Geology FINAL

"Over the past 400,000 years, global temperatures" ...have stayed very constant, not changing more than 1C" ...have decreased simultaneously with lower CO2 abundances ...have been completely indpendent of Milankovich cycles ...have only chaged very slowly, over more than 100,000 years"

...have decreased simultaneously with lower CO2 abundances

As of 2016, renewable resources made up approximately what % of all energy used in the United States? 1% 11% 25% 50%

11%

A common problem with renewable resources is Higher CO2 generation compared to fossil fuels A lack of good storage mechanisms: the generated energy must be used immediately Local environmental pollution Very expensive to build renewable resources power generation,

A lack of good storage mechanisms: the generated energy must be used immediately

All of the following are necessary for petroleum formation EXCEPT: Very long time periods (millions of years) High temperatures (>100˚C) A salt, such as sodium chloride Organic matter in the form of plankton

A salt, such as sodium chloride

Which of the following statements are false: A metamorphic rock can become a metamorphic rock An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock A sedimentary rock can become an igneous rock A sedimentary rock cannot become a sedimentary rock.

A sedimentary rock cannot become a sedimentary rock.

Recently, the number of Coal fired Power Plants in the US has been: A) Decreasing B) Increasing C) Remaining steady

A) Decreasing

Copper porphyry deposits are enriched in copper due to: A) Fluids moving through and around granitic intrusions B) Pressure and heat metamorphosing granite C) Fluids moving through nearby carbonate deposits to bring copper into the system D) Thick sediment deposits with porphyry minerals in them

A) Fluids moving through and around granitic intrusions

Currently the US .... A) Is producing more energy than it is consuming B) Is producing less energy than it is consuming and relies on imports C) Is importing most of its energy as fossil fuels D) Is exporting most of its energy as electricity to Canada.

A) Is producing more energy than it is consuming

Which of these following US states are ALL on a plate boundary:

A) Oregon, Alaska, Washington

***Most likely, which of the following locations can generate coal deposits: A) Swamps B) Highly productive areas on the Continental Shelf C) Interiors of continents. D) All of the above.

A) Swamps

Which of the following is a renewable resource? A) Water B) Coal C) Oil D) Copper

A) Water

Which of the following is a renewable resource? A) Wind B) Coal C) Oil D) Copper

A) Wind

The volcanism along the Andes Mountains in South America is most likely due to:

A) hydrous melting from fluids rising from the subducting plate

During photosynthesis, plants A) take in CO2 and give off O2 B) take in CO2 and give off N2 C) take in methane and give off O2 D) take in O2 and give off CO2

A) take in CO2 and give off O2

Over the past decade, energy reserves in the United States have been A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Staying about the same D. We do not know, it is a closely held secret on national security.

A. Increasing

The chemicals that make up oil are derived from . . . A. the bodies of dead plankton and algae B. accumulations of woody plants and mosses. C. the bodies of land animals (mainly dinosaurs). D. accumulations of shells.

A. the bodies of dead plankton and algae

The following are some of the impacts of Oil exploration and usage: Oil spills Harmful materials produced during refining Non-renewable so resources potentially limited Production of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 All of the Above

All of the Above

The primary environmental risks with "fracking" operations are: Water Pollution Groundwater contamination & depletion Induced Earthquakes All of the above

All of the above

Use the map of plate boundaries below to predict which land mass experiences the fewest earthquakes per year.

Australia

The largest copper deposits occur: A) Along divergent plate margins B) Along subduction zone plate margins C) In stable continental interiors D) On continental shelves

B) Along subduction zone plate margins

The Earth's population is: A) Close to 7 billion people and decreasing. B) Close to 7 billion people and increasing. C) Close to 700 million people and decreasing. D) Close to 700 million people and increasing.

B) Close to 7 billion people and increasing.

The Earth's population is: A) Close to 7.5 billion people and decreasing. B) Close to 7.5 billion people and increasing. C) Close to 70 billion people and decreasing. D) Close to 700 million people and increasing.

B) Close to 7.5 billion people and increasing.

Which of the following is a non-renewable resource? A) Wind B) Coal C) Water D) These are all non-renewable resources.

B) Coal

Volcanoes along the Aleutian Islands in Alaska are formed due to :

B) Due to the subduction of the Pacific plate to the north (convergent boundary)

Along a Mid-Oceanic Ridge where the plates separate, you expect to find these types of rocks: A) High Pressure metamorphic rocks B) Extrusive igneous rocks C) Granitic rocks D) A thick pile of sedimentary rocks

B) Extrusive igneous rocks

Which of the following geographic features sits on a divergent plate boundary?

B) Iceland

Rocks that crystallize from a melt are called: A) Sedimentary B) Igneous C) Metamorphic D) Clastic

B) Igneous

When did most large present day coal deposits on earth formed? A) Coal mined today formed continuously throughout the earth's history B) Most coal mined today formed during the Carboniferous Era C) Most Coal mined today formed during the Jurassic Era D) Most Coal mined today formed during the Cambrian Era

B) Most coal mined today formed during the Carboniferous Era

You live in Seattle and a large earthquake happens near Los Angeles. Select below the correct order of seismic wave arrival at Seattle (in other words, in which order will you "feel" the arriving seismic waves)?

