FSHN 120 Exam 4

Approximately how long would a person's life be prolonged if he or she did not start consuming a Calorie-restricted diet until the age of 55 years? 1 year 5 years 4 months 10 years

4 months

Janie is four years old. What serving size of green beans would you recommend for her? 3 tablespoons 6 tablespoons 2 tablespoons 4 tablespoons

4 tablespoons

Around what age does bone reabsorption happen more rapidly than bone formation? 10 20 60 40

40

The carbohydrate intake for toddlers should be about ______ of total energy intake. 45 to 65 percent 30 to 45 percent 50 to 70 percent 15 to 30 percent

45 to 65 percent

In the United States, women comprise about ______ of osteoporosis sufferers. 75 percent 80 percent 90 percent 60 percent

80 percent

Overweight in children is defined as having a BMI in what percentile range? 75th-84th 85th-94th 95th-99th 100th and above

85th-94th

Enterotoxins damage the ________ system. nervous gastrointestinal respiratory circulatory

gastrointestinal

The addition of iodine to table salt has decreased the incidence of hepatitis A. mad cow disease. goiter. typhoid fever.

goiter

Which of the following BEST describes the "Milk Matters" campaign? media literacy curriculum for adolescent girls that promotes healthy body images government campaign to encourage teens to consume more milk and dairy foods nationwide initiative that aims to improve the calcium intake among senior citizens fundraising campaign to supplement financial revenues lost when vending machines are banned from public schools

government campaign to encourage teens to consume more milk and dairy foods

Side effects of the non-nutritive supplement ginkgo biloba include ____. headache and dizziness arrhythmia diabetes decreased appetite

headache and dizziness

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? heart liver skin kidneys

heart

Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with vitamin A toxicity in older adults? hip fractures heart disease liver damage neurologic problems

heart disease

Flash pasteurization destroys microorganisms in a beverage or other food by adding an inert gas, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, to the food packaging. subjecting the food to extremely high pressure for 30 seconds. heating the food to 162°F for 15 seconds. exposing the food to gamma rays.

heating the food to 162°F for 15 seconds.

Muscle spasms and convulsions can be caused by ______. high blood phosphorus levels vitamin D deficiency excessive fluoride consumption low blood sugar

high blood phosphorus levels

The bioavailability of calcium from spinach is limited because of the leafy green's high vitamin C content. low calcium content. low protein content. high levels of oxalates.

high levels of oxalates.

Adolescent acne is caused by: lack of adequate fluid intake consumption of chocolate hormonal changes eating fatty foods

hormonal changes

Which of the following is associated with behavioral and learning problems in school-aged children? trans fat hunger sugary snacks overweight

hunger

An elevated level of blood sodium is called hypocalcemia hypernatremia hypercalcemia hyponatremia

hypernatremia

An elevated level of blood sodium is called hypernatremia. hypocalcemia. hyponatremia. hypercalcemia.

hypernatremia.

Selenium is a trace mineral that appears to play a role in _____ function. immune digestive sexual brain

immune

The antibiotic-resistant bacteria that is thought to result from the use of antibiotics in animals is known as E. coli. MRSA. Salmonella. botulism.

MRSA

What does research in exercise-induced leanness suggest about extending the life span? Exercise-induced leanness increases the risks for osteoporosis and fractures, reducing life span. Maintaining overall energy balance helps prolong life span. Calorie restriction is the most important element in prolonging life span. People genetically predisposed toward a lean body type live longer.

Maintaining overall energy balance helps prolong life span.

Who is at greatest risk for vitamin E deficiency? people with liver or gallbladder diseases vegetarians people with diabetes pregnant women

People with liver or gallbladder diseases

Which is the best food source of beta-carotene? blueberries salmon pumpkin pie cheddar cheese

Pumpkin Pie

Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them

True

Bacteria and viruses cause the majority of food infections. (t or f)

True

Due to the additional losses via the menstrual cycle, adolescent girls require more iron than do adolescent boys.

True

Guinea pigs and humans are two groups that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must consume it in their diet.

True

It is unsafe to thaw frozen foods on the kitchen counter (at room temperature). (t or f)

True

Preservatives and colorings are derived from both natural and synthetic sources.

