Geology Exam 3

Identify the monocline.

(picture in folder)

In this relative age dating interactivity, order the geologic events chronologically from oldest to youngest, with the oldest being labeled "1st" and the youngest being labeled "4th."

(picture in folder)

Match each type of strain taking place to the corresponding image of a cube and fossil shell. Red arrows indicate the stress acting on the cube and shell. The terms provided refer to changes in the horizontal direction. -shear strain -stretching -unstrained -shortening

(picture in folder)

This image shows strata exposed in the walls of the Grand Canyon. Identify the oldest and youngest rocks by dragging the labels to the appropriate location. Then answer the second part of the question below. -youngest rock in view -oldest rock in view

(picture in folder)

Complete the following sentence: "if earthquakes have happened before ..." -" ... they'll never happen again, because lightning never strikes twice!" -" ... they are expected to occur again"

-" ... they are expected to occur again"

Identify signs that could be observed at a beach as a tsunami approaches. -The water temperature increases significantly. -A wall of turbulent, frothing water is visible. -Fish wash up on the shore. -The sea recedes significantly from the coastline. -A number of rip currents develop. -A loud ocean roar can be heard.

-A wall of turbulent, frothing water is visible. -The sea recedes significantly from the coastline. -A loud ocean roar can be heard.

Where is the best place to be during an earthquake? -A brick house -A barn full of cutting implements hanging from the ceiling -An elevator -An empty field

-An empty field

What is one of the differences between body waves and surface waves? -Body waves are usually far more destructive -Surface waves travel much more quickly than body waves -Body waves are described as compressional or shear -Surface waves are described as compressional or tensional

-Body waves are described as compressional or shear

Which of the following statements is true? -S-waves travel twice as fast as P-waves -R-waves cause the Earth's surface to move up and down -The hypocenter (focus) is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the epicenter -P, S, L and R-waves are all waves that pass through the Earth's interior

-R-waves cause the Earth's surface to move up and down

Which seismic "body" waves travel only through solid and not liquids? -P-waves -R-waves -L-waves -S-waves

-S-waves

If a basalt body cuts across a fault, what are the relative ages of the basalt and the fault? -Their relative ages cannot be determined based on the information given -The basalt must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships -The basalt must be older, according to the principle of original horizontality -The fault must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

-The fault must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

A tsunami is: -a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or bay -the tendency of wet, clay-rich soil to behave like a liquid during an earthquake -the amount of change in elevation of local sea level caused by a surging wave -an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source

-an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source

Label the hanging wall and footwall shown in the image. In this type of fault, the hanging wall has moved __________ -up -down

-down (picture and answer in folder)

Match the three faults with their respective names.

-normal fault -reverse fault -thrust fault (picture in folder)

To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, what information do you need? -the amplitude of the P-waves -the velocity of P-waves recorded at a seismic station -the velocity of surface waves recorded at a seismic station -the difference in the arrival times of the P- and S-waves, as recorded at three different stations

-the difference in the arrival times of the P- and S-waves, as recorded at three different stations

How many half-lives have passed if a rock contains 50% parent isotopes and 50% daughter isotopes?

1

order the steps in the formation of an nonconformity

1. sedimentary layers are deposited and lithified 2. a granitic pluton intrudes sedimentary rock layers 3. erosion takes place, exposing the pluton at the surface 4. sedimentary deposition occurs again, covering the erosional surface

Order the steps in the formation of an angular unconformity.

1. sediments are deposited and lithified 2.regional mountain building takes place, and sedimentary layers are folded into anticlines and synclines 3. erosion takes place 4. sediments are deposited on top of an erosional surface

order the steps in the formation of a disconformity

1. sediments were deposited in a marine environment 2. sea level fell, exposing marine deposits subaerially 3. erosion took place 4. sea level rose, covering the erosional surface which was buried by marine sediments

How many half-lives have passed if a rock contains 25% parent isotopes and 75% daughter isotopes?

2

The half-life of a given radioactive isotope is 100 million years. A mineral specimen contains 4 parent isotopes for every 12 daughter isotopes. Assuming no escape of parent or daughter during decay, how old is the specimen?

200 million years

If the parent isotope has a half-life that equals 1.75 million years, how old is the rock? 5.25 Ma 1.75 Ma 3.06 Ma 0.86 Ma 3.50 Ma

3.50 Ma

What is the parent-to-daughter isotope ratio if one half-life has passed? 8:8 2:14 16:0 4:12

8:8

Identify the true statement. A. Surface waves typically have the largest amplitude. B. P-waves and S-waves are seismic surface waves. C. Surface waves are the first to show up on a seismogram recording of a quake. D. S-waves are compressional body waves, while P-waves are shear body waves.

