GEOG 2120 Final (Exam 3)
alluvial fan
A fan-shaped deposit of sediment dropped by streams flowing out of the mountains; devoted to intensive cultivation in Central Asia; fertile soils and strong settlement patterns
caste system (p.398)
India's strict division of society into hereditary groups that are ranked as spiritually superior or inferior to one another; not many opportunities for social mobility
Mughal Empire(p.398)
Muslim state that dominated the Indes-Ganges Basin during the 16th and 17th centuries; largely responsible for bringing Islam to the subcontinent
kanaka (p.469)
Pacific Island labourers mainly from the Solomons and Vanuatu imported to work on plantations along the Queensland coast in the 19th century
Eurasian Economic Union (p.344)
a tightly connected trading bloc that came into effect in 2015; Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan (currently); demonstrates Russia's attempt to keep its former Soviet republics within its sphere of influence
ideographic writing (p.366)
a writing system in which each symbol represents and idea rather than a sound; can map the diffusion with the expansion of the Chinese empire; allows people who don't speak the same language to communicate through written language
Closer Economic Relations (CER) Agreement (p.480)
agreement between Australia and NZ signed in 1982 that slashed trade barriers between the two countries; has caused trade between these two countries to grow steadily
Pidgin English (p.472)
aka Pijin; a large English vocabulary is reworked and blended with Melanesian grammar; found in the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Guineau
swidden (p.428)
aka shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture; small plots of several acres of forest or brush are periodically cut by hand, burned, and the ash spread over the ground to transfer nutrients to the soil; practiced throughout the rugged uplands of SE Asia
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (p.480)
an organization designed to encourage economic development in SE Asia and the Pacific Basin; increases global ties among Oceania countries and between the rest of the world
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) (p.379)
areas in which foreign investment is welcome and state intervention is minimal; an important industrial reform in China (esp. Shenzhen SEZ adjacent to Hong Kong)
atoll (p.457)
barrier reefs around or over sunken volcanic high islands
Hindu nationalism (p.398)
belief that promotes Hindu values as the foundation of Indian society; the current PM of India ascribes to this belief
orographic rainfall (p.390)
cause by the uplifting and cooling of moist monsoon winds over the Western Ghats and the Himalayan foothills; as a result, some areas receive more than 200 in of rain during the wet season (esp. Cherrapunji)
Khmer Rouge (p.441)
communist guerrillas in Cambodia; gained considerable power in the 50s
rain-shadow effect (p.391)
dramatically reduces rainfall by the Deccan Plateau, resulting in dryer climates in NW and SW India; as winds move downslope, the air becomes warmer, and dry conditions usually prevail
Jainism (p.401)
emerged around 500 BC; religion that stresses nonviolence, taking this creed to the ultimate extreme; forbidden to kill any living creatures
Melanesia (p.455)
"dark islands;" New Guinea to Fiji
Polynesia (p.455)
"many islands;" including New Zealand, US Midway Islands, and Easter Island
Micronesia (p.455)
"small islands;" culturally diverse; Nauru to the Marshall Islands and Guam
Bumiputra (p.445)
"sons of the soil;" dominant Malay community in Malaysia; economic policies have benefitted them at the expense of the ethnic Chinese minority
One Child Policy
1979-2015; estimated to have lowered population growth in China by 300 million; resulted in a preference for male babies
Belt and Road
China's international development scheme; $1 trillion promised in 60 countries; bid to enhance regional connectivity and build globalizing networks that serve China
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) (p.341)
China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; seeks cooperation on such security issues as terrorism and separatism and also aims to enhance trade; founded after the US established military bases in Central Asia following 9/11
special administrative region (p.375)
Hong Kong is an example of this- it has retained its fully capitalist system despite being returned to China from Britain in the 80s
exclave (p.409)
a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by alien territory; India used to have many across the Bangladeshi border and vice verse; they exchanged these in 2015 to simplify the border
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) (p.341)
a Russian-led military association that includes Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; demonstrates Russian influence in Central Asia
loess (p.331)
a fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind; plentiful in Central Asia
hukou (p.363)
a harsh system of urban residence registration that denies unregistered migrants access to education and social services; emerged out of frustration for uneven urban development; China announced it would relax these restrictions in 2014; have to ask permission to leave area born in; rural-urban migration severely limited
Superconurbation (megalopolis) (p.364)
a huge zone of coalesced metropolitan areas; Japan is a good example of this (Tokaido corridor between Tokyo and Osaka)
anthropogenic landscape (p.361)
a landscape heavily transformed by human activities; the North China Plain is an example of this
maharaja (p.408)
a local king subject to British advisors; ruled over Kashmir prior to partition; decided to join India after military pressure from Pakistan
Silk Road (p.324)
a network of paths and facilities that allowed trade goods to flow from China to SW Asia and Europe, crossing Central Asia in the process; explains much of the cultural diffusion processes we see today
