
Training must occur with the specific muscle or body part the person is attempting to improve.
Principle of Specificity
Safety is paramount. -more important than anything else; supreme.
Principles of Safety
Produced by the actions of muscles. The stronger the muscles, the more force the body can produce.
Production of Force
1963- AAHPERD forms Kinesiology Section; becomes the Biomechanics Academy in 1993 1973- International Society of Biomechanics 1976- American Society of Biomechanics 1982- International Society for Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS) Journals: 1968: Journal of Biomechanics 1985: Journal of Applied Biomechanics 2002: Sports Biomechanics (ISBS)
Professional Development
Develop programs that incorporate the values, traditions, and customs of the cultural group. Respect individual rights, use effective communication skills that convey respect and sensitivity, and appreciate how diversity enriches our lives.
Professionals need to...
Federal Legislation: 1973 - PL 93-122 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1975 - PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 1978 - PL 95-696 Amateur Sports Act of 1978 1986 - PL 99-457 Education for All Handicapped Children Amendments 1990 - PL 101-336 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990 - 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act 1998 - PL 105-277 Olympic and Amateur Sports Act Paralympics
Programs for Individuals with Disabilities
Objectives focus on the acquisition of basic movements and perceptual abilities and emphasizes the development of fitness and highly skilled movements. Motor skill development Physical fitness development
Psychomotor Domain
Diagnosis Placement Monitoring of progress Determination of achievement Motivation Program Improvement Leadership effectiveness
Purposes of Assessment
Produced through the observation of the mover
Qualitative Analysis -- biomechanical
1. Position yourself to see the critical components of the skill. Use multiple vantage points. 2. Observe performance several times to identify consistent performance problems. 3. Use the whole-part-whole observation method. 4. Focus both on the performer and the implement. 5. Evaluate the overall effectiveness of the movement. 6. Use a performance checklist to guide your efforts
Qualitative Analysis ~ Observation Suggestions
Produced through the use of instruments.
Quantitative Analysis -- biomechanical
To help students develop life-long health habits, schools should provide appealing healthy food options including fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, water and low-fat beverages. School systems should also require nutrition standards and daily physical education for students.
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Creating Healthy Schools
Employers can implement wellness programs that promote healthy eating in cafeterias, encourage physical activity through group classes and create incentives for employees to participate
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Creating Healthy Work Sites
It is estimated that more than 12 million children ages 0-6 receive some form of child care on a regular basis from someone other than their parents. Parents should talk with their child care providers about changes to promote their children's health.
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Creating healthy child care settings
Change starts with the individual choices Americans make each day for themselves, their families and those around them. Reducing the consumption of sodas and juices with added sugars; eating more fruits, vegetables and whole grains; limiting television time; and being more physically active help us achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Healthy Choices and Healthy Home Environments
Neighborhoods and communities should become actively involved in creating healthier environments. The availability of supermarkets, outdoor recreational facilities, and the limitation of advertisements of less healthy foods and beverages are all examples of ways to create a healthier living environment.
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Improving our Communities
Medical care providers must make it a priority to teach their patients about the importance of good health. Doctors and other health care providers are often the most trusted source of health information and are powerful role models for healthy lifestyle habits.
Recommendations from Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy & Fit Nation-- Mobilizing Medical Communities
Study of the movement patterns of people who are injured or who have a disability.
Rehabilitation mechanics
Using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring. May be positive or negative.
Reinforcement
distance from the fulcrum to the weight on which the force is acting
Resistance arm
-Physician, physical educator, and noted artist-sculptor. -Helped develop physical education programs for individuals with disabilities. -Authored many books, including Exercise in Education and Medicine
Robert Tait McKenzie (1867-1938)
Exercise for health and military purposes. Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome after the conquest of Greece but were not popular. -Rome did not believe in the "body beautiful" -Preferred to be spectators rather than participants -Preferred professionalism to amateurism. Exciting "blood sports": -Gladiatorial combats and chariot races -"Duel to the death" or satisfaction of spectators.
Rome
Input [for more information go to page 148]
Ron, the CEO of a publishing firm, receieves a report on his partner and subordinate which he reads through carefully. Ron is in the___ state of information processing
-Advocate of "education through the physical" - carefully designed programs of physical education could contribute to the development of the whole person. -Prolific writer.
Rosalind Cassidy (1895-1980)
Movement of a body around a center of rotation - the axis.