A. Surface waves typically have the largest amplitude.

Which statements are true about synclines?

A. They are the result of ductile deformation. B. They form from compressional stress. D. The limbs dip toward the hinge

Which statements are true about monoclines?

A. They form from compressional stress. B. They are step-shaped folds C. Monocline formation is influenced by underlying structures D. They are the result of ductile deformation. ALL ARE CORRECT

Identify statements true of tsunamis. A. Tsunamis form from a sudden displacement of water. B. Underwater landslides can cause tsunamis. C. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves. D. Tsunamis are large tidal waves.

A. Tsunamis form from a sudden displacement of water. B. Underwater landslides can cause tsunamis. C. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves.

Examine the three seismograms. They were recorded by three different stations during the same earthquake. They all have the same x-axis and y-axis scales. Based on what you have learned about wave amplitudes and S-P intervals, assign the seismograms relative distances to the epicenter using the labels to the right. closest to epicenterintermediate distance from epicenterfarthest from epicenter A. closest to epicenter B. intermediate distance from epicenter C. farthest from epicenter

B C A (picture in folder)

Which of the illustration represents a disconformity? A. Illustration A B. Illustration B C. Illustration C

B. Illustration B (picture in folder)

Which statements are true of anticlines?

B. They are the result of ductile deformation C. They have an arch-like shape D. They form from compressional stress.

This image of an outcrop shows A. a normal fault, with the hanging wall on the left. B. a normal fault, with the hanging wall on the right. C. a right-lateral, strike-slip fault. D. a thrust fault.

B. a normal fault, with the hanging wall on the right.

What does this figure illustrate? A. hanging wall moving up B. strike-slip faulting C. how fault scarps are formed D. vertical displacement

B. strike-slip faulting (picture in folder)

Block X is the block on the left with the labeled layers. Which of the following choices is correct?

Block X is the hanging wall.

When you snap a stick between your hands, breaking it into two pieces, you have caused ______________ deformation.

Brittle

Complete the image by labeling the features of an earthquake. You will place six of the seven terms on the targets in the illustration. A. epicenter B. fault C. footwall block D. hanging wall block E. focus (hypocenter) F. plate boundary G. seismic wave

C G B E A F (picture in folder)

Interpret the seismogram shown. What type of features do A, B, C, and D represent? A. A: Aftershock; B: Surface waves; C: S-wave arrival; D: P-wave arrival B. A: Surface waves; B: S-wave arrival; C: P-wave arrival; D: Aftershock C. A: P-wave arrival; B: S-wave arrival; C: Surface waves; D: Aftershock D. A: S-wave arrival; B: P-wave arrival; C: Surface waves; D: Aftershock

C. A: P-wave arrival; B: S-wave arrival; C: Surface waves; D: Aftershock (picture in folder)

Using this earthquake hazard map for the United States, determine which area in the list below has the highest earthquake hazard. SE Missouri The Gulf Coast Coastal California Minnesota

Coastal California (I think)

This map includes three seismograph stations (1, 2, and 3) and circles showing the calculated distance between the stations and an earthquake epicenter. Which of the four locations (A, B, C, or D) represents the epicenter of the earthquake? A. Point A B. Point B C. Point C D. Point D

D. Point D (picture in folder)

Classify the prominent unconformity shown in this illustration. A. nonconformity B. disconformity C. There is no unconformity in this image. D. angular unconformity

D. angular unconformity (pic in folder)

The locations of major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions A. are not similar to each other. B. always mark places where plates are converging, never where they are diverging. C. are usually toward the centers of tectonic plates. D. are usually along plate boundaries.

D. are usually along plate boundaries.

Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of ______________ faults.

Dip Slip

Select statements true of ductile deformation in solids. Note that ductile deformation is also called plastic deformation.

During ductile deformation, rocks can fold or bend. Ductile deformation usually occurs at great depths and high temperatures.

Distinguish attributes of crustal deformation as being associated with folding or faulting. -Compressional Stress -Bending of geologic materials -Ductile deformaton -Brittle deformation

Folding: -Compressional Stress -Bending of geologic materials -Ductile deformaton Faulting: -Brittle deformation

What conclusion can you make from the following diagram?

