FSHN 120 Exam 4
Approximately how long would a person's life be prolonged if he or she did not start consuming a Calorie-restricted diet until the age of 55 years? 1 year 5 years 4 months 10 years
4 months
Janie is four years old. What serving size of green beans would you recommend for her? 3 tablespoons 6 tablespoons 2 tablespoons 4 tablespoons
4 tablespoons
Around what age does bone reabsorption happen more rapidly than bone formation? 10 20 60 40
40
The carbohydrate intake for toddlers should be about ______ of total energy intake. 45 to 65 percent 30 to 45 percent 50 to 70 percent 15 to 30 percent
45 to 65 percent
In the United States, women comprise about ______ of osteoporosis sufferers. 75 percent 80 percent 90 percent 60 percent
80 percent
Overweight in children is defined as having a BMI in what percentile range? 75th-84th 85th-94th 95th-99th 100th and above
85th-94th
Enterotoxins damage the ________ system. nervous gastrointestinal respiratory circulatory
gastrointestinal
The addition of iodine to table salt has decreased the incidence of hepatitis A. mad cow disease. goiter. typhoid fever.
goiter
Which of the following BEST describes the "Milk Matters" campaign? media literacy curriculum for adolescent girls that promotes healthy body images government campaign to encourage teens to consume more milk and dairy foods nationwide initiative that aims to improve the calcium intake among senior citizens fundraising campaign to supplement financial revenues lost when vending machines are banned from public schools
government campaign to encourage teens to consume more milk and dairy foods
Side effects of the non-nutritive supplement ginkgo biloba include ____. headache and dizziness arrhythmia diabetes decreased appetite
headache and dizziness
Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? heart liver skin kidneys
heart
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with vitamin A toxicity in older adults? hip fractures heart disease liver damage neurologic problems
heart disease
Flash pasteurization destroys microorganisms in a beverage or other food by adding an inert gas, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, to the food packaging. subjecting the food to extremely high pressure for 30 seconds. heating the food to 162°F for 15 seconds. exposing the food to gamma rays.
heating the food to 162°F for 15 seconds.
Muscle spasms and convulsions can be caused by ______. high blood phosphorus levels vitamin D deficiency excessive fluoride consumption low blood sugar
high blood phosphorus levels
The bioavailability of calcium from spinach is limited because of the leafy green's high vitamin C content. low calcium content. low protein content. high levels of oxalates.
high levels of oxalates.
Adolescent acne is caused by: lack of adequate fluid intake consumption of chocolate hormonal changes eating fatty foods
hormonal changes
Which of the following is associated with behavioral and learning problems in school-aged children? trans fat hunger sugary snacks overweight
hunger
An elevated level of blood sodium is called hypocalcemia hypernatremia hypercalcemia hyponatremia
hypernatremia
An elevated level of blood sodium is called hypernatremia. hypocalcemia. hyponatremia. hypercalcemia.
hypernatremia.
Selenium is a trace mineral that appears to play a role in _____ function. immune digestive sexual brain
immune
The antibiotic-resistant bacteria that is thought to result from the use of antibiotics in animals is known as E. coli. MRSA. Salmonella. botulism.
MRSA
What does research in exercise-induced leanness suggest about extending the life span? Exercise-induced leanness increases the risks for osteoporosis and fractures, reducing life span. Maintaining overall energy balance helps prolong life span. Calorie restriction is the most important element in prolonging life span. People genetically predisposed toward a lean body type live longer.
Maintaining overall energy balance helps prolong life span.
Who is at greatest risk for vitamin E deficiency? people with liver or gallbladder diseases vegetarians people with diabetes pregnant women
People with liver or gallbladder diseases
Which is the best food source of beta-carotene? blueberries salmon pumpkin pie cheddar cheese
Pumpkin Pie
Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them
True
Bacteria and viruses cause the majority of food infections. (t or f)
True
Due to the additional losses via the menstrual cycle, adolescent girls require more iron than do adolescent boys.
True
Guinea pigs and humans are two groups that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must consume it in their diet.
True
It is unsafe to thaw frozen foods on the kitchen counter (at room temperature). (t or f)
True
Preservatives and colorings are derived from both natural and synthetic sources.