Rotary motion
While more than 170 million Americans are active in a fitness, team sports, recreational, or outdoor endeavor, nearly 45 million are only casually active and more than 60 million Americans are not active at all. The two fitness machine categories which generate the most sales are treadmills ($870 million) and elliptical machines ($687 million). Some of the top 10 fitness activities include: walking (111 million), bowling (57 million), treadmill (51.4 million), weight training (50+ million), running/jogging (44 million), fishing (41 million), bicycling (40.1 million), and stretching (36.3 million). Among 'core' participants (those who participate 50 days or more a year), nearly 30% of fitness participants were 55 years of age or older. Fitness sales (wholesale) reached 71.8 billion in 2009, which included 28.2 billion for sports apparel, 12.3 billion for athletic footwear, over 20.2 billion for sporting goods equipment, and 4.2 billion for exercise equipment.
SGMA Expenditure and Participation
How does the type and frequency of feedback impact skill acquisition? How does the structure of practice influence the retention of skills? What can be done to facilitate the transfer of previous learning to the learning of new skills? How does the aging process affect motor control? How do differences in individuals' learning styles influence their ability to learn motor skills?
Sample Research Questions
Recognition of the critical role school PE plays in achieving national health goals. Fitness status and physical activity of children and youth is a concern. Congressional support for high-quality, daily physical education is needed. National Content Standards offer a national framework that emphasize student learning. Emergence of new curricular models.
School Physical Education
Weight is between the fulcrum and the force
Second class Lever
number of repetitions performed without rest.
Set
Growth of the discipline Franklin Henry in 1964 calls for the study of the 'academic discipline' of physical education. During 1970s knowledge base expands and subdisciplines emerge. Debate about the primary focus of the field; in late 1990s there is a growing consensus that the focus should be physical activity. 1989 - American Academy of Physical Education changes its name to the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Ongoing debate about what is the best name for the discipline. Disease prevention and health promotion: Healthy People Objectives for the Nation Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health Healthy People 2000 Healthy People 2010 Legislation promoting opportunities for girls and women, and people with disabilities. Increased technology.
Significant Recent Developments
Emphasizes the development of interpersonal skills and healthy, fulfilling relationships as well as contributing to the welfare of others and one's community.
Social
New developments occurred such as scholarly journals and conferences; college courses, undergraduate majors, and graduate programs (e.g., sport studies, athletic training, exercise science, cardiac rehabilitation).
Specialization and Integration
Reflects a sense of purpose in life and living life in accordance to one's beliefs and values.
Spiritual
Emerged as a subdiscipline in the late 1960s and early 1970s. "... field of scholarly inquiry with multiple and often intersecting foci, including exercise, the body, play, games, athletics, sports, physical recreations, health, and leisure." (Struna) How has the past shaped sport and its experiences today? 1973: North American Society for Sport History held its first meeting.
Sport History
Critical examination of the past with a focus on events, people, and trends that influence the development and direction of the feild
Sport History--definition
The lower the center of gravity to the base of support, the greater the stability. The nearer the center of gravity to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body. Stability can be increased by widening the base of support.
Stability
Study of factors relating to nonmoving systems or those characterized by steady motion, such as center of gravity in positions of balance center of gravity ex more stable: runner leaning forward
Statics
Serve as a guide for professionals in planning for learning outcomes and achievement of desired goals. Organizes educational objectives in a progressive hierarchy, from low to high, using developmental theories as a basis for formulating objectives.
Taxonomies
Computer technology and sophisticated research equipment. Contributed to record-breaking achievements for elite athletes in nearly all sports. Facility improvement. User-friendly technology such as heart rate monitors provide more specific information about individuals' physical activity.
Technology
Technology will continue to drive the advancement of knowledge. Use of multidisciplinary teams will facilitate integration of data from various sources. Increased understanding of human movement will help professionals design solutions to remediate problems for people of all ages and abilities.
The Future
Phenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levels. Youth sports involve more than 25 million children. Interscholastic sports involve more than 7 million boys and girls. -Trend is toward early specialization. Intercollegiate sports involves over 400,000 athletes (male and female). -Growth of sport as "big business" in some institutions. Growth of recreational sport leagues and amateur sports for adults of all ages. Professional sports continue to expand including professional leagues for women.