True

The FDA requires that all irradiated food display the Radura symbol and a warning against additional irradiation. (t or f)

True

The USDA organic seal on a product indicates that the food contains at least 95% organic ingredients. (t or f)

True

The family of vitamin K compounds is referred to as quinones. (t or f)

True

There are very few natural food sources of vitamin D

True

Toddlers need a higher percentage of protein intake per body weight than older children. (t or f)

True

Which of the following cancer treatments is a drug therapy? chemotherapy catheterization radiation surgery

chemotherapy

Which of the following produces a neurotoxin? Salmonella Clostridium botulinum hepatitis A Norwalk virus

Clostridium botulinum

Selenium is the only mineral with a known antioxidant function.

False

The current RDA for vitamin D meets the health needs of a majority of Americans.

False

The key macronutrient for the development of the nervous system during the toddler and preschool years is carbohydrate. (t or f)

False

There has never been a reported case of mad cow disease in the United States. (t or f)

False

Which of the following causes cervical cancer? HPV parasites HIV H. pylori

HPV

Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for skin cancer? exposure to tanning beds before age 35 having had five or more sunburns exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays HPV exposure

HPV exposure

Toddlers should be monitored for _____ as new foods are introduced. new food dislikes ease of digestion allergic reactions alertness and sleepiness

allergic reactions

The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is gamma-tocopherol. alpha-tocopherol. beta-tocopherol. delta-tocopherol.

alpha-tocopherol

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a food borne illness? illness caused by ingesting food or water containing a toxic substance illness caused by ingesting a water-borne microorganism an illness caused by ingesting a food with bacteria or other infectious agent an illness caused by an allergic reaction to a food

an illness caused by an allergic reaction to a food

Growth hormones and antibiotics are used in _____. organic meat and dairy products animals raised for food food crops wild animal populations

animals raised for food

Free radicals damage the cell's mitochondria. are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes. are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke. are very stable atoms.

are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke.

Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include nosebleeds. night blindness. bleeding gums and loose teeth. dementia and dermatitis.

bleeding gums and loose teeth.

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining blood coagulation. blood glucose levels. vitamin D production. blood calcium levels.

blood calcium levels

Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin C in the diet? making a salad with strawberries, kiwi fruit, cantaloupe, and orange slices serving corn chips with salsa eating raw red, green, and yellow peppers with a low-fat dip boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food

boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food

The majority of the body's magnesium is found in the blood. liver. bones. spleen.

bones

The original objective in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was to increase the nutrient composition of food. improve crop protection from pesticides and herbicides. increase the shelf life of foods. decrease the cost of food.

improve crop protection from pesticides and herbicides.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad? increase in estrogen production menstrual dysfunction inadequate caloric intake low bone density

increase in estrogen production

Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad? increase in estrogen production low bone density menstrual dysfunction inadequate caloric intake

increase in estrogen production

What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase? increased diagnostic tools inadequate treatment options increased longevity of the population decline in milk consumption

increased longevity of the population

Which of the following has been linked to the hormone-based supplement dehydroepiandroesterone (DHEA)? lower levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) increases in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) increased risk for certain types of cancer increased longevity

increased risk for certain types of cancer

Which of the following is NOT associated with eating a healthy breakfast? improved attention and memory improved overall attendance increased tardiness reduced math mistakes

increased tardiness

Osteoporosis can increase a person's risk for _______. infection cancer hypercalcemia hypocalcemia

infection

A nutritionally productive potential alternative to caloric restriction (CR) appears to be ______. group retreats focusing on health issues meditation intermittent fasting use of colonics and enemas

intermittent fasting

The RDA for which nutrient decreases with age, for women? vitamin D vitamin C calcium iron

iron

The fluid recommendations for older adults ________. increases initially decreases, then increases after about age 80 decreases is the same as for all adults

is the same as for all adults

Which of the following has been linked to human growth hormone (HGH) supplements? increased longevity joint and muscle pain lower blood cholesterol levels reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes

joint and muscle pain

Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of developing osteoporosis? smoking high caffeine consumption low dietary intake of calcium moderate alcohol consumption

moderate alcohol consumption

Two types of fungi are yeasts and ______. molds bacteria worms parasites

molds

The smallest physical units of a substance are molecules. free radicals. atoms. elements.

molecules

Which of the following is NOT an effect of excessive exposure to lead? learning and behavioral disorders in children neural tube defects cardiovascular disease in adults kidney disease in adults

neural tube defects

Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because a. newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula. b. the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores. c. newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K. d. breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.

newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.