True
The FDA requires that all irradiated food display the Radura symbol and a warning against additional irradiation. (t or f)
True
The USDA organic seal on a product indicates that the food contains at least 95% organic ingredients. (t or f)
True
The family of vitamin K compounds is referred to as quinones. (t or f)
True
There are very few natural food sources of vitamin D
True
Toddlers need a higher percentage of protein intake per body weight than older children. (t or f)
True
Which of the following cancer treatments is a drug therapy? chemotherapy catheterization radiation surgery
chemotherapy
Which of the following produces a neurotoxin? Salmonella Clostridium botulinum hepatitis A Norwalk virus
Clostridium botulinum
Selenium is the only mineral with a known antioxidant function.
False
The current RDA for vitamin D meets the health needs of a majority of Americans.
False
The key macronutrient for the development of the nervous system during the toddler and preschool years is carbohydrate. (t or f)
False
There has never been a reported case of mad cow disease in the United States. (t or f)
False
Which of the following causes cervical cancer? HPV parasites HIV H. pylori
HPV
Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for skin cancer? exposure to tanning beds before age 35 having had five or more sunburns exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays HPV exposure
HPV exposure
Toddlers should be monitored for _____ as new foods are introduced. new food dislikes ease of digestion allergic reactions alertness and sleepiness
allergic reactions
The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is gamma-tocopherol. alpha-tocopherol. beta-tocopherol. delta-tocopherol.
alpha-tocopherol
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a food borne illness? illness caused by ingesting food or water containing a toxic substance illness caused by ingesting a water-borne microorganism an illness caused by ingesting a food with bacteria or other infectious agent an illness caused by an allergic reaction to a food
an illness caused by an allergic reaction to a food
Growth hormones and antibiotics are used in _____. organic meat and dairy products animals raised for food food crops wild animal populations
animals raised for food
Free radicals damage the cell's mitochondria. are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes. are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke. are very stable atoms.
are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke.
Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include nosebleeds. night blindness. bleeding gums and loose teeth. dementia and dermatitis.
bleeding gums and loose teeth.
In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining blood coagulation. blood glucose levels. vitamin D production. blood calcium levels.
blood calcium levels
Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin C in the diet? making a salad with strawberries, kiwi fruit, cantaloupe, and orange slices serving corn chips with salsa eating raw red, green, and yellow peppers with a low-fat dip boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food
boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food
The majority of the body's magnesium is found in the blood. liver. bones. spleen.
bones
The original objective in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was to increase the nutrient composition of food. improve crop protection from pesticides and herbicides. increase the shelf life of foods. decrease the cost of food.
improve crop protection from pesticides and herbicides.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad? increase in estrogen production menstrual dysfunction inadequate caloric intake low bone density
increase in estrogen production
Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad? increase in estrogen production low bone density menstrual dysfunction inadequate caloric intake
increase in estrogen production
What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase? increased diagnostic tools inadequate treatment options increased longevity of the population decline in milk consumption
increased longevity of the population
Which of the following has been linked to the hormone-based supplement dehydroepiandroesterone (DHEA)? lower levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) increases in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) increased risk for certain types of cancer increased longevity
increased risk for certain types of cancer
Which of the following is NOT associated with eating a healthy breakfast? improved attention and memory improved overall attendance increased tardiness reduced math mistakes
increased tardiness
Osteoporosis can increase a person's risk for _______. infection cancer hypercalcemia hypocalcemia
infection
A nutritionally productive potential alternative to caloric restriction (CR) appears to be ______. group retreats focusing on health issues meditation intermittent fasting use of colonics and enemas
intermittent fasting
The RDA for which nutrient decreases with age, for women? vitamin D vitamin C calcium iron
iron
The fluid recommendations for older adults ________. increases initially decreases, then increases after about age 80 decreases is the same as for all adults
is the same as for all adults
Which of the following has been linked to human growth hormone (HGH) supplements? increased longevity joint and muscle pain lower blood cholesterol levels reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes
joint and muscle pain
Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of developing osteoporosis? smoking high caffeine consumption low dietary intake of calcium moderate alcohol consumption
moderate alcohol consumption
Two types of fungi are yeasts and ______. molds bacteria worms parasites
molds
The smallest physical units of a substance are molecules. free radicals. atoms. elements.
