Genetics Chapter 20,21

A small circular DNA molecule that is often used as a vector in gene cloning is called a(n)

Blank 1: plasmid or plasmids

In 1985, Kary Mullis developed a way to copy DNA without vectors or host cells. This technique is called .

Blank 1: polymerase or P Blank 2: chain or C Blank 3: reaction, R, or reactions

Enzymes that bind to a specific DNA sequence and cut the DNA backbone are called

Blank 1: restriction Blank 2: endonucleases or enzymes

A resistance gene that allows a host cell containing a vector to grow on a toxic substance is called a(n)

Blank 1: selectable, Blank 2: marker

How is the amount of DNA produced during real-time PCR measured?

By measuring the fluorescence emitted by the probe added to the PCR mixture

What do you call the DNA sequence in a vector that allows the replication enzymes of the cell to make lots of copies of the vector?

Origin of replication

Why would one use a vector with a selectable marker?

To identify cells containing the vector

What is the purpose of gene cloning?

To produce many copies of a DNA molecule of interest

How does a bacterial cell use restriction enzymes?

To protect the cell against invasion by bacteriophages

You wish to determine if a protein is made at a particular stage of development. What technique would you use?

Western blotting

In gene cloning, cells are treated with agents that ______, creating competent cells.

make them permeable to DNA

To perform PCR, a machine called a automates the timing of each cycle.

thermocycler

The process by which competent cells take up DNA from the extracellular medium is called

transformation

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

* Materials produced by living organisms * Living organisms

How is the TaqMan probe used to monitor real-time PCR?

As amplification increases, fluorescence increases.

The DNase I footprintIng technique is used to study - interactions.

Blank 1: DNA Blank 2: protein or binding

A researcher may use restriction enzymes to digest the DNA of an organism. The fragments of DNA are then ligated individually into many vectors. This collection of recombinant vectors is called a

Blank 1: DNA or genomic Blank 2: library

DNA sequencing enables researchers to determine the order of ______ ______ in a gene.

DNA nucleotides

What is the term that describes a cell that contains a DNA cloning vector?

Host cell

In gene cloning, how is a suitable vector chosen?

It must replicate in the appropriate cell type

You have a piece of RNA, and you want to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA. What enzyme would you use?

Reverse transcriptase

Site-directed mutagenesis allow a researcher to make a mutation ______.

at a specific sequence of DNA

Biological control is the ______.

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

* Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings * Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products

Somatostatin is a hormone

* produced by engineering bacterial cells * that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon

Which component in the CRISPR-Cas9 system makes a double-strand break in DNA?

Cas9

A cell that harbors a vector is called a

Blank 1: host Blank 2: cell

What technique is useful for studying protein-DNA interactions?

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay

If a gene is amplified by PCR so that there are many copies, it can be said to be ______.

cloned

The probe is an oligonucleotide that can be used to follow real-time PCR. It has a reporter molecule at one end and a quencher molecule at the other end.

TaqMan

What is a DNA library?

A collection of recombinant vectors

allows a researcher to produce a mutation at a specific sequence.

Blank 1: Site Blank 2: Directed Blank 3: Mutagenesis

Chromosomal DNA is a common source of cloned DNA.

True

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell and thus make many copies of an inserted gene is called a

vector

Order the steps in one cycle of a PCR reaction, putting the first step at the top.

1. Denaturation 2. Primer annealing 3. Primer extension

What is a cloning vector?

A molecule that carries the DNA to be cloned

In gene cloning, what is the vector?

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell

What is a plasmid?

A small circular DNA molecule often used as a vector in gene cloning

Dideoxy sequencing was formulated based on scientists' knowledge of what process?

DNA replication

Which of the following techniques is used to study protein-DNA interactions?

DNase I footprinting

Which scientist developed the polymerase chain reaction?

Kary Mullis

What is the technique that allows one to determine the amount of template DNA present when the PCR cycles began?

Real-time PCR

In PCR, the template DNA is ______.

the DNA to be amplified

What is recombinant DNA technology?

The production of new arrangements of DNA

When cloning a gene, why must the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid DNA be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

The sticky ends of the plasmid DNA will be complementary to the sticky ends of the chromosomal DNA.

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce products or where they are released into the .

Blank 1: food or nutritional Blank 2: environment

PCR can amplify one segment of DNA from a mixture.

True

The enzyme is used when PCR is employed to detect and quantify the amount of a specific RNA.

Blank 1: reverse Blank 2: transcriptase

Which scientist(s) developed an early method of DNA sequencing that involved base-specific chemical cleavage of DNA?