B) P-Waves, S-Waves, Surface Waves

Which of the following is the correct statement.

B) The Earth's magnetic field has changed intensity and polarity at various time intervals over the age of the earth.

Volcanoes along the Aleutian Islands in Alaska are formed due to:

B) The subduction of the Pacific plate to the north (convergent boundary)

Why are fossil fuels considered fossilized sunlight? A) because they are made from the sun B) because they store energy in their chemical bonds that came from sunlight C) Because CO2 is stored in the atmosphere which depends on sunlight D) because they originate as organic-rich sedimentary deposits

B) because they store energy in their chemical bonds that came from sunlight

Since the Earth's population is...: A) increasing, then based on the IPAT equation, our impact on the planet will decrease. B) increasing, then based on the IPAT equation, our impact on the planet will increase. C) decreasing, then based on the IPAT equation, our impact on the planet will decrease. D) decreasing, then based on the IPAT equation, our impact on the planet will increase.

B) increasing, then based on the IPAT equation, our impact on the planet will increase.

Complete the sentence: Electricity_______ A) is not mined like coal or drilled like petroleum B) is a secondary power source, derived from primary power sources like coal and natural gas C) usage has been decreasing over the past 10 years D) none of the above

B) is a secondary power source, derived from primary power sources like coal and natural gas

The East Coast of North America is __________.

B) not located on a plate boundary

Earthquakes happen when:

B) strain accumulates between rocks and is suddenly released

Plate tectonics does not explain the following:

B) the origin of the Moon

With increasing distance from a mid oceanic ridge,....

B) the rocks on the ocean floor become older.

The type of bedrock upon which as house is build.....

B) will increase the intensity of an earthquake if the bedrock is loose sediments

The surge of earthquakes in Oklahoma the last decade is due to: A. Oklahoma being on a plate tectonic boundary. B. Increased injection waste water from drilling back into the ground C. Lots of gas wells and removal of gas from underground reservoir D. Extensive fracking for the production of natural gas.

B. Increased injection waste water from drilling back into the ground

Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... A. found in an impermeable rock B. capped by an impermeable rock C. siting upon an impermeable rock

B. capped by an impermeable rock

What has been the main cause of reserve growth for oil and gas produced in the US? A. consistently high oil prices B. the advent of new extraction technologies C. the dominance of imported oil D. all of these

B. the advent of new extraction technologies

Part of Mr. King Hubbert's prediction was that: US oil production would grow slowly at first due to low demand and primitive extraction techniques US oil production would accelerate rapidly due to increase in demand and extraction techniques US oil production would keep up with demand Both A and B Both B and C

Both A and B

The organic matter that eventually forms oil is: Buried slowly in the abyssal plain. Buried slowly on the continental shelf. Buried rapidly on the abyssal plain. Buried rapidly on the continental shelf. Buried rapidly at a river delta.

Buried rapidly on the continental shelf.

The Coal reserves in the United states are estimated to last for at least another : A) 50 years, B) 100 years C) 300 years D) 1,000 years

C) 300 years

Which country is both the largest importer and producer of iron ore/steel? A) United States of America B) Australia C) China D) Germany

C) China

Choose the correct sentence:

C) Flood basalts are associated with large amounts of water and lahars

What is the main source of US energy A) Coal B) Oil C) Fossil Fuels D) Nuclear

C) Fossil Fuels

Most of Natural gas is used as energy source for : A) Transportation needs B) Commercial Needs C) Industrial and Energy production D) Residential and Industrial

C) Industrial and Energy production

In South Carolina, most of our energy comes from: A) Fossil Fuels B) Hydroelectric C) Nuclear D) Landfill gas

C) Nuclear

The concept of the rock cycle is that? A) Rocks are moved about the world by the geologic processes B) The world changes, but rocks are permanent C) Rocks continually undergo change, being transformed into new rocks D) Rocks must be cycled deep into the crust to be made into different rocks.

C) Rocks continually undergo change, being transformed into new rocks

Granites are igneous rocks formed by: A) Erosion of metamorphic rocks B) Circulation of hydrothermal fluids C) Slow crystallization of melts deep in the crust D) Eruption of lava and cooling on the surface

C) Slow crystallization of melts deep in the crust

Which of the following statements is NOT correct: A) Something with economic value can be considered a resource. B) Something with environmental value can be considered a resource. C) Something with cultural value cannot be considered a resource. D) Something with ecological value can be considered a resource.

C) Something with cultural value cannot be considered a resource.

The type of volcano that is generally most dangerous for near-by communities is:

C) Stratovolcano

The type of volcano that is most dangerous for near-by communities is:

C) Stratovolcano

Choose the correct statement

C) The Richter and Mercalli scales have nothing to do with each other, because the Mercalli scale depends on the location

The Formation of BIFs is linked to: A) The rise of methanogens, the first methane consuming bacteria B) Impacts of Iron meteorites that caused melting of the iron in layers C) The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere D) The beginning of plate tectonics

C) The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere

All of the following is true about earthquakes EXCEPT:

C) a magnitude 4 earthquake has twice as much ground displacement as a magnitude 3 earthquake

The Great Rift Valley of East Africa is an early-stage_________.