molecules
Which of the following is NOT an effect of excessive exposure to lead? learning and behavioral disorders in children neural tube defects cardiovascular disease in adults kidney disease in adults
neural tube defects
Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because a. newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula. b. the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores. c. newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K. d. breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
Which of the following is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States? prions fungi norovirus helminths
norovirus
One of the best things you can do to help prevent cancer is _________. get enough saturated fats into your diet to maintain a high body mass index (BMI) not to smoke not to worry too much about it
not to smoke
The type of cell responsible for the resorption of bone is osteoclast. trabecular. osteoblast. cortical.
osteoclast
Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with a. hypocalcemia. b. osteomalacia. c. kidney stones. d. rickets.
osteomalacia
Trabecular bone is ____ and accounts for about _____ of our skeleton. compact; 20 percent porous; 20 percent porous; 80 percent compact; 35 percent
porous; 20 percent
The use of anabolic steroids during adolescence can cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates. obesity. rapid growth spurts. significant increases in body fat.
premature closure of the epiphyseal plates
Mad cow disease is a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a(n) aflatoxin. prion. ciguatoxin. botulinum toxin.
prion
Phosphorus consumption has increased approximately 10 to 15% over the past 30 years. This is largely due to the increased consumption of a. water. b. meat. c. processed foods. d. milk
processed foods
A potential concern about genetic modification is ________. production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increased crop yields lack of expansion of the technologies into other areas none; there are no serious concerns about using genetic modification in the food supply
production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control and invade surrounding tissues? termination initiation progression promotion
progression
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a. promoting osteoclasts to break down bone b. maintenance of blood pressure c. transmission of nerve impulses d. muscle contraction
promoting osteoclasts to break down bone
The inactive forms of vitamins found in the body that must be converted to their active forms before they can be used are known as provitamins. antibodies. anticoagulants. prooxidants.
provitamins
The period of life when secondary sex characteristics develop and people are able to reproduce is called menopause. growth spurt. puberty. the epiphyseal stage.
puberty
The cancer-treatment method that uses electron beams, rays, and photons to kill cancer cells is called ____. chemotherapy surgery radiation mammogram
radiation
Which of the following preservatives are associated with negative health effects? humectants and texturizers stabilizers and emulsifiers desiccants and folate sulfites and nitrites
sulfites and nitrites
Most forms of cancer result in the formation of _________. blurry spots in front of the eyes delusions soft fingernails and toenails tumors
tumors
Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E? meat, fish, and poultry vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds milk and dairy products fruits and vegetables
vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds
Which of the following converts oxidized vitamin E into its active form? vitamin C vitamin D selenium iron
vitamin C
One of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent foodborne illnesses is to wash hands before handling food. cook foods to their proper temperature. separate foods to avoid cross-contamination. chill foods to prevent microbes from growing.
wash hands before handling food
Prevent food borne illness at home by ____. washing hands with warm water washing fruits and vegetables with soap or commercial washes washing hands with hot water allowing leftovers to cool to room temperature before refrigerating
washing hands with warm water
Good sources of fluoride include dental products and _______. sunshine citrus fruits supplements water
water
In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system and wound healing? vitamin C zinc calcium vitamin A
zinc
The RDA for carbohydrate for toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, teens, and adults is how many grams per day? 250 95 130 10
130
Infectious agents account for _____ of cancers worldwide. 10 percent 70 percent 18 percent 33 percent
18 percent
Food insecurity affects more than ______ of U.S. households with children. 50 percent 20 percent 5 percent 10 percent
20 percent
What type of calcium supplement contains the highest amount of calcium per dose? calcium citrate calcium phosphate calcium lactate calcium carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a Calorie-restricted (CR) diet? The reduced caloric intake results in reduced oxidative damage to DNA and other cells. Caloric restriction causes marked improvement in insulin sensitivity. Calorie restriction results in increased energy expenditure. The reduced metabolic rate results in a significantly lower production of free radicals.
Calorie restriction results in increased energy expenditure.