Maxam and Gilbert

What is the purpose of Northern blotting?

To identify a specific RNA molecule within a mixture of RNA molecules

Many species of bacterial cells make restriction enzymes to protect themselves from invasion by

bacteriophages

Reverse transcriptase PCR can be used to _

detect and quantify the amount of a specific RNA

Reverse transcriptase PCR can be used to ______.

detect and quantify the amount of a specific RNA.

The DNA sequencing method developed by Frederick Sanger that became a commonly used method of DNA sequencing is called sequencing.

dideoxy

The gel retardation assay is also known as the ______.

electrophoretic mobility shift assay

In PCR, the temperature must be ______ from the denaturation temperature in order for primers to anneal.

lowered

In PCR, the two primers bind to specific sites in the and flank the gene to be amplified.

DNA

How can PCR amplify one segment of DNA from a complex mixture of potential template molecules?

Primers can be designed to flank a specific segment of DNA.

What technique is used to identify a particular protein in a mixture of proteins?

Western blotting

Antibodies bind to three-dimensional structures found within a protein that are called ______.

epitopes

Short oligonucleotides that flank the region of DNA to be amplified by PCR are called

primers

- PCR allows one to assess the amount of DNA produced during a PCR amplification as it is happening.

real-time

In PCR, the DNA to be amplified is called the DNA.

template

A vector must contain the that is recognized by the species of the host cell and allows the host cell to make lots of copies of the vector.

Blank 1: origin Blank 2: of Blank 3: replication

During PCR, the process of results when the Taq polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of complementary DNA, starting at the primers.

Blank 1: primer Blank 2: extension

In PCR, each cycle uses the products of the previous cycle as templates. What do you call this?

A chain reaction

Amplifying a gene by PCR results in many copies, just like cloning using a vector and host cell.

True

A bioremediation process called occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure.

biotransformation

A particular gene to be cloned is often isolated from

chromosomal DNA

You would a gene to make many copies of that gene.

clone

A DNA molecule that acts as a carrier of DNA that is to be cloned is called a(n) ______.

cloning vector

Cells that can take up DNA from the medium are considered cells.

competent

Transformation occurs when

competent cells take up DNA from the medium

In PCR, primer extension refers to the synthesis of ______ starting at the primers

complementary DNA

A recombinant vector ______.

contains a piece of chromosomal DNA

A vector requires an origin of replication so that it can be ______.

copied many times by the host cell

Restriction endonucleases are used in gene cloning to ______.

cut the DNA backbone prior to inserting the DNA to be cloned

An antigen has one or more three dimensional structures called ______ to which a(n) ______ will bind.

epitopes; antibody

During the initial phase of a real-time PCR experiment, called the phase, the amount of PCR products is small and reagents are not limiting, so the amount of product nearly doubles with each cycle.

exponential

When using PCR to amplify DNA, short oligonucleotides called primers

flank the region of DNA to be amplified

In automated sequencing, each dideoxyribonucleotide is labeled with a different colored ______.

fluorescent dye

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

somatostatin

The Maxam and Gilbert method of DNA sequencing used chemicals that cleaved the DNA at ______.

specific bases

In PCR, the template DNA is

the DNA to be amplified

What type of apparatus does one need to quantify the DNA produced during real-time PCR?

A thermocycler that can detect fluorescence

The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make a complementary strand of DNA is called

Blank 1: reverse Blank 2: transcriptase

This technique enables researchers to determine the DNA bases in genes and other chromosomal regions.

DNA sequencing

To perform many cycles of PCR, you need a machine that can change temperatures at exact times. What do you call this machine?

Thermocycler

In PCR, why do the primers bind to specific sites in the DNA on either side of the gene of interest?

They are complementary to the flanking sequences.

DNA technology uses in vitro molecular techniques that combine DNA fragments to produce novel arrangements.

Recombinant

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is

bioremediation

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called

biotechnology

A vector that contains a piece of chromosomal DNA is referred to as a vector.

recombinant

The use of dideoxyribonucleotides with different colored fluorescent dyes allows the detection of the ______.

sequence of DNA

Primer annealing occurs when

short oligonucleotides bind to complementary DNA flanking the gene of interest

Primer annealing occurs when ______.

short oligonucleotides bind to complementary DNA flanking the gene of interest

The natural function of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacteria is to ______.

to provide defense against bacteriophages

This technique is used to identify a specific RNA molecule within a mixture of RNA molecules.

Northern blotting