genetics study guide exam 3

National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) data is gathered by sending a mobile health examination center to every state in the US over the course of each year.

False

Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease occurring over a specific period of time.

False

Specificity refers to how well a test identifies "true positives".

False

The classification of obesity as a disease is primarily based on the premise that obesity occurs when there is a lack of personal responsibility for weight loss.

False

The prevalence of obesity in men has steadily increased each year since 1980.

False

The risk of mortality in the overweight population rises in proportion with BMI.

False

Weight loss can increase the risk of premature death among obese individuals.

True

The concept of the J or U shaped curve refers to

that risk is lowest at the normal weight and overweight categories but highest in the underweight and obese categories

Identify which term related to genetics best matches the definition provided.

-Long molecule of DNA that contains many genes. = -ONE specific sequence of the DNA in a gene. -Complete set of genetic information -The specific genetic make-up of an individual -The physical characteristics of an individual -Variations in individual specific nucleaotides in the DNA -The unit of heredity that contain DNA and store information.

Which of the following statements best align with a Health at Every Size approach to weight and obesity?

-Thin is not intrinsically healthy and beautiful nor is fat intrinsically unhealthy and unappealing. -People naturally have different body shapes and sizes and different preferences for physical activity. -Dieting usually leads to weight gain and increased risk of eating problems.

In his TedMed talk, Dr. Peter Attia

-asks us to question whether obesity is the cause of insulin resistance or the symptom of insulin resistance -reminds us that humility and compassion are essential characteristics for good scientists and good health related practitioners

A concept of a paradigm

-is a world view that determines what we think is important, legitimate, and reasonable -is the idea of a world view that tells us what is normal so that we can act without much consideration of it

Match the BMI range in the left hand column with the correct adult classification in the right hand column.

-less than 18.5- underweight -18.5-24.99- normal weight -25-29.99-overweight -30-39.99- obese -40 and greater-extremely obese

Publishing bias in obesity research involves

-the assumption that associations provide proof of causation -cherry picking a subset of data to report rather than the full set of data to insure desired results -reliance on short term interventions for weight loss -high reliance on self-reported weight related data

A panel of experts convened by the National Institutes of Health determined that most weight loss is maintained for up to five years.

False

A strong predictor of sleep apnea, or brief periods during sleep with breathing stops, is a BMI over 22.

False

According to Flegal 2005, those in the overweight category (BMI 25-29.9) have an estimated number of about 86,000 excess deaths per year.

False

An obesity gene has been identified that can clearly identify those at risk for extreme obesity.

False

BMI percentiles in children has been shown to be an effective predictor of health in children.

False

Because children's bodies are still growing and the relationship between BMI and body fat is not consistent, BMI classifications for children are calculated using waist circumferences rather than height.

False

Data on weight change in the US from 1976-2006 indicate that the population on average increased at least two levels of BMI status during that period.

False

Different formulas are used to calculate BMI in adults based on the person's gender, age, race, or ethnicity.

False

Epidemiological research has clearly demonstrated that obesity causes Type 2 Diabetes.

False

Epidemiological studies have clearly established that adiposity causes increased risk of ill health.

False

Estimating resting energy expenditure for a person with obesity can be reliably done by using the Harris Benedict BMR equation.

False

Human's unlike animals can change fats into glucose and store excess fat as glycogen in the liver.

False

In scientific research, strong objectivity is important because it insures that research is completely impartial and free of social values and biases.

False

In starvation or when on a low carbohydrate diet, then fats are the substrate for gluconeogenesis such that fats are used to make glucose.

False

Measuring RMR by direct calorimetry is not possible in humans.

False

Measuring VO2 or oxygen consumption is a means direct calorimetry.

False

Measuring metabolic rate by doubly labelled water requires a stay overnight in a hospital or metabolic ward.

False

"Cherry picking" is a type of obesity research publication bias that uses the results from a subset of a larger study to highlight the desired outcomes of the study without acknowledging the results from the whole study.

True

A person's Body Mass Index (BMI) is a ratio of his/her weight (kilograms) to height (meters-squared).

True

Almost 90% of our 24-hour energy expenditure is NOT within voluntary control.

True

Almost all studies that have used diet or energy restriction to reduce weight have shown that all weight lost is regained within 5 years.

True

Based on heritability estimates, moderate changes made in the environment, could decrease relative weight about 10%.

True

During long term starvation fats can be converted to ketoacids that can be used by the brain instead of glucose.

True

Elevated intra-abdominal fat accumulation appears to play a key role in elevating the risk for heart disease.

True

Extreme weight loss attempts, like on the Biggest Loser television program, appear to result in a lowering of resting metabolic rate, even if they have increased exercise.

True

Gluconeogenesis is the process in the liver where proteins are broken down to produce glucose.

True

It is estimated that about 70% -75% of the heritability of obesity (BMI) with the population can be accounted for the variance of genes within the population.

True

Most epidemiological studies find that people who are overweight or moderately obese live at least as long as normal weight people.

True

One concern about classifying obesity as a disease is that BMI is an unreliable measure of health.

True

Prevalence is the ratio of the total number of cases of a disease to the total population.

True

RMR is about 70-75% of one's daily caloric needs.

True

Regardless of the degree of obesity, abdominal obesity is a critical determinant of type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

True

Sensitivity refers to how well a test identifies "true positives".

True

Significantly increased risk of mortality is only associated with a BMI of less than 18 and a BMI of over 35.

True

Strong reliance on particular frames, or perspectives, of obesity can make it impossible to perceive contradictory information.

True

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a random-digit-dailed telephone survey of the US non-institutionalized civilian population over the age of 18 years that is conducted in every state in the US.

True

The conversation about classifying obesity as a disease often misses the distinction between healthy overweight and obesity status and clinical severe obesity.

True

The definition of obesity in adults is based on an arbitrary body mass index (BMI) cutoff of 30 kg/m2 and not a value correlated with health.

True

The main difference between BMR and RMR is that BMR typically requires a stay overnight in a hospital or metabolic ward.

True

The primary reason that BMI is used as measure of obesity is because it is easy.

True

The use of BMI as a proxy for health results in overlooking normal weight individuals who are not healthy and treating many overweight and obese individuals who are not ill.

True

There is evidence that the lowest mortality rates shifts toward higher BMI status with increasing age.

True

Which of the following is true regarding fat or adipose tissue?

all of the above are true

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

found that lifestyle change (physical activity, low-fat diet) outperformed a leading diabetes drug in preventing diabetes in overweight pre-diabetes individuals.

The fact that a BMI measure can correctly identify only 36% of men and 49% of women who have excess fatness based on their percent body fat, is an example of a __________ measurement.

low sensitivity measurement

According to Flegal (2005) fewer deaths are associated with which obesity status?

overweight

Classify the status of a women who has a BMI of 25.6.

overweight

The concept of the Obesity Paradox means

overweight and moderately obese individuals with certain chronic diseases often live longer and fare better than normal weight individuals with the same diseases

The Endocannabinoid system is responsible for:

regulating the rewarding properties of food