C) divergent boundary

The Affluence of the world's population as a whole is expected to__________________ over time: A) decrease B) remain the same C) increase D) increase then decrease

C) increase

New oceanic crust is created at ________.

C) mid-oceanic ridges

Complete the sentence: Coal forms from ____________that accumulates in an ________ depositional environment. A) plant material / oxygen rich B) plankton material / oxygen rich C) plant material / oxygen poor D) plankton material / oxygen poor

C) plant material / oxygen poor

Complete the sentence: A earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Richter scale (or Moment Magnitude scale) ....

C) releases about 40 times the amount of energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 on the Richter scale

The volcanism in Northwest United States (St. Helens, Mt. Baker, Twin Sisters, etc.) is related to:

C) subduction of the Juan De Fuca plate beneath the American continent.

What do you think the influence of Technology will be on our total Impact on the planet? A) technology will always increase our impact. B) technology will always decrease our impact. C) technology can either increase or decrease our impact. D) technology has no influence our impact.Flith

C) technology can either increase or decrease our impact.

What do you think will be the influence of Technology on our total Impact on the planet? A) technology will always increase our impact. B) technology will always decrease our impact. C) technology can either increase or decrease our impact. D) technology has no influence our impact.

C) technology can either increase or decrease our impact.

The IPAT equation states that: A) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact will always increase B) the total impact on the environment is the sum of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease C) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease D) the total impact on the environment is the sum of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact will always increase

C) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease

The IPAT equation states that: A) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact will always increase. B) the total impact on the environment is the sum of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease. C) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease. D) the total impact on the environment is the sum of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact will always increase.

C) the total impact on the environment is the product of total population, the affluence of the population, and technology, and technology's impact can increase or decrease.

All of the following are necessary for petroleum formation EXCEPT: A. Very long time periods (millions of years) B. High temperatures (>100o C) C. A salt, such as sodium chloride D. Organic matter in the form of plankton

C. A salt, such as sodium chloride

Seismic imaging is used to locate possible petroleum reservoirs. It works by: A. X-rays B. Light waves C. Sound waves D. Making sensitive readings with laser guns

C. Sound waves

In the US, the cost of gasoline at the pump is mostly controlled by: A. Seasonal variability. B. The cost of refining. C. The cost of oil (exploration and extraction) D. Local and state taxes.

C. The cost of oil (exploration and extraction)

Fracking is needed when: A. a source rock has low permeability/porosity B. a source rock has high permeability/porosity C. a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity D. a reservoir rock has high permeability/porosity

C. a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity

Complete the sentence: The time scales for oil formation are...... A. relatively short at high Temperatures B. relatively long at high Temperature C. much longer than needed to cover demand D. not a function of temperature

C. much longer than needed to cover demand

The graph below compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sun's energy received by the Earth (yellow line) in watts (units of energy) per square meter since 1880. The lighter/thinner lines show the yearly levels while the heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average trends. Eleven-year averages are used to reduce the year-to-year natural noise in the data, making the underlying trends more obvious. The amount of solar energy received by the Earth has followed the Sun's natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs. Based on this figure and focusing at the recent temperature increase on the surface of earth from 1950 to 2020 select the answer that best explains this figure. Answers: A: The recent Temperature increase on Earth is driven by increase in solar radiance. B: Solar radiance has increased over time together with surface temperature C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth; D: Solar radiance keep decreasing since 1880

C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth;

During the last glacial maximum approximately 18,000 years ago,...... ice covered the continetns all the way to the equator global temperatures were higher than they are now CO2 levels were lower than they are now major cities in Florida were under water

CO2 levels were lower than they are now

The breaking of bonds to make hydrocarbon chains smaller and smaller is called: Hydrofracturing. Cracking. Fracking. Denaturing. Hydrocracking.

Cracking.

Fossil fuels..... A) were formed millions of years ago B) are non-renewable resources C) are formed originally through photosynthesis D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following are drawbacks related to coal exploration and usage? A) Landscape degradation B) CO2 emissions C) Coal ash storage and handling D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Lithification is a process where: A) Lava cools and hardens on the surface B) Increase in the pressure on a sedimentary rock C) Minerals crystalize slowly in the subsurface making a hard rock D) Compaction and cementation of sediments forms a rock

D) Compaction and cementation of sediments forms a rock

Sansa, residing in Eyrie, felt an earthquake that caused the Gates of the Moon to collapse. Arya, residing on the island of Braavos, felt the same earthquake but it only caused a few tiles to fall off of roofs; no damage occurred to any structures. What could have caused the difference in their experiences? (From the series: Game of Thrones).