Which of the following is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States? prions fungi norovirus helminths

norovirus

One of the best things you can do to help prevent cancer is _________. get enough saturated fats into your diet to maintain a high body mass index (BMI) not to smoke not to worry too much about it

not to smoke

The type of cell responsible for the resorption of bone is osteoclast. trabecular. osteoblast. cortical.

osteoclast

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with a. hypocalcemia. b. osteomalacia. c. kidney stones. d. rickets.

osteomalacia

Trabecular bone is ____ and accounts for about _____ of our skeleton. compact; 20 percent porous; 20 percent porous; 80 percent compact; 35 percent

porous; 20 percent

The use of anabolic steroids during adolescence can cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates. obesity. rapid growth spurts. significant increases in body fat.

premature closure of the epiphyseal plates

Mad cow disease is a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a(n) aflatoxin. prion. ciguatoxin. botulinum toxin.

prion

Phosphorus consumption has increased approximately 10 to 15% over the past 30 years. This is largely due to the increased consumption of a. water. b. meat. c. processed foods. d. milk

processed foods

A potential concern about genetic modification is ________. production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increased crop yields lack of expansion of the technologies into other areas none; there are no serious concerns about using genetic modification in the food supply

production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control and invade surrounding tissues? termination initiation progression promotion

progression

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a. promoting osteoclasts to break down bone b. maintenance of blood pressure c. transmission of nerve impulses d. muscle contraction

promoting osteoclasts to break down bone

The inactive forms of vitamins found in the body that must be converted to their active forms before they can be used are known as provitamins. antibodies. anticoagulants. prooxidants.

provitamins

The period of life when secondary sex characteristics develop and people are able to reproduce is called menopause. growth spurt. puberty. the epiphyseal stage.

puberty

The cancer-treatment method that uses electron beams, rays, and photons to kill cancer cells is called ____. chemotherapy surgery radiation mammogram

radiation

Which of the following preservatives are associated with negative health effects? humectants and texturizers stabilizers and emulsifiers desiccants and folate sulfites and nitrites

sulfites and nitrites

Most forms of cancer result in the formation of _________. blurry spots in front of the eyes delusions soft fingernails and toenails tumors

tumors

Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E? meat, fish, and poultry vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds milk and dairy products fruits and vegetables

vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds

Which of the following converts oxidized vitamin E into its active form? vitamin C vitamin D selenium iron

vitamin C

One of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent foodborne illnesses is to wash hands before handling food. cook foods to their proper temperature. separate foods to avoid cross-contamination. chill foods to prevent microbes from growing.

wash hands before handling food

Prevent food borne illness at home by ____. washing hands with warm water washing fruits and vegetables with soap or commercial washes washing hands with hot water allowing leftovers to cool to room temperature before refrigerating

washing hands with warm water

Good sources of fluoride include dental products and _______. sunshine citrus fruits supplements water

water

In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system and wound healing? vitamin C zinc calcium vitamin A

zinc

The RDA for carbohydrate for toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, teens, and adults is how many grams per day? 250 95 130 10

130

Infectious agents account for _____ of cancers worldwide. 10 percent 70 percent 18 percent 33 percent

18 percent

Food insecurity affects more than ______ of U.S. households with children. 50 percent 20 percent 5 percent 10 percent

20 percent

What type of calcium supplement contains the highest amount of calcium per dose? calcium citrate calcium phosphate calcium lactate calcium carbonate

Calcium Carbonate

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a Calorie-restricted (CR) diet? The reduced caloric intake results in reduced oxidative damage to DNA and other cells. Caloric restriction causes marked improvement in insulin sensitivity. Calorie restriction results in increased energy expenditure. The reduced metabolic rate results in a significantly lower production of free radicals.

Calorie restriction results in increased energy expenditure.

