Gentrification ch-1-2

Between 1999 and 2002 what were the displacement numbers

-2000 forced out due to landlord harassment -2,900 were evicted -600 due to free construction -5000 due to private action and more then 39,000 becuase they couldnt pay rent

Why is gentrification a slippery term?

Because it has been amplified by numerous labels and interpretations

Stage 4 of Clay's model

a large number of proeprties are gentrified and the middle class continues to come. new riesidetns are from buisness and managerial middle class than form the professional middle class. efforts may be made to win historic distrit designation. buildings that have been held for spectulation appear on the market. specialized services/retail begin to emerge,. rapid price and rent spirals are set off. dispalcement now affects not just renters but owners ass well. additional neighborhoods in the ciyt are being discovered to meet the increasign demand of hte middle class.

Huassmannizaion of Paris

a member of Napoleon III court, demolished the residential areas in which poor people lived to make room for the city's now famous tree-lined streets

What is the stage 1 of Clay's 1979 stage model of gentrification?

a small amount of gentrifiers move in and renovate properties for their own use. Little attention is given and little displacement occurs, becuase many properties are products of normal market turover. Concentrated in small areas, Sweat, equity and private captal fuel these efforts.

Why were many American anylists uncomfortable with the term Gentrification?

because of class connotations, preferring, the back to-the-citymovment, neighborhood revitalization, and brown stoning, because they indicated underlying processes

both the US and the UK, for some time now, have refused to use the term 'gentrification,' even when its policies were exactly that. Why?

because there were other terms that better reflected certain personal attitudes.

Gale's model

classic gentrificaiton model that underlined class and status disticiton between old and new residents in a gentrifying neighborhood.

captialized groudn rent 61-71

economic return from the rights to use land, given its present use

Neil Smith's rent gap theory.

economic theorys of the circulation of capitol in the urban environment. explains gentrifcaiton as the product of investmetn and disinvestment in the urban land market. -over tiem, urban development and expansion create a tention between captialized and potential. as the gap between potential and capitalized ground rent widens, it provides more incentive for land use change, including residential gentrification

production explantions

explains how gentrified areas as fortune fronteirs shape behavior of individuals, groups and institutions. show how areas change in connection to the rules of economics, legal principles and practices, institutional arangement and polictical strugles, in which value and profit are produced and distributed

american heritage dict

restoration of deteriorated urban poverty especially in working class neighborhoods by the middle and upper classes, often resutling in in displacment of lower-income people

potential ground rent

return that could be earned if the land were put to its optimal and best use

What is Glass's definition of Gentrificaiotn

the process by which working class residential neighbourhoods are rehabilitated by middle class homebuyers, land-lords and professional developers.she makes a distiction between redevelopment and rehabilitaiton, where redevelopment is new

Redlining

the refusel of banks and mortgage companies to finance mortgages in risky inner-city locations, granting mortages on the basis of location rather then credit.

neil smith definition of gentrificaiton

the reinvestment of capital at the urban centre, which is designed to produce space for a more affluent class of people than currently occupies that space. the term is evloving past just residential aspects

Classical Gentrification?

- Points to the emergence of some new 'urban gentry', a new middle class invading working class, gentry and peasant areas - houses are bought up and revitalized or subdived into costly flats or houselts -term is ironic bc it makes fun of middle class who prefer rural quality. -rooted in English class structure.

Who was Ruth Glass?

A british sociologist who firat coined the term gentrification in 1964. She was a marxist, a refugee from nazi genranh and a pioneer of urban sociology in europe

How did Glass identify gentrification?

As a complex urban process that included the rehabilitation of old housing stock, tenurial transformation from renting to owning, property price increase and displacement of working class residents

why were stage models developed.

Gentrification stage models were designed to represent gentrification in an orderly, temporal, sequential progression. risk is center stage, because the process begins with risk oblivious pioneers

What kind of phenomenon is gentrification?

Economic, cultural, political, social and institutional

Stage 2 of Clay's stage model

More gentriefiers move in, promotional activities and awareness increase. some displacement occurs as vacant housing becomes scarse. if neighborhood is to have name changed it happens now. new boundaries are identified. renovation spreads to adjacent blocks.

What tthe time and energy into using media and government say about brownstoners.

That they they understood that social and geogrpaic boundaries came through a larger framework--getting recognized bythe political climate and economy

What are the difference between Clay and Gale's model

The differences between the two stage models of gentrification indicate how different emphases and interests in gentrification research lead to different 'pictures' or 'stories' of the process.

What are the early stage models of gentrification

The early stage models of gentrification developed in the 1970s and 1980s to both explain the process and predict the future course of gentrification.

When do we argue gentrifcation proper, began?

in postwar advanced capitalist cities, where postwar urban renewal means the bulldozing of old neighborhoods to be replaced by modern housing and highways. protesters ended up buying and fixing up homes in bad neighborhoods

Stage 3 of Clay's stage model

major media or official interest is directed to neighborhood. urban renewal may begin or a developer may move in. Individual investers who restore or renovate housing for their own use continue to buy into their neighborhood. displacement continues and tentions grow. social service institutions and subsideized housing are resisted wiht passion. protective or defensive actions against crime is taken . banks green light the area. neighborhood is now DEEMED SAFE.

brownstoning

named after a buidling constructed of or faced with a soft brown sandstone, the brownstone movement was political and originated in New York. The brownstoner, a magazine coined gentrification as 'not genocide, but genesis. conference was in 1972 - the movement represented politicization of interest groups and their greenling activities, and their commitment to a new urbane way of life

what was roses criticism of the stage model

she was concerned about gentrifyers and gentrified neighborhoods being conceptualized. she crotisized them for lumping together differEREnt processes AND EFFECTS; she prefered to see it as a chaotic concept in which all the different actors coexisted

Oxford dictionary definition of gentrification

the movement of middle class families into urban areas causing property values to increase and having the scondary effect of driving out poorer families

What happened 40 years after the term gentrification was termed.

the politics of naming seemed to enter a new, self-consciously satirical phase, Mea-pa, the meatmapacking district. Rambo, SoHa, south harlem. the speed of gentrification in Ne York intessified competition for identity.

What happened to the park side correction facility?

turned into a condo -- prisons cant be in gentrifying neighborhoods

Gales gentrifer type.

typically childless households composed of two white adults in their late twenties or thirties. college educated possessing graduate education, household head is likely professional