D) Eyrie was closer to the epicenter

On geologic timescales, the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption for living things is from:

D) Flood basalts

On large geologic timescales, the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption for all living things is from:

D) Flood basalts

The use of coal in the US for production of electricity has: A) Been constantly increasing the last 50 years B) Has been changing depending on the energy needs of the country. C) Has staid constant the last 50 years. D) Has been decreasing the last decade

D) Has been decreasing the last decade

Considering when most of coal deposits formed on the planet, which of the following locations will likely hold coal deposits today? A) In the high mountains of the Andes (Chile, Peru) B) In Japan C) In the Caribbean D) In Siberia E) In Alaska

D) In Siberia

The difference between a lava flow and a pyroclastic flow is:

D) Lava is still molten rock while pyroclastic flow is hot rock and ash

The difference between a lava flow and a pyroclastic flow is:

D) Lava is still molten while pyroclastic flow is hot rock and ash

Fossil remains of this land animal proved important in showing that South America and Africa were once joined, but later drifted apart:

D) Mesosaurus

In the United States, A) Fossil Fuels supply over 97% of energy B) Coal supplies approximately 87% of the energy C) Hydroelectric power supplies 77% of the energy D) None of the above

D) None of the above

Which of the following has existed unchanged from the time that the Earth formed, 4.5 billion years ago, to the present?

D) None of the above.

Suppose you were given a rock from near the surface of the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico. Chances are that this rock will be of what type? A) Igneous B) Metamorphic C) Coal D) Sedimentary

D) Sedimentary

The motion of flowing material where hot matter rises up from the bottom and cool matter sinks down from the top surface is called:

D) convection

The plate tectonics system is driven by _________.

D) internal heat

The primary environmental risks with "fracking" operations are: A. Water Pollution B. Groundwater contamination & depletion C. Induced Earthquakes D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Part of Mr. King Hubbert's prediction was that: A. US oil production would grow slowly at first due to low demand and primitive extraction techniques B. US oil production would accelerate rapidly due to increase in demand and extraction techniques C. US oil production would keep up with demand D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

D. Both A and B

Gas deposites are typically found in what kind of rock type? A. Metamorphic. B. Igneous C. Hydrothermal. D. Sedimentary.

D. Sedimentary.

Petroleum reserves ...... A. are economically recoverable B. may change due to evolving technologies C. have already been discovered D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

In order for a rock to be a good reservoir rock from where oil can be pumped, it must have . . . A. high porosity B. low permeability C. high permeability D. both A and C

D. both A and C

The number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain found in fossil fuels: Decreases by a factor of 2 for every 10 C degrees temperature decrease. Increases with increasing Temperature. Decreases with increasing Temperature. Changes as a function of Pressure, but not Temperature. Increases with time of burial.

Decreases with increasing Temperature.

When will world oil production begin to decline? Depends on the Hubbert curve. Within the next 10 years Within the next 20 years Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods

Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods

Answer the following: Who is Dora's cousin? Donald Diego Armando Julio

Diego

To make a good oil reservoir, it is sufficient to have: A. a source rock B. a reservoir rock C. a migration pathway D. a trap / cap rock E. all of the above are needed

E. all of the above are needed

This figure shows the combined impact of "natural" sources (changes in orbit, changes in solar radiance, emissions from volcanoes) on the planet's temperature, as well as that of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4). Based on the data shown in this figure and the information from the lecture, which of the following is likely correct: Answers: A: If there were no anthropogenic emissions, the temperature on the planet would most likely have stayed constant. B: The effect of volcanic emissions is to cool the planet in the short term. C: Increase in Surface Temperature best correlates with Greenhouse emissions. D: In the last 125 years the effect of orbital forcing on the surface temperature is negligible E: All of the above are correct F: Not all of the above can be correct at the same time

E: All of the above are correct

All volcanic eruptions are explosive and spread massive layers of ash into the atmosphere

False

The units depicted by axis A most likely....: Increase downwards Increase upwards Change as a function of B axis Axis A has no numerical value Depend on the geothermal gradient.

Increase downwards

The surge of earthquakes in Oklahoma the last decade is due to..... Oklahoma being on a plate tectonic boundary. Increased injection of waste water from drilling back into the ground Lots of gas wells and removal of gas from underground reservoirs Acts of God.

Increased injection of waste water from drilling back into the ground

Injecting SO2 in the atmosphere.... is a smart idea, It happens in nature, will not have any side effects may be a smart idea, we need to check for possible sideffects It is a dumb idea because SO2 falls back to earth as sulfuric acid which is caustic and causes acid rain

It is a dumb idea because SO2 falls back to earth as sulfuric acid which is caustic and causes acid rain

Most petroleum reserves are found: In North America, primarily Alaska Middle East Soviet Union Asia

Middle East

The composition of fracking fluids is...... Well documented. Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it. Heavily regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Public domain knowledge

Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it.

Plate reconstructions (the position of plates in the past), allows us to predict:

NOT: A) The composition of the outer core. D) The age of the Earth.