Which of these foods is the best source of vitamin E? Canola oil Greek yogurt Grilled chicken Salmon
Canola oil
Genetic modification alters the _____ of an organism to bring about specific changes. DNA environment size life span
DNA
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate weight control recommendation for an overweight 11-year-old? engage in noncompetitive physical activities decrease caloric intake by 1000 Calories a day exercise for at least one hour a day eat a healthful breakfast each morning
Decrease caloric intake by 1,000 Calories a day
Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant? K A E D
E
Acne is a symptom of a vitamin A deficiency. (t or f)
False
Alcohol has no adverse nutritional effects on adolescents. (t or f)
False
All antioxidants are water soluble.
False
Cortical bone is more sensitive than trabecular bone to changes in hormonal and nutritional factors.
False
Death rates due to hip fractures are higher in women than in men. (t or f)
False
Due to oxidative stress, older adults need to increase their consumption of both vitamin C and vitamin E. (t or f)
False
In the United States all genetically modified crops are clearly identified on the food label.
False
Organically grown foods are just as likely to be contaminated with pesticide residues as conventionally grown foods. (t or f)
False
Phosphorous deficiencies are common among adolescents and young adults.
False
Recent data from the CDC indicates that over half of the "young elderly" report participating in a regular program of vigorous activity. (t or f)
False
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to avoid allergies in children? if a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again. when introducing a new food, watch for any allergic reaction for a week before offering another new food. introduce new foods one at a time. rotate foods in the diet rather than serving them every day.
If a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again.
Which of the following is NOT related to the increased iron needs in adolescence? Muscle mass increases. Iron, in girls, is lost because of menstruation. Food choices are often inadequate in iron. Iron utilization slows down.
Iron utilization slows down.
Selenium deficiency had been associated with _________. night blindness Keshan disease. diabetes marasmus
Keshan disease
Which meal is likely to exceed the Upper Level (UL) for vitamin A? Three-egg omelet with toast Liver and onions with a glass of wine Grilled steak with spinach salad Tuna salad sandwich with an apple and soda
Liver and onions with a glass of wine
Which of the following is NOT a gender-specific factor affecting the risk of developing osteoporosis? a. Hormonal changes as men age do not affect bone density as dramatically as they do for women. b. Men have a lower absolute bone density than women. c. Women live longer than men. d. Men experience social pressure to lift weights to "bulk up."
Men have a lower absolute bone density than women.
Which of the following does NOT occur during the stage of cancer known as promotion? Mutated cells grow their own blood vessels. Mutated DNA takes over cells' genetic instructions. Mutated cells divide. Cancerous tumors grow.
Mutated cells grow their own blood vessels.
Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium? a. When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton. b. Calcium is a major mineral. c. Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance. d. Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
Which microorganism is the leading cause of foodborne infection in the United States? Salmonella Norovirus E. Coli Listeria monocytogenes
Norovirus
Which of the following statements about organic foods is not supported by recent research? organic food has fewer pesticides. organic foods tend to cost more than conventionally grown foods. organic food contains less antibiotic-resistant bacteria. organic food is more nutritious than congenitally grown food.
Organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown food.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium? Selenium is involved in the maintenance of basal metabolism and body temperature. Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin. Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system. Most selenium in our bodies is contained within two amino acids.
Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C? Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. Vitamin C helps the immune system by protecting white blood cells from oxidation. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce risk of chronic diseases. Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.
Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.
Previously known as the Food Stamp program, the new name for the USDA program that provides food assistance to families facing food insecurity is the Commodity Supplemental Food Program. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Nutrition Services Incentive Program. Child and Adult Care Program.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
What is the purpose of the GRAS list? To identify environmentally friendly practices for preserving biodiversity. To identify microorganisms most likely to cause foodborne illness. To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus. To alert consumers which organic foods to prioritize.
To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus.