Which of these foods is the best source of vitamin E? Canola oil Greek yogurt Grilled chicken Salmon

Canola oil

Genetic modification alters the _____ of an organism to bring about specific changes. DNA environment size life span

DNA

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate weight control recommendation for an overweight 11-year-old? engage in noncompetitive physical activities decrease caloric intake by 1000 Calories a day exercise for at least one hour a day eat a healthful breakfast each morning

Decrease caloric intake by 1,000 Calories a day

Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant? K A E D

E

Acne is a symptom of a vitamin A deficiency. (t or f)

False

Alcohol has no adverse nutritional effects on adolescents. (t or f)

False

All antioxidants are water soluble.

False

Cortical bone is more sensitive than trabecular bone to changes in hormonal and nutritional factors.

False

Death rates due to hip fractures are higher in women than in men. (t or f)

False

Due to oxidative stress, older adults need to increase their consumption of both vitamin C and vitamin E. (t or f)

False

In the United States all genetically modified crops are clearly identified on the food label.

False

Organically grown foods are just as likely to be contaminated with pesticide residues as conventionally grown foods. (t or f)

False

Phosphorous deficiencies are common among adolescents and young adults.

False

Recent data from the CDC indicates that over half of the "young elderly" report participating in a regular program of vigorous activity. (t or f)

False

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to avoid allergies in children? if a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again. when introducing a new food, watch for any allergic reaction for a week before offering another new food. introduce new foods one at a time. rotate foods in the diet rather than serving them every day.

If a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again.

Which of the following is NOT related to the increased iron needs in adolescence? Muscle mass increases. Iron, in girls, is lost because of menstruation. Food choices are often inadequate in iron. Iron utilization slows down.

Iron utilization slows down.

Selenium deficiency had been associated with _________. night blindness Keshan disease. diabetes marasmus

Keshan disease

Which meal is likely to exceed the Upper Level (UL) for vitamin A? Three-egg omelet with toast Liver and onions with a glass of wine Grilled steak with spinach salad Tuna salad sandwich with an apple and soda

Liver and onions with a glass of wine

Which of the following is NOT a gender-specific factor affecting the risk of developing osteoporosis? a. Hormonal changes as men age do not affect bone density as dramatically as they do for women. b. Men have a lower absolute bone density than women. c. Women live longer than men. d. Men experience social pressure to lift weights to "bulk up."

Men have a lower absolute bone density than women.

Which of the following does NOT occur during the stage of cancer known as promotion? Mutated cells grow their own blood vessels. Mutated DNA takes over cells' genetic instructions. Mutated cells divide. Cancerous tumors grow.

Mutated cells grow their own blood vessels.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium? a. When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton. b. Calcium is a major mineral. c. Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance. d. Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.

Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.

Which microorganism is the leading cause of foodborne infection in the United States? Salmonella Norovirus E. Coli Listeria monocytogenes

Norovirus

Which of the following statements about organic foods is not supported by recent research? organic food has fewer pesticides. organic foods tend to cost more than conventionally grown foods. organic food contains less antibiotic-resistant bacteria. organic food is more nutritious than congenitally grown food.

Organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown food.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium? Selenium is involved in the maintenance of basal metabolism and body temperature. Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin. Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system. Most selenium in our bodies is contained within two amino acids.

Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C? Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. Vitamin C helps the immune system by protecting white blood cells from oxidation. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce risk of chronic diseases. Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.

Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.

Previously known as the Food Stamp program, the new name for the USDA program that provides food assistance to families facing food insecurity is the Commodity Supplemental Food Program. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Nutrition Services Incentive Program. Child and Adult Care Program.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

What is the purpose of the GRAS list? To identify environmentally friendly practices for preserving biodiversity. To identify microorganisms most likely to cause foodborne illness. To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus. To alert consumers which organic foods to prioritize.

To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus.