Why are most coal deposits found in the interior of continents? A) Subduction zones will push coal deposits up and make them easy to find B) Plate tectonics destroy plate margins and would redistribute coal making it hard to mine C) Plate interiors are away from subduction zones allowing old coal deposits to survive. D) A and B E) B and C

NOT: D) A and B NOT: B) Plate tectonics destroy plate margins and would redistribute coal making it hard to mine

Coal deposits originate from: A) Phytoplankton B) Sediments on the continental shelf C) Plant material D) All of the above.

NOT: D) All of the above. NOT: A) Phytoplankton

Based on the flow of energy in the US, what do you think is one thing we can do that could significantly reduce our demand for Energy, without however compromising our standards of living? A) Reduce transportation needs B) Increase Natural gas usage over coal C) Improve efficiency of energy usage D) Increase usage of hydropower and wind

NOT: D) Increase usage of hydropower and wind NOT: A) Reduce transportation needs

***Petroleum reserves ...... are those economically recoverable may change due to evolving technologies have already been discovered all of the above none of the above

NOT: all of the above NOT: have already been discovered

***All of the following are drawbacks to hydroelectric power except: downstream loss of water for agriculture, habitat high production of CO2 displacement of people due to flooding of land large upfront cost

NOT: large upfront cost NOT: displacement of people due to flooding of land

The area denoted by E represents: The amount of natural gas produced The amount of oil produced Water The carbon to hydrogen ratio in the hydrocarbons None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following energy sources is NOT renewable? Solar Geothermal Hydropower Nuclear Wind

Nuclear

With increasing distance from the Midocean Ridge the rocks become:

Older

All else being the same, if Planet A has a higher albedo than Planet B .... Planet A will have lower average temperatures Planet B will have lower average temperatures the temperatures on the planets will be equal Planet A wil have more dark areas on average

Planet A will have lower average temperatures

Which of the following has the LEAST influence on the Earth's temperature? The distance of the Earth from the sun Greenhouse gas concentrations Radiating heat from the Earth's interior (mantle and core) The amount of Snow and ice on the Earths surface The Eccentricity, obliquity and precession of Earth's orbit

Radiating heat from the Earth's interior (mantle and core)

The Emperor Seamount-Hawaiian Island chain is the product of:

B) A hot spot, or mantle plume penetrating the oceanic plate.

Choose the correct sentence:

B) Flood basalts are found in every continent.

The vast majority of volcanoes....

B) Occur at plate boundaries, as a result of plate tectonics

Most petroleum reserves are found: A. In North America, primarily Alaska B. Middle East C. Russian Federation D. Asia

B. Middle East

A __________ can form when ash from a volcanic eruption mixes with water (often from melted snow).

C) Lahar

Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of continent-continent convergence?

C) the Himalayas.

This figure shows arrival of seismic waves from a single earthquake at 3 different locations. What can this information (from all 3 stations together) be used for?

Calculate the epicenter of an earthquake

The Himalayas are the result of

Continent-Continent Collision.

The State of Florida....:

D) is not located of a plate boundary.

The following are some of the impacts of Oil exploration: A. Oil spills B. Harmful materials produced during refining C. Oil is Non-renewable, so resources are potentially limited D. Production of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 E. All of the Above

E. All of the Above

Over the past decade, energy reserves in the United States have been Increasing Decreasing Staying about the same We do not know, it is a closely held secret on national security.

Increasing

Fossil fuels are found in what rock type? Sedimentary. Metamorphic. Hydrothermal. Porphyry. Shale.

Sedimentary.

During the hydraulic fracturing process, what is used to fracture the shale formation? Water, sand and chemicals Water and salt. Propants only Horizontal drilling

Water, sand and chemicals

"Compared to the past 800,000 years, CO2 levels are currently" approximately twice as high approximately three times as high about the same lower

approximately twice as high

The breaking of bonds to make hydrocarbon chains smaller and smaller is called: a. Hydrofracturing. b. Cracking. c. Fracking. d. Denaturing. e. Kraken

b. Cracking.

"In South Carolina, commercial carbon capture and storage companies" convert CO2 into a mineral that is stored in cement store CO2 in underground geological locations do not yet exist

convert CO2 into a mineral that is stored in cement

The chemicals oil is made out of, are derived from . . . the bodies of dead plankton and algae accumulations of woody plants and mosses. the bodies of land animals (mainly dinosaurs). accumulations of shells.

the bodies of dead plankton and algae

Most climate scientists agree that golobal warming is occuring and caused by humans true false

true

Natural Gas deposits are found in what rock type? Metamorphic. Igneous Hydrothermal. Sedimentary.

Sedimentary.

The Moon has a much lower albedo, 0.12, than the Earth, 0.3. The moon rotates around the earth so on average it has the same distance from the sun as earth, so it receives the same amount of sunlight as the earth. The temperature on the Moon is far colder than the temperature of the Earth. Which statement below best describes how the surface temperature of the planet is being controlled? Lower Albedo = Higher Temperature, so something other than albedo must control the temperature of the Moon. Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth. The Earth has a lot of volcanoes that warm the planet relative to the Moon. None of these statements is correct.

Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth.

The original source of energy contained in fossil fuels is: Nuclear energy. Geothermal energy. Accretion energy. Solar energy. Gravity energy.