If the half-life of the parent material is 4,000 years, 3 on the horizontal axis of the graph represents 12,000 years. (picture in folder)

The principle of superposition states that:

In a sequence of sedimentary beds, the oldest rocks are at the bottom of the sequence

In this relative age dating interactivity, order the geologic events chronologically from oldest to youngest, with the oldest being labeled "1st" and the youngest being labeled "4th." A. 1st B. 2nd C. 3rd D. 4th

In order, A D C B (picture in folder)

Which seismic wave phase causes the ground to "writhe like a snake"? R-wave S-wave L-wave P-wave

L-wave

You're standing near a strike-slip fault zone, and you observe that objects on the opposite fault block, across the fault plane, have moved to your left. You would classify that fault as a: Normal fault Thrust fault Right-lateral strike-slip fault Left-lateral strike-slip fault

Left-lateral strike-slip fault

Which earthquake intensity scale assesses the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures? Mercalli scale Richter scale

Mercalli scale

Which earthquake intensity scale assesses the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures? Richter Modified Mercalli Moment Magnitude

Modified Mercalli

What type of unconformity occurs when sedimentary rocks overlie either igneous or metamorphic rocks?

Nonconformity

Which fault type will most likely form in areas where the Earth's lithosphere is under tensional (pull-apart) stresses? Reverse fault Normal fault Strike-slip fault Your fault

Normal fault

Given the relationships shown in the block, what is the relative age of the features labeled, from oldest to youngest?

OLDEST sed rocks pluton fault dike YOUNGEST

Which type of seismic wave has the highest velocity? S-wave L-wave R-wave P-wave

P-wave

Short-term seismic forecasting is predicated upon warning systems for which specific seismic waves? S-waves P-waves L-waves R-waves

P-waves

Which seismic "body" waves travel through solids, liquids and gasses? L-waves R-waves P-waves S-waves

P-waves

Which of the four types of seismic waves are body waves? Choose ALL that apply. R-waves L-waves P-waves S-waves

P-waves S-waves

Which of the four types of seismic waves are surface waves?

R waves and L waves

Which seismic wave phase causes the ground to roll like a wave (like ripples on a pond)? R-wave P-wave S-wave L-wave

R-wave

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is called ___________ if the fault plane is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal) No answer text provided. No answer text provided. Reverse Normal

Reverse

Which type of fault will most likely fault in an area where the Earth's crust is under compressional (squeezing) stresses? Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-slip fault Definitely your fault

Reverse fault

The principle of inclusions states that:

Rock containing inclusions is younger than the inclusions

Which body seismic waves travel only through solids and not liquids? L-waves R-waves S-waves P-waves

S-waves

The principle of lateral continuity says that:

Sedimentary layers began as continuous expanses of sediment

What is the correct name for the graphic representation of ground motion resulting from an earthquake? Seismogram Seismometer Seismophone Seismograph

Seismogram

What instrument(s) record(s) vertical and horizontal ground motion caused by seismic waves? Choose ALL that apply. -Seismographs -Seismograms -Seismometers -Seismophone

Seismographs Seismometers

How is stress different from strain?

Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress

A rock affected by tensile (pull-apart) stress will likely undergo:

Stretching

The observation that an igneous intrusion "cooked" the sedimentary rocks around it would indicate that:

The baked sedimentary rocks must have been there first, according to the principle of baked contacts

If a fault cuts through a granite pluton, what are the relative ages of the basalt and the fault?

The fault must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that:

The feature doing the cutting is younger than the feature it cuts

In this illustration, which is a correct interpretation of relative ages?

The granite pluton is older than the fault, which is older than the dike.

Which of the following answers below accurately reflects the following statement? "A sandstone is younger than a shale, but older than a limestone"

The shale is the oldest, followed by the sandstone, and then the limestone

Select the statement that best describes the concept of fossil succession.

There is a definite relative order in which each fossil species occurs within the layers of rock on Earth.

This satellite image shows the Himalaya Mountains, the tallest mountain range on Earth, and the Tibetan Plateau. Which of the following processes is responsible for the formation of the mountains in this region?

Thickening of the curst caused by deformation during collision

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed _________ if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical). Strike-slip fault Normal fault Reverse fault Thrust fault

Thrust fault

What does the term uniformitarianism mean?

We can interpret the processes that formed ancient rock by examining the processes that form similar rock today.

Place the units shown in the diagram into their order of occurrence by dragging labels into the correct position in the ranking (youngest at the top; oldest at the bottom).