How much beta-carotene is considered equivalent to one unit of vitamin A? twelve units two molecules six units one molecule

Twelve units

When do humans generally achieve peak bone density? a.Puberty b.Twenty to thirty years of age c.Thirty to thirty-five years of age d.Forty to forty-five

Twenty to thirty years of age

Which of the following is used as an antioxidant in many foods? nitrate vitamin C ginkgo cornstarch

Vitamin C

Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA because it could interact with the medication and cause uncontrollable bleeding? vitamin C vitamin E vitamin K vitamin D

Vitamin E

Tocopherol compounds are biologically active forms of ________. beta-carotene vitamin E vitamin C vitamin K

Vitamin E

Which of the following falls within the "danger zone" of foodborne illnesses? meat cooking on a hot outdoor grill soup simmering in a slow cooker set at low (200°F) a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature chicken thawing inside a properly functioning refrigerator

a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature

One of the side effects of using bisphosphonates is leg cramps abdominal pain mood swings heart palpitations

abdominal pain

Microorganisms that lack a true nucleus and have a chemical called peptidoglycan in their cell walls are called bacteria prions protozoa helminths

bacteria

Consumption of excessive vitamin A during pregnancy can result in _____ birth defects night blindness sterility cramps

birth defects

Which of the following is not a popular anti-aging supplement? beta-carotene vitamin C vitamin A calcium

calcium

What type of calcium supplement contains the highest amount of calcium per dose? calcium citrate calcium lactate calcium carbonate calcium phosphate

calcium carbonate

Which of the following is NOT one of the secondary contributors responsible for the acne flare-ups that plague many adolescents? chocolate consumption personal hygiene emotional stress genes

chocolate consumption

Antioxidant minerals function as ______ within antioxidant enzyme systems. cofactors polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provitamins phytochemicals

cofactors

A protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue is _______. fatty fish calcium collagen adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

collagen

What type of cells is responsible for enabling us see in different colors? rod sphere cone pyramid

cone

The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet. consume 1,000 or fewer Calories per day. join a support group. exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer Calories than usual.

consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.

The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to: exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer Calories than usual. consume 1,000 or fewer Calories per day. join a support group. consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-tense diet

consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.

Which of the following would NOT help reduce the risk for developing cancer? consuming foods containing phytoestrogens consuming nitrites and nitrates consuming intensely colored fruits and vegetables eating a diet low in saturated fat

consuming nitrites and nitrates

Antioxidant enzyme systems act by ______. converting free radicals to less damaging substances activating phytochemicals donating their electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals converting copper, zinc, and manganese into enzymes

converting free radicals to less damaging substances

Antioxidant enzyme systems act by ______. converting free radicals to less damaging substances. converting copper, zinc, and manganese into enzymes. activating phytochemicals. donating their electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals.

converting free radicals to less damaging substances

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing cross-contamination? cutting different kinds of raw food with the same knife marinating raw food in the refrigerator separating raw and cooked foods washing utensils and cutting boards with soap and hot water

cutting different kinds of raw food with the same knife

Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that typically occurs as a person ages? decreased bone density decreased lean body mass decreased fat mass decreased taste and smell acuity

decreased fat mass

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides a measure of bone _______. a. growth b. placement c. density d. maturity

density

Which of the following techniques can assess the risk of fracture? bioelectrical impedance testing underwater weighing blood calcium assessment dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

A stroke or Parkinson's disease can impair the nutritional status of older adults by causing metabolic syndrome dysgeusia dysphagia a decline in intrinsic factor

dysphagia

An example of an action that decreases cancer risk is _________. including heterocyclic amines in the diet drinking two to three alcoholic beverages per day avoid foods with phytoestrogens eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables

eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables

The individual with the highest risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency is a(n) a. adult living in the northern United States. b. exclusively breastfed infant. c. elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure. d.adolescent female who consumes no milk or dairy products.

elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure.

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of a toddler consuming more than 19 g of fiber a day? inhibited absorption of iron enhanced absorption of zinc damage to digestive tract premature satiation

enhanced absorption of zinc

If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? a. accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body b. hypercalcemia c. excess calcium excreted in the feces d. toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness

excess calcium excreted in the feces

A potential benefit of genetic modification is ________ improved human health increased biodiversity faster-growing crops decreased risk of allergens

faster-growing crops

People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency? carbohydrate protein fat minerals

fat

Which of the following is NOT necessary to supplement a toddler's vegan diet?

fiber

What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy teeth formation? fluoride vitamin D sodium zinc

fluoride

Which of the following habits would LEAST likely promote longevity? dieting to maintain a healthful BMI moderate alcohol intake quitting smoking limiting physical activity to less than 20 minutes a day

limiting physical activity to less than 20 minutes a day

Which of the following carotenoids CANNOT be converted to vitamin A? beta-cryptoxanthin beta-carotene alpha-carotene lutein

lutein

In which phase of a woman's life cycle is bone loss the greatest? a. lactation b. menopause c. pregnancy d. puberty

menopause

Dowager's hump is one characteristic of osteoporosis. the female athlete triad. fluorosis. rickets.

osteoporosis.