Solar energy.

Seismic imaging is used to locate possible petroleum reservoirs. It works by: X-rays Light waves Sound waves Air waves.

Sound waves

What mechanism explains the thick sedimentary deposits in the Gulf of Mexico? Subduction Subsidence Suspension Suction

Subsidence

Renewable resources have nearly inexhaustible supply of energy, but are limited by the amount of energy that can be generated at a given moment. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

The axis marked A on the graph likely represents: The amount of oil/gas produced. Temperature or Pressure Energy per unit mass of hydrocarbon Carbon to Oxygen ratio Fraction of lipids remaining.

Temperature or Pressure

If solar radiance and Albedo are not the MAIN drivers of the planetary temperature differences (at least for planets in close proximity to each other like Earth, Venus and The Moon), then..... It must be internal heat from the planet that warms the surface, like planet Mustafar in Star Wars (where Obi-Wan fought and defeated Anakin Skywalker, before Skywalker becomes Darth Vader). Venus has large volcanoes so its surface is warmer than Earth The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect". It must be the way the planet orbits and wobbles around the sun. Atmosphere cannot have such a large effect on temperature None of the above statements is correct.

The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect".

In the US, the cost of gasoline at the pump is mostly controlled by: Seasonal variability. The cost of refining oil to make gasoline. The cost of oil (exploration and extraction) Local and state taxes.

The cost of oil (exploration and extraction)

The axis marked B on the graph below represents? Temperature The relative amount of a substance produced Pressure Carbon to hydrogen ratio of the hydrocarbons Depends on the geothermal gradient.

The relative amount of a substance produced

Based on the above information.... Therefore we should be thinking about sulfur dioxide injection to the Stratosphere, which will allow us to keep burning fossil fuels Therefore we should think about increasing the albedo of the planet in a safer way, so that we can keep burning fossil fuels Therefore we should be thinking about cutting Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, and instead on spending money on Albedo reduction, spend money to improve existing clean energy sources.

Therefore we should be thinking about cutting Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, and instead on spending money on Albedo reduction, spend money to improve existing clean energy sources.

The country / region that is producing the highest amount of CO2 per person is.... India the European Union USA China

USA

Planet Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. One of the reasons for this is that Venus has very high Albedo, 0.7, meaning It reflects 70% of the sunlight that hits the planet. Earth on the other hand has an Albedo of 0.3, meaning that only 30% of the sunlight is being reflected out, and the rest is being absorbed. The Temperature on Venus is very high, in order of 400 C, compared to Earth that is around 17 C(on average). Based on the above, What do you conclude ? Higher Albedo = Higher temperature, so this is consistent with all the class information, Higher Albedo = Lower Temperatures, so something else other than Albedo must be responsible for the high temperature on Venus. Venus is closer to the sun so it receives more sunlight, that's why it is warmer. The Albedo has nothing to do with it. None of these statements is correct.

WRONG: Venus is closer to the sun so it receives more sunlight, that's why it is warmer. The Albedo has nothing to do with it.

If Atmosphere controls the surface temperature of planetary bodies close to each other, then with Venus being so hot....... Venus must have thin atmosphere Venus must have thick atmosphere Venus must have high concentration of Greenhouse gases (CO2, water) in its atmosphere None of these are correct statements.

WRONG: Venus must have thin atmosphere

. If SO2 cools the atmosphere then.... We should inject a bunch of SO2 in the atmosphere and we will solve our global warming. While SO2 can cool us down, we need to be injecting SO2 to the atmosphere all the time because it decays away over a couple of years

While SO2 can cool us down, we need to be injecting SO2 to the atmosphere all the time because it decays away over a couple of years

Earthquakes occur most frequently in North America at which of the following locations?

a

Fracking is needed when: a source rock has low permeability/porosity a source rock has high permeability/porosity a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity a reservoir rock has high permeability/porosity

a reservoir rock has low permeability/porosity

What type of plate boundary is shown in the diagram?

a subduction zone

Copper porphyry deposits are enriched in Copper due to: a. Fluids moving through and around granitic intrusions b. Pressure and heat metamorphosis of granite c. Fluids moving through nearby carbonate deposits that bring copper into the system d. Thick sediment deposits with porphyry minerals in them

a. Fluids moving through and around granitic intrusions

The units depicted by axis A most likely....: a. Increase downwards b. Increase upwards c. Change as a function of B axis d. Axis A has no numerical value e. Depend on the geothermal gradient.

a. Increase downwards

Fossil fuels are found in what rock type? a. Sedimentary. b. Metamorphic. c. Hydrothermal. d. Porphyry. e. Shale.

a. Sedimentary.