The Growth of Sport
Called for the development of a "new" program of physical education, initially called "Natural Gymnastics". His vision for "new" physical education calls for a program with an: "aim as broad as education itself... The great thought in physical education is not the education of physical nature, but the relationship of physical training to complete education , and then the effort to make the physical contribute its full share to the life of the individual ..."
Thomas Dennison Wood (1864-1951)
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
Title IX
Balance calories to manage weight through appropriate eating and physical activity practices. Reduce the amount of sodium, saturated fats, and sugars that are consumed and limit alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks per day. Increase the amount of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk, dietary fiber, seafood and other proteins, and oils consumed per day/week. Build a healthy eating pattern/plan.
U.S. Dietary Guidelines - 2010
state of optimal health and well-being in which an individual's physical, emotional, social, mental, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health are in balance.
Wellness
Physical Emotional Social Mental Spiritual Environment
Wellness Dimensions
Physical educators developed conditioning programs for armed forces. After the war, health statistics revealed that the nation was in poor shape (1/3 of men were physically unfit for armed service). Growth and upgrade of PE programs in schools following war due to legislation in some states.
World War I (1916-1919)
... is reflected in your actions as a professional, the manner in which you handle the responsibility of being a role model, and mirrored in your behaviors toward and interactions with the people you serve. ... can serve as a guide in making ethical decisions as you confront many issues and problems within the field. ... can help solidify your commitment to your profession and offer you a direction for your efforts. ... is a dynamic process and will likely change as you mature and gain experience in the field.
Your professional philosophy
an organized body of knowledge collectively embraced in a formal course of learning. -theoretical and scholarly as distinguished from technical and professional. W/O demonstration or requirement of application -has a focus, conceptual framework that provides structure to the field, a unique scope in comparison to other fields and distinct scholarly methods and modes of inquiry leading to the advancement of knowledge and deeper understanding
academic discipline
physical activities requiring a lower rate of energy expenditure over a longer time
aerobic metabolism
concerned with the measurement of the human body. lenghth, width, diameter, circumference (girth), and surface area of the body and its segments are measured
anthropometry
refers to highly organized, competitive sports engaged in by skillful participants
athletics
can change. individuals taking personal responsibility for their health
behavioral factors
electrodes attached to an indivdual's body at the wrist and ankle and a low level electrical current is sent through the body
bioelectrical impedance analysis
critical to the production of energy in the body
carbohydrates
plays a complex, significant role in the health and well being of people of all ages
culture
ongoing process of learning that occurs throughout our lifespan, takes place in a variety of settings, and is not limited to a specific age group.
education
affected the development of physical education pedagogy
educational research
measure the electrical activity produced by a muscle group f
electromyography
scientific analysis of exercise or physical activity, specifically how peoples movements develop and change across their lifespan and further expand their understanding of how people learn motor skills.
exercise science
Sam wishes to get a job to satisfy his family's basic needs
external motive of learning example
an academic discipline consists of a conceptual framework that provides structure
field
Concerns itself with the total well-being of the individual, encompassing physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual health.
health
efficiently through the prevention and remediation of disease
health fitness
sudden collapse, unconcsiousness, rapid pulse, relatively dry skin from lack of sweating, and core body temp of 106+ dF PG. 245
heat stroke
anabolic steroids
illegal drugs
Focuses on the examination of ideas in an orderly and systematic way and how ideas relate to each other.
logic
220-age pg 228
maximal heart rate
page 230
maximum oxygen consumption
weight belts and breathing strips
mechanical aids
includes the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, the development and maintenance of fitness for optimal health and well being, the attainment of knowledge about physical activities, and the fostering of positive attitudes conductive to lifelong learning and lifespan participation
physical education
blood doping and oxygen supplementation
physioogical aids
stress management and hypnosis
psychological aids
Self-chosen activities that provide a means of revitalizing and refreshing one's body and spirit
recreation and leisure
study of movement patterns of people who are injured or have a disability
rehabilitation biomechanics
development of qualities that enhance the performance of physical activities
skill related physical fitness / performance related
well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participations are motivated by internal and external rewards
sport
-an occupation requiring specialized training in an intellectual field of study that is dedicated to the betterment of society through service through others -bachelor's degree required learn about the theoretical aspects of the field, skill development, and engage in practical experiences -committed to promoting lifespan physical activity for all members in society, benefits health of nation
the profession