Four factors affecting survival and reproduction of food microorganisms include temperature, humidity, acidity, and _________. water content nutrient content oxygen content hydrogen content

oxygen content

The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D is parathyroid hormone (PTH). insulin. calcitonin. cortisol.

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A key challenge in establishing better understanding of the effects of caloric restriction (CR) is _________. getting people to accurately measure their food. it only appeals to a small range of people. nobody volunteers to provide human data. participants have difficulty following the diet and go off the program.

participants have difficulty following the diet and go off the program

The point in life at which our bones are the densest is called what? late adulthood bone density pubertal bone density peak bone density menopausal bone density

peak bone density

Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and _____ chloride sodium vitamin K phosphorus

phosphorus

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of regular physical activity for older adults? less risk of falls and fractures reduced risk of cancer a lower risk of hypertension and obesity a lower rate of depression and dementia

reduced risk of cancer

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescent eating habits? regular consumption of three meals per day soft drinks preferred over milk preference for fast food and convenience foods low intake of fruits and vegetables

regular consumption of three meals per day

The three active forms of vitamin A in our bodies are collectively referred to as the antioxidants. free radicals. carotenoids. retinoids.

retinoids

A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton? kyphosis osteomalacia rickets osteoporosis

rickets

Which of the following will increase the risk of exercise-related cardiac events in older adults? familiarity with signs of cardiac impairment (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain) rigorous exercise only on the weekends supervised warm-up and cool-down activities careful evaluation by a health care provider

rigorous exercise only on the weekends

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is scurvy erythrocyte hemolysis night blindness Keshan disease

scurvy

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is night blindness. scurvy. erythrocyte hemolysis. Keshan disease.

scurvy.

What medication is effective in treating osteoporosis because of its estrogen-like properties? bisphosphonates calcitonin thyroid hormone selective estrogen receptor modulators

selective estrogen receptor modulators

Which of the following minerals can function as an antioxidant? selenium fluoride chromium calcium

selenium

When preparing foods at home, you should always try to do the following: wash your hands and kitchen surfaces often, chill or freeze foods in storage, and ______. separate foods combine foods soak foods in warm water never eat anything more than 1-day old

separate foods

Vitamin A is essential to _______. sight hearing prooxidation heart function

sight

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability? a. kale b. turnip greens c. spinach d. broccoli

spinach

Antioxidants work by ______ free radicals. destroying stabilizing reversing copying

stabilizing

Lifestyle and behavior can influence longevity. Which of the following is not one of the four major factors on risk for chronic disease and decreased longevity? Supplement use Tobacco use Lack of physical activity Poor nutrition

supplement use

The three major types of cancer treatment are radiation, chemotherapy, and ________. surgery psychotherapy meditation rest/relaxation

surgery

Intermittent fasting (IF) involves a reduction in average energy intake. increases in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). the alteration in patterns of food intake. an increase in blood glucose fasting levels.

the alteration in patterns of food intake.

Which of the following is NOT a proposed factor associated with the increase in vitamin D deficiency among Americans? a. the increase in the use of sunscreen products b. the increase in the rates of obesity, which alters the metabolism and storage of vitamin D c. the increased consumption of soft drinks d. the decreased consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk products

the increased consumption of soft drinks

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in the liver the skeleton the kidneys adipose tissue

the skeleton

Our current assessment of whether caloric restriction (CR) increases life span is ______. research shows a strong correlation between CR and increased life span in humans research clearly supports that CR increases human life spans research clearly supports that CR does not increase life span there has not been enough research to support firm conclusions for humans and long-term affects are unknown

there has not been enough research to support firm conclusions for humans and long-term affects are unknown