During the hydraulic fracturing process, what is used to fracture the shale formation? a. Water, sand and chemicals b. Water only c. Propants only d. Horizontal drilling

a. Water, sand and chemicals

To make a good oil reservoir, it is sufficient to have: a source rock a permeable rock a migration pathway a trap / cap rock all of the above are needed

all of the above are needed

By drilling long cores of ice, scientists can determine everything EXCEPT: ancient atmospheric abundances of CO2 ancient locations for human populations ancient temperatures ancient atmospheric abundances of methane

ancient locations for human populations

"Based on surveys of Earth Scientists and reviews of peer-reviewed literature, the percentage of climate scientists who agree global warming is happening is" approximately 25% approximately 50% approximately 75% approximately 95%

approximately 95%

The largest copper deposits occur: a. Along divergent plate margins b. Along subduction zone plate margins c. In stable continental interiors d. On continental shelves

b. Along subduction zone plate margins

The principal source of iron being mined today comes from these ores: a. Iron-Aluminum-Nickel Laterites b. Banded iron formations c. Bog iron formations d. Porphyry hydrothermal system

b. Banded iron formations

The principal source of iron being mined today comes from these ores: a. Iron-Aluminum-Nickel Laterites b. Banded iron formations c. Bog iron formations d. Porphyry hydrothermal systems

b. Banded iron formations

Along a Mid-Oceanic Ridge where the plates separate, you expect to find these types of rocks: a. High Pressure metamorphic rocks b. Extrusive igneous rocks c. Granitic rocks d. A thick pile of sedimentary rocks

b. Extrusive igneous rocks

Rocks that crystallize from a melt are called: a. Sedimentary b. Igneous c. Metamorphic d. Clastic

b. Igneous

The composition of fracking fluids is...... a. Well documented. b. Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it. c. Heavily regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). d. Public domain knowledge

b. Mostly proprietary information of the companies that produce it.

What mechanism explains the deep sedimentary basin in the Gulf of Mexico? a. Subduction b. Subsidence c. Suspension d. Suction

b. Subsidence

The axis marked A on the graph likely represents: a. The amount of oil/gas produced. b. Temperature or Pressure c. Energy per unit mass of hydrocarbon d. Carbon to Oxygen ratio e. Fraction of lipids remaining.

b. Temperature or Pressure

The horizontal axis marked B on the graph represents? a. Temperature b. The relative amount of a petroleum substance produced c. Pressure d. Carbon to hydrogen ratio of the hydrocarbons e. The local geothermal gradient.

b. The relative amount of a petroleum substance produced

Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... a. found in an impermeable rock b. capped by an impermeable rock. c. siting upon an impermeable rock.

b. capped by an impermeable rock.

The personal behavioral change that would have the biggest impact on CO2 emissions is.. eating regional and seasonal food switching off standby modes on electronic devices becoming vegetarian switching to reusable bags switching to the Mediterranean diet

becoming vegetarian

In order for a rock to be a good reservoir rock, from which oil can be pumped, it must have... high porosity low permeability high permeability both A and C

both A and C

Which country is both the largest importer and producer of iron ore/steel? a. United States of America b. Australia c. China d. Germany

c. China

The number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain found in fossil fuels: a. Decreases by a factor of 2 for every 10 degree temperature decrease. b. Increases with increasing Temperature. c. Decreases with increasing Temperature. d. Changes as a function of Pressure, but not Temperature. e. Increases with time of burial.

c. Decreases with increasing Temperature.

The concept of the rock cycle is that? a. Rocks are moved about the world by the geologic processes b. The world changes, but rocks are permanent c. Rocks continually undergo change, being transformed into new rocks d. Rocks must be cycled deep into the crust to be made into different rocks

c. Rocks continually undergo change, being transformed into new rocks

Granites are igneous rocks formed by: a. Erosion of metamorphic rocks b. Circulation of hydrothermal fluids c. Slow crystallization of melts deep in the crust d. Eruption of lava and cooling on the surface

c. Slow crystallization of melts deep in the crust

The Formation of BIFs is linked to: a. The origin of life on earth b. Meteorite late heavy bombardment c. The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere d. The beginning of plate tectonics

c. The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere

Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... found in an impermeable rock capped by an impermeable rock siting upon an impermeable rock

capped by an impermeable rock

Reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons are usually.... found in an impermeable rock capped by an impermeable rock. siting upon an impermeable rock.

capped by an impermeable rock.

The European Union has instituted a Cap and Trade system to reduce CO2 emissions. It works by: limiting the amount of CO2 an individual can emit strictly limiting the amount of CO2 that industries can emit; companies cannot go over set caps capping emission levels for certain installations and allowing companies to buy and sell permits to meet those caps allowing companies to trade coal and oil between them

capping emission levels for certain installations and allowing companies to buy and sell permits to meet those caps

Milankovitch cycles influence global temperatures by:.... changing the amount of CO2 that is present in the atmosphere changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface controlling how much sunlight is reflected back to space influencing how much solar input is absourbed by the ground

changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface

10 million years ago the distance between what is today New York City, and London, England was:

closer than today

Which of the following statements are false: a. A metamorphic rock can become a metamorphic rock b. An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock c. A sedimentary rock can become an igneous rock d. A sedimentary rock cannot become a sedimentary rock

d. A sedimentary rock cannot become a sedimentary rock

The organic matter that eventually forms oil is: a. Buried slowly in the abyssal plain. b. Buried slowly on the continental shelf. c. Buried rapidly on the abyssal plain. d. Buried rapidly on the continental shelf. e. Buried rapidly at a river delta.

d. Buried rapidly on the continental shelf.

