GA Quiz Questions
A 35-year-old man suffers a sudden hyperextension injury of the neck when his car is struck forcefully from behind by another automobile. Thorough subsequent evaluation in the emergency department reveals a traumatic spondylolysis of the C2 vertebra ("hangman's fracture"). The pedicles of C2 are fractured, the body and dens of the axis are displaced anteriorly but remain attached to the intact atlas, and the posterior portion of the C2 neural arch is attached to the C3 vertebra. Luckily for this patient, the spinal cord is not compressed or torn. Which of the following structures held the dens in place against the atlas, preventing it from dislocating and compressing the spinal cord?
Cruciate ligament
Which of the following are common to intracartilagenous and intramembranous bone formation?
Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Which of the following are correct for the sympathetic nervous system?
Pre-ganglion fibers arise from the thoracic level of the spinal cord
Which of the following surface epithelia are found in the trachea?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which of the following muscles is the deepest?
Rectus capitis major
A 37-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a crushed second cervical vertebra (axis) that he suffered after a stack of pallets fell on him at work. Which of the following structures would be intact after the accident?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Attempting to do a backflip with his bicycle off a high ramp at the finish line of a race, a 24-year-old professional BMX rider fell from a height of 20 ft and attempted to land on his feet. A sagittal CT reveals a burst fracture of the L1 vertebral body with a posterior displaced fracture fragment compressing the medullary cone (conus medullaris). Which of the following spinal cord segments would most likely be impinged by the bone fragment in this injury?
S2
A lordosis is observed in what plane?
Sagittal
Which of the following occurs in long bone growth at birth?
Secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyses
A dorsal ramus lesion at C5 may result in which of the following
Sensory involvement of the C5-C6 fact joint
In a freak hunting accident, a 17-year-old boy was shot with an arrow that penetrated into his suboccipital triangle, injuring the suboccipital nerve between the vertebral artery and the posterior arch of the atlas. Which of the following muscles would be unaffected by such a lesion?
Splenius capitis
In the skin graft, which of the following layers of the skin is needed for the graft to be successful?
Stratum basale
A long-term excessive thoracic kyphosis will most likely result in
Stretching of the supraspinous ligament
Which of the following are correct for a third-degree burn?
Subcutaneous layer is damaged
Damage to the L2 spinal cord would affect which of the following?
Sympathetic innervation to the lower limb
You are examining the lateral spine radiograph of your 65-year-old female patient for an insufficiency fracture of her spine. You know that transitional stresses cause which of the following vertebra to be most commonly fractured?
T12
Excessive and forceful flexion of the head and neck would stretch
The ligamentum nuchae
After a fall on an outstretched hand, the proximal portion of a patients fractured scaphoid bone (bone in proximal row of wrist bones) underwent avascular necrosis. This most likely occurred because of which of the following
The nutrient artery to the bone enters distally
Skeletal muscles in the body may differ in which of the following ways?
The percentage of fast and slow twitch fibers
An orthopedic surgeon places his patient in the anatomical position. Which of the following is that correct posture for the patient?
The upper limbs lie by the side of the trunk
A helmet-less 24-year-old man was riding an all-terrain vehicle (ATV or quad bike) when a thin, unseen, horizontal clothes line impacted the man's neck under his chin, knocking him backward off the ATV. Due to his forward momentum at the time of impact, his head was hyperextended on his neck. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) established his airway, stabilized his neck, and brought him to the emergency room. A lateral cervical X-ray revealed pathology within the cervical vertebrae. Based upon the nature of the accident, which of the following diagnoses is most probable?
Traumatic Spondylolysis of C2
Swelling in the suboccipital region may compress
Vertebral A
In skeletal muscle, actin and myosin overlap at the?
a band
Which of the following characteristics apply to epithelium and hyaline cartilage?
both are avascular
Blockage of the spinal artery reduce blood flow to all of the following EXCEPT
deep back muscles
In endochondral ossification, bone replaces most of an initial cartilage model. Which of the following refers to the part of a bone ossified from the primary ossification center?
diaphysis
Which of the following cells are typically found in both loose and sense connective tissue?
fibroblast
a radiologist wishes to image the body in a plane parallel to both scapulae. Which of the following choices best describes the desired sectioning?
frontal section
Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the sympathetic trunk directly through the?
gray ramus
Compact bone contains
haversian canals with blood vessels
A complaint of weakness in the lumbar erector spinae muscles concurrent with decreased sensation in the skin of the low back but no involvement of the leg would suggest
involvement of the dosal ramus
Which of the following structures contain dense irregular connective tissue?
joint capsules
During a physical therapy session, the therapist tells her patient to flex his hip. Which of the following is the correct movement?
moving the lower limb anteriorly in the paramedian plane
Collagen can be produced by which of the following cells
osteoblasts
Which of the following are correct for stage two decubitus ulcer?
painful
During bone healing the osteogenic cells arise directly from?
periosteum
Which of the following statements about the rotatores muscles is correct?
possible function as organs of proprioception
Synovitis is an inflammation of a synovial membrane. This condition could occur at which of the following joints?
shoulder joint
A young boy uses his right hand to screw in a new light bulb. Which of the following terms best describes the screw-home movement of his forearm?
supination
Which of the following statements about the vertebral artery is correct
transverse the sub-occipital triangle
Which of the following structures would NOT contain preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
white rami
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic trunk (chain) directly through the
white ramus
During the course of performing a lumbar puncture, the anesthesiologist observes slight muscle twitching in his patient's lower limbs. This evoked reaction suggests the spinal needle stimulated one or more of the components of the cauda equina. Which of the following is the correct composition of the cauda equina?