How much beta-carotene is considered equivalent to one unit of vitamin A? twelve units two molecules six units one molecule
Twelve units
When do humans generally achieve peak bone density? a.Puberty b.Twenty to thirty years of age c.Thirty to thirty-five years of age d.Forty to forty-five
Twenty to thirty years of age
Which of the following is used as an antioxidant in many foods? nitrate vitamin C ginkgo cornstarch
Vitamin C
Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA because it could interact with the medication and cause uncontrollable bleeding? vitamin C vitamin E vitamin K vitamin D
Vitamin E
Tocopherol compounds are biologically active forms of ________. beta-carotene vitamin E vitamin C vitamin K
Vitamin E
Which of the following falls within the "danger zone" of foodborne illnesses? meat cooking on a hot outdoor grill soup simmering in a slow cooker set at low (200°F) a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature chicken thawing inside a properly functioning refrigerator
a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature
One of the side effects of using bisphosphonates is leg cramps abdominal pain mood swings heart palpitations
abdominal pain
Microorganisms that lack a true nucleus and have a chemical called peptidoglycan in their cell walls are called bacteria prions protozoa helminths
bacteria
Consumption of excessive vitamin A during pregnancy can result in _____ birth defects night blindness sterility cramps
birth defects
Which of the following is not a popular anti-aging supplement? beta-carotene vitamin C vitamin A calcium
calcium
What type of calcium supplement contains the highest amount of calcium per dose? calcium citrate calcium lactate calcium carbonate calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
Which of the following is NOT one of the secondary contributors responsible for the acne flare-ups that plague many adolescents? chocolate consumption personal hygiene emotional stress genes
chocolate consumption
Antioxidant minerals function as ______ within antioxidant enzyme systems. cofactors polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provitamins phytochemicals
cofactors
A protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue is _______. fatty fish calcium collagen adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
collagen
What type of cells is responsible for enabling us see in different colors? rod sphere cone pyramid
cone
The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet. consume 1,000 or fewer Calories per day. join a support group. exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer Calories than usual.
consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to: exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer Calories than usual. consume 1,000 or fewer Calories per day. join a support group. consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-tense diet
consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
Which of the following would NOT help reduce the risk for developing cancer? consuming foods containing phytoestrogens consuming nitrites and nitrates consuming intensely colored fruits and vegetables eating a diet low in saturated fat
consuming nitrites and nitrates
Antioxidant enzyme systems act by ______. converting free radicals to less damaging substances activating phytochemicals donating their electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals converting copper, zinc, and manganese into enzymes
converting free radicals to less damaging substances
Antioxidant enzyme systems act by ______. converting free radicals to less damaging substances. converting copper, zinc, and manganese into enzymes. activating phytochemicals. donating their electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals.
converting free radicals to less damaging substances
Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing cross-contamination? cutting different kinds of raw food with the same knife marinating raw food in the refrigerator separating raw and cooked foods washing utensils and cutting boards with soap and hot water
cutting different kinds of raw food with the same knife
Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that typically occurs as a person ages? decreased bone density decreased lean body mass decreased fat mass decreased taste and smell acuity
decreased fat mass
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides a measure of bone _______. a. growth b. placement c. density d. maturity
density
Which of the following techniques can assess the risk of fracture? bioelectrical impedance testing underwater weighing blood calcium assessment dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
A stroke or Parkinson's disease can impair the nutritional status of older adults by causing metabolic syndrome dysgeusia dysphagia a decline in intrinsic factor
dysphagia
An example of an action that decreases cancer risk is _________. including heterocyclic amines in the diet drinking two to three alcoholic beverages per day avoid foods with phytoestrogens eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables
eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables
The individual with the highest risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency is a(n) a. adult living in the northern United States. b. exclusively breastfed infant. c. elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure. d.adolescent female who consumes no milk or dairy products.
elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure.
Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of a toddler consuming more than 19 g of fiber a day? inhibited absorption of iron enhanced absorption of zinc damage to digestive tract premature satiation
enhanced absorption of zinc
If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? a. accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body b. hypercalcemia c. excess calcium excreted in the feces d. toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness
excess calcium excreted in the feces
A potential benefit of genetic modification is ________ improved human health increased biodiversity faster-growing crops decreased risk of allergens
faster-growing crops
People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency? carbohydrate protein fat minerals
fat
Which of the following is NOT necessary to supplement a toddler's vegan diet?
fiber
What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy teeth formation? fluoride vitamin D sodium zinc
fluoride
Which of the following habits would LEAST likely promote longevity? dieting to maintain a healthful BMI moderate alcohol intake quitting smoking limiting physical activity to less than 20 minutes a day
limiting physical activity to less than 20 minutes a day
Which of the following carotenoids CANNOT be converted to vitamin A? beta-cryptoxanthin beta-carotene alpha-carotene lutein
lutein
In which phase of a woman's life cycle is bone loss the greatest? a. lactation b. menopause c. pregnancy d. puberty
menopause
Dowager's hump is one characteristic of osteoporosis. the female athlete triad. fluorosis. rickets.
osteoporosis.