YOUNGEST Bed EDike HBatholith GFault FBed AOLDEST

Choose the statement that best describes a thrust fault.

a special type of reverse fault

The vast majority of earthquakes occur ______________. along transform-plate boundaries only along passive margins along all types of plate boundaries near hotspots

along all types of plate boundaries

Arrange the following images from earliest to latest to model the formation of a new fault.

answer in folder

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n): syncline monocline anticline basin

anticline (picture In folder)

Which of the following is the MOST PRECISE estimate of when the folding occurred?

before the granite pluton intruded, and after intrusion of the sill

Faults are examples of what kind of rock deformation?

brittle

A cold body of rock is more likely to exhibit __________ than a hot body of rock.

brittle behavior

Making better ____________ is the best way to prevent earthquake damage. buildings magnitude scales seismometers seismograms

buildings

Reverse faults are generally the result of _____________ stress

compressional

When you stretch a bit of silly putty with your hands, gradually thinning it out as your hands move further apart, you have caused _________ deformation.

ductile

A hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit _________________than a cold body of rock.

ductile behavior

Unconformities represent ________________ in the rock record.

erosion or lack of deposition

The time it takes for half of the unstable nucleii (parent isotopes) to become daughter isotopes is referred to as:

half life

Under which of these conditions would a body of rock be more likely to exhibit ductile behavior? Group of answer choices

high tempurture

Two atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons contained in their respective nuclei are said to represent two distinct ________ of that element.

isotopes

Geologists base their estimate that the Earth is 4.56 billion years old on

isotopic dating of meteorites thought to be from primitive solids of the early Solar System.

Under which of these conditions would a body of rock be more likely to exhibit brittle behavior?

low temperatures and pressures

An unconformity develops when

new strata are deposited atop eroded strata.

What type of unconformity occurs when sedimentary rocks overlie either igneous or metamorphic rocks?

nonconformity

Assuming that the motion along the fault plane is pure dip-slip, and that the sandstone of the hanging wall was connected to the sandstone of the footwall before faulting, which of the following terms best describes this fault?

normal

If, during an earthquake, a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall, the fault is called: thrust reverse normal strike-slip

normal

The diagram shows a cross-sectional view of a fault and layered rocks in the adjacent fault blocks. Assuming that the motion along the fault plane is pure dip-slip, and that the sandstone in the hanging wall (labelled as B on block X, the hanging wall) was connected to the sandstone of the footwall before faulting, which of the following terms best describes the fault?

normal

Which proportion of a radioactive isotope is expected to remain in an unaltered (unreacted) state after the passage of three half-lives? one-fourth one-half three-halves one-eigth

one-eigth

Identify the result of continental collision.

orogenesis

An episode of mountain building is called a(n)

orogeny

Which of the following terms refers to the process of mountain building?

orogeny

Which of the following best characterizes the type of folding seen in these beds?

passive-flow folding

Which of the following is most useful for justifying your age assessment?

principle of superposition

The image shows more than 8 feet of offset on the Richardson Highway in Alaska that resulted from a magnitude 7.9 earthquake along the Denali Fault in 2002. Notice the Trans Alaska Pipeline in the background. This type of offset suggests that what type of fault motion occurred in this area?

right lateral Strike faulting

Deformation resulting in a change in orientation, such as the tilting of originally flat sedimentary rocks, is referred to as:

rotation

According to the principle of cross-cutting relations, which of the following features in the above cross section is the youngest?

sedimentary A

The principle of lateral continuity says that

sedimentary layers began as continuous expanses of sediment.

Strike-slip faults are generally the result of _______________ stress.

shear

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo:

shortening

A type of deformation that involves a change in shape is called:

strain

Force per unit area is called:

stress

Left-lateral and right-lateral are examples of ______________ faults

strike slip

Motion on which type of fault results in neither extension nor compression of the crust?

strike slip fault

A fold shaped like an elongate trough is a(n):

syncline

Sideling Hill, in western Maryland, is a northeast-southwest-trending ridge underlain by Paleozoic sandstone, shale, and coal. This fold formed due to the collision of Africa with North America. Note that the compass shown over the highway points approximately north. what kind of fold is this?

syncline

Normal faults are generally the result of _____________ stress. shear tensional compressional triaxial

tensional

Using this earthquake hazard map for the United States, determine which area in the list below has the highest earthquake hazard. Minnesotathe South Carolina coast the Gulf Coast the Washington coast

the Washington coast (picture in folder)

According to the principle of cross-cutting relations, which of the following features in the above cross section is the oldest?

the dike

Mountains do not get infinitely high or exist forever because:

they experience organic collapse

Mountains do not get infinitely high or exist forever because

they experience orogenic collapse.

This satellite image shows the Himalaya Mountains, the tallest mountain range on Earth, and the Tibet Plateau. Which of the following processes is responsible for the formation of the mountains in this region?

thickening of the crust caused by deformation during collision

Deformation that results in a chance in location (such as rocks moved up or down on a normal fault) is referred to as:

translation

If the numerical ages of two rock formations are known, then the relative ages with respect to one another can be inferred.

true