Anterior and posterior roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves plus the filum terminale
Blockage of an intervertebral vein by scar tissue could compress the spinal cord because of dilation of the
Anterior longitudinal sinus
The facet of a vertebral facet joint is part of the
Articular process
Which of the following muscles is most likely involved with low back tightness and pain observed coming from the lateral aspect of the erector spinae muscle group?
Iliocostalis lumborum
Which of the following would provide the most stability to the lumbosacral joint?
Iliolumbar ligament
Which of the following intrinsic muscles of the back is innervated by the anterior rami?
Intertransversarii cervicis
Which of the following statements is NOT correct for the semispinalis muscle
Is part of the erector spinae group
Which of the following is true of a median plane of the hand?
It remains a median plane regardless of limb or body position
Which of the following spinal nerves is most likely damaged with a decreased sensation at the L3-L4 facet joint?
L2
A 27-year-old stuntman is thrown out of his vehicle prematurely when the car used for a particular scene speeds out of control. His spinal cord is crushed at the level of the fourth lumbar spinal segment. Which of the following structures would most likely be spared from destruction?
Lateral horn
Following abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery, the 60-year-old patient became paraplegic. What most likely caused the patient's paraplegia?
Latrogenic (inadvertent) occlusion or transection of the great anterior segmental artery (of adamkiewicz)
The excessive thoracic kyphotic curve observed in patients with osteoporosis would stretch all the following except
Ligamentum nuchae
A 12-year-old girl suffers from a type of neural tube defect called tethered cord syndrome, a congenital anomaly that results from defective closure of the neural tube. This syndrome is characterized by an abnormally low conus medullaris, which is tethered by a short, thickened filum terminale, leading to progressive neurologic defects in the legs and feet. Which of the following defects is commonly associated with the tethered cord syndrome?
Meningomyelocele
Which of the following are common to cardiac and skeletal muscle?
A and I bans and Z disc
Which of the following are common to both smooth and skeletal muscle?
Actin and myosin myofilament
A 30-year-old man presents with symptoms suggestive of vascular insufficiency to the brain. Thorough medical evaluation reveals abnormal narrowing (stenosis) of the right-side foramen transversarium in each of cervical vertebrae 2-5, resulting in periodic compression of the vertebral blood vessels. The stenotic condition may be the result of developmental hypertrophy of which of the following structures?
Costal process
During intracartilagenous bone formation before birth, the shaft of the bone increases in length
By the multiplication of cartilage cells at the ends of the primary ossification site
In the ED you are treating a patient with a severe upper neck wound. You want to temporarily stop the bleeding from the common carotid artery. To do so you would press strongly against the anterior tubercle of which of the following?
C6
A 73-year-old man comes to his physician complaining of a tingling numbness within the fourth and fifth digits of his right hand. These symptoms are exacerbated when he looks up at the ceiling. The given sagittal T2-weighted MRI reveals degenerative changes in his cervical vertebrae. Which of the following diagnoses is confirmed by the MRI and would result in the symptoms of this patient?
Cervical spinal stenosis
Which of the following statements about bone are correct?
Compact bone contains type I collagen fibers
An 81-year-old woman visits her family physician for an annual physical examination and complains of weakness and loss of sensation in her legs. Radiological studies show bony spurs (osteophytes) narrowing the intervertebral foramina at levels T12-L3. Which of the following structures is most likely to be impinged in this condition?
Dorsal root ganglia
A nerve fiber that carries sensory information from a muscle or joint would best be classified as
General somatic afferent
A nerve fiber that carrries sensory information from a muscle or joint is best classified as
General somatic afferent
Proteoglycans are found primarily in the?
Ground substance of cartilage
A 27-year-old mountain climber falls from a steep rock wall and is brought to the emergency department. His physical examination and computed tomography (CT) scan reveal dislocation fracture of the upper thoracic vertebrae. The fractured body of the T4 vertebra articulates with which of the following parts of the ribs?
Head of the fifth rib
Type II collagen is found mainly in which of the following tissues?
Hyaline cartilage
Low back muscle tightness and pain in the lateral most component of the erector spinae muscle group would involve
Iliocostalis lumborum
which of the following is true of the anatomical position?
The femur is superior to the fibula
the Z-line (disc) in skeletal muscle is formed by the?
The connection of adjacent actin myofilaments