forward capital (p.334)
a new capital city established in what had previously been a peripheral area in order to strengthen political and economic power over there (eg. Astana, Kazakhstan)
entrepôt (p.444)
a place where goods are imported, stored, and then transhipped; Singapore used to be this but has now transformed to one of the world's wealthiest and most modern states
viticulture (p.467)
grape cultivation; dominates South Australia's Barossa Valley, the Riverina district in New South Wales, and Western Australia's Swan Valley
Indian diaspora (p.413)
heavily represented by people from the province of Gujarat in western India
chaebol (p.377)
huge Korean industrial conglomerates; expanded in the last 50 years along to produce high-tech products and contributed to South Korea's rapid economic development
ASEAN (p.420)
includes every country in SE Asia except East Timor; has created a generally effective system of regional cooperation
Urdu (p.402)
language that originated on the plains of northern India; the language of the Muslim minority; written in the Arabic script
haole (p.472)
light-skinned Europeans and Americans in mid-19th century Hawaii; successfully profited from sugarcane plantations and Pacific shipping contracts
laissez-faire (p.378)
market freedom with little governmental control; Hong Kong has been characterized as one of the most of this kind of system; economic development caused manufacturing plants to be relocated to southern China
Golden Triangle (p.430)
mountains of northern SE Asia where opium has historically been grown; Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
Aborigine (p.463)
native inhabitants of Australia; settled there around 60,000 years ago; when the British arrived, they coined the land "Terra Nullis," ignoring these peoples
Green Revolution in India (p.396)
originated during the 1960s; has helped Indian agriculture keep up with population growth; efforts to breed high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice
Sikhism (p.400)
originated in the 1400s in the Punjab near the modern boundary between India and Pakistan; gave rise due to the tension between Islam and Hinduism; periodic persecution has led many adherents to adopt a militantly defensive stance (eg. assassination of PM
Native Title Bill (p.475)
passed in Australia in 1993; compensated Aborigines for lands already given up and gave them the right to gain title to unclaimed lands they still occupied; gave them legal standing to deal with mining companies in native-settled areas
Maori (p.469)
people native to New Zealand; more numerically significant and culturally visible than Aboriginal counterparts; British recognised them but took most of their land
intercropping (p.468)
planting multiple crops in the same field; in Australia, they may plant sweet potatoes, taro, coconut palms, bananas, etc. in the same field
White Australia Policy (p.469)
policy in which government guidelines after 1901 promoted European and North American immigration at the expense of other groups; not dismantled until 1973
sphere of influence (p.372)
regions in China that were divided up amongst colonial powers; they had no formal political authority in these regions, but they did have much informal influence and tremendous economic clout; during the Century of Humiliation
animism (p.434)
religion in which people worship nature spirits and their ancestors; European missionaries had the greatest success converting these peoples in the SE Asia highlands
transmigration (p.432)
relocation of people from one region to another within its national territory (eg. Indonesia encouraging people to relocate from Java)
Fergana Valley
rich agricultural valley in Central Asia that has generated a lot of geopolitical conflict; there are a lot of enclaves/exclaves in this region
mallee (p.457)
scrubby eucalyptus woodlands ; S and SW Australia
bustee (p.397)
squatter settlements in S Asia; rapidly expanding and providing meager shelter for many migrants
microstate (p.474)
states in Oceania with small overall land area and that maintain complicated political and economic ties to countries such as the US and France
crony capitalism (p.444)
system in which the president's friends are given huge economic favors, while those believed to be enemies had their properties taken; implemented under Ferdinand Marcos (1968-86) in the Philippines and in part explains the decline in economic development the Philippines experienced in the first half of the century
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (p.478)
the 200 nautical miles extending from a country's coastline in which that country has economic control over resources such as fisheries as well as retaining ocean-floor mineral rights
sediment load (p.358)
the amount of clay, silt, and sand in the water; makes the Huang He the muddiest river in the world
China proper (p.351)
the eastern part of China where 95% of the residents live; Han culture dominates in this area
linguistic nationalism (p.403)
the linking of a specific language with political goals; some Indians want Hindi to be the language of the country
hallyo ("Korean Wave") (p.370)
the phenomenon in which Korean popular culture has become popular all around the world (eg. K-Pop)
pollution exporting (p.356)
the phenomenon in which countries relocate their dirtiest factories to other areas (esp. to China and SE Asia); this is done by Japan, the US, western European countries, etc.
British East India Company (p.405)
the private organization that acted as an arm of the British government; carved out its South Asian Empire in the 18th century
shogun (p.373)
the top military leader who was the true power behind the throne in early 17th century Japan
Dalit (p.399)
untouchables; ancestors traditionally held "impure" jobs such as leather working or trash collection
North China Plain
virtually entirely occupied and/or cultivated; example of anthropogenic landscape along with the Loess Plateau; known for growing wheat and barley