Four factors affecting survival and reproduction of food microorganisms include temperature, humidity, acidity, and _________. water content nutrient content oxygen content hydrogen content
oxygen content
The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D is parathyroid hormone (PTH). insulin. calcitonin. cortisol.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A key challenge in establishing better understanding of the effects of caloric restriction (CR) is _________. getting people to accurately measure their food. it only appeals to a small range of people. nobody volunteers to provide human data. participants have difficulty following the diet and go off the program.
participants have difficulty following the diet and go off the program
The point in life at which our bones are the densest is called what? late adulthood bone density pubertal bone density peak bone density menopausal bone density
peak bone density
Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and _____ chloride sodium vitamin K phosphorus
phosphorus
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of regular physical activity for older adults? less risk of falls and fractures reduced risk of cancer a lower risk of hypertension and obesity a lower rate of depression and dementia
reduced risk of cancer
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescent eating habits? regular consumption of three meals per day soft drinks preferred over milk preference for fast food and convenience foods low intake of fruits and vegetables
regular consumption of three meals per day
The three active forms of vitamin A in our bodies are collectively referred to as the antioxidants. free radicals. carotenoids. retinoids.
retinoids
A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton? kyphosis osteomalacia rickets osteoporosis
rickets
Which of the following will increase the risk of exercise-related cardiac events in older adults? familiarity with signs of cardiac impairment (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain) rigorous exercise only on the weekends supervised warm-up and cool-down activities careful evaluation by a health care provider
rigorous exercise only on the weekends
The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is scurvy erythrocyte hemolysis night blindness Keshan disease
scurvy
The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is night blindness. scurvy. erythrocyte hemolysis. Keshan disease.
scurvy.
What medication is effective in treating osteoporosis because of its estrogen-like properties? bisphosphonates calcitonin thyroid hormone selective estrogen receptor modulators
selective estrogen receptor modulators
Which of the following minerals can function as an antioxidant? selenium fluoride chromium calcium
selenium
When preparing foods at home, you should always try to do the following: wash your hands and kitchen surfaces often, chill or freeze foods in storage, and ______. separate foods combine foods soak foods in warm water never eat anything more than 1-day old
separate foods
Vitamin A is essential to _______. sight hearing prooxidation heart function
sight
Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability? a. kale b. turnip greens c. spinach d. broccoli
spinach
Antioxidants work by ______ free radicals. destroying stabilizing reversing copying
stabilizing
Lifestyle and behavior can influence longevity. Which of the following is not one of the four major factors on risk for chronic disease and decreased longevity? Supplement use Tobacco use Lack of physical activity Poor nutrition
supplement use
The three major types of cancer treatment are radiation, chemotherapy, and ________. surgery psychotherapy meditation rest/relaxation
surgery
Intermittent fasting (IF) involves a reduction in average energy intake. increases in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). the alteration in patterns of food intake. an increase in blood glucose fasting levels.
the alteration in patterns of food intake.
Which of the following is NOT a proposed factor associated with the increase in vitamin D deficiency among Americans? a. the increase in the use of sunscreen products b. the increase in the rates of obesity, which alters the metabolism and storage of vitamin D c. the increased consumption of soft drinks d. the decreased consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk products
the increased consumption of soft drinks
Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in the liver the skeleton the kidneys adipose tissue
the skeleton
Our current assessment of whether caloric restriction (CR) increases life span is ______. research shows a strong correlation between CR and increased life span in humans research clearly supports that CR increases human life spans research clearly supports that CR does not increase life span there has not been enough research to support firm conclusions for humans and long-term affects are unknown
there has not been enough research to support firm conclusions for humans and long-term affects are unknown