Lithification is a process where: a. Lava cools and hardens on the surface b. Increase in the pressure on a sedimentary rock c. Minerals crystalize slowly in the subsurface making a hard rock d. Compaction and cementation of sediments forms a rock

d. Compaction and cementation of sediments forms a rock

When will world oil production begin to decline? a. Depends on the Hubbert curve. b. Within the next 10 years c. Within the next 20 years d. Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods

d. Depends on new oil extraction and discovery methods

Suppose you were given a rock from near the surface of the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico. Chances are that this rock will be of what type? a. Igneous b. Metamorphic c. Coal d. Sedimentary

d. Sedimentary

The original source of energy contained in fossil fuels is: a. Nuclear energy. b. Geothermal energy. c. Accretion energy. d. Solar energy. e. Gravity energy.

d. Solar energy.

"If the amount of ice on Earth's surface were to suddenly double, as a result of albedo global temepratures would:... increase decrease remain the same Depends on CO2 because CO2 controls albedo

decrease

The area labeled as "E" represents: a. The amount of natural gas produced b. The amount of oil produced c. Water d. The carbon to hydrogen ratio in the hydrocarbons e. None of the above

e. None of the above

All volcanic eruptions are explosive and spread massive layers of ash into the atmosphere

false

The basic reaction that takes place in a nuclear power plant is ________ . supernova explosion fission nuclear explosion

fission

In terms of temperature over the year 2019, Charleston, SC ..... experienced average temperatures that were approximately the same as normal had 17 daily recorded highs had no record lows had no King Tides.

had 17 daily recorded highs

"In the western United States, the frequency of large fires over the past 27 years" have increased in most regions have decreased in most regions have stayed approximately the same

have increased in most regions

One reason higher CO2 levels are predicted to cause larger hurricanes is because cooler air holds more moisture higher sea levels would cause stronger storm surges higher atmospheric CO2 abundances cause stronger winds

higher sea levels would cause stronger storm surges

All of the following are ways to determine what temperatures were prior to the year 1700 EXCEPT: fossils of plants and animals that lived in specific temperature conditions tree rings isotopes of water human records of measured temperatures

human records of measured temperatures

Complete the sentence: Greenhouse gases absorb radiation...... in the wavelengths emitted by the sun in the same wavelenghts as each other in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth In wavelengths depending on the color spectrum

in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth

"Based on the NASA Institute for Space Studies Climate model, observed temperature increases are best represented when it includes the influences of " orbital changes solar changes anthropogenic aerosols increases in greenhouse gases

increases in greenhouse gases

The following would be an example of an adaptation to climate change more fuel efficient vehicles converting buildings to solar heating installing drainage systems to address flooding capturing CO2 and storing it over long periods of time

installing drainage systems to address flooding

Carbon capture and storage removes 100% of the CO2 that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere does not require additional energy to carry out is best deployed close to locations that produce a lot of CO2

is best deployed close to locations that produce a lot of CO2

Geothermal energy is most effective at very localized hot spots produces higher CO2 levels than coal or natural gas is very expensive compared to other energy sources is not a renewable resource

is most effective at very localized hot spots

Most of the CO2 that humans put into the atmosphere.... stays in the atmosphere is pumped underground for long term storage is taken up by land plants and the ocean is due to land use changes

is taken up by land plants and the ocean

All of the following are global and regional impacts of climate change EXCEPT large-scale singular events such as thawing permafrost extreme weather events such as more powerful hurricanes threats to unique ecosystems such as coral reefs lower global sea levels

lower global sea levels

What drives plate tectonics?

mantle convection

"Compared to the Gen X generation, the following generation is more likely to think that global warming is personally important" silent generation boomer generation millenial generation

millenial generation

Complete the sentence: The time scales for oil formation are...... relatively short at high Temperatures relatively long at high Temperature much longer than needed to cover demand not a function of temperature

much longer than needed to cover demand

Name one approach for assessing what percentage of the scientific community agrees that global warming is happening official position of worldwide scientific organizations television debates between two scientists holding different opinions reading online opnion statements

official position of worldwide scientific organizations

Biomass used as a renewable energy source works by: organic matter being decomposed into methane or biogas burning biomass to heat water and create steam to turn a turbine purifying liquid organic waste through specialized filters all of the above methods can be used

organic matter being decomposed into methane or biogas

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determing Milankovitc cycles? precession (wobble) of the Earth's axis. eccentricity of the Earth's orbit position of the continents tilt of the Earth's axis

position of the continents

What has been the main cause of reserve growth for oil and gas produced in the US? consistently high oil prices the advent of new extraction technologies the dominance of imported oil all of these

the advent of new extraction technologies

Which of the following locations could be represented by the diagram shown below?

the west coast of South America

The greenhouse gas that makes the largest contribution to global warming is.... water vapor carbon dioxide methane Sulfur dioxide

water vapor