GIS test II
how is address matching performed?
!. geocoding-one need a reference database Ex. Tiger/line file 2. the address infromation is parsed into it's componet pieces then standardization - is performed to set up format pareing- breaking down address component parts address standardization- setting up the components of an address in regular format
metadata
"data about your data" descriptive information about geospatial data
large scale <1/24,000
-Covers small area -Features would appear larger -Shows more detail
Boolean operators cont'd
-Not are all the elements in one dataset but not what they have common with the other(negation- the operation wherein the chosen feature meets all of the first criteria but none of the second criteria -OXR- exclusive or it acts like a union but leaves out the intersection data
Discrete Object View (vector model)
-all items can be represented with a items can be represented with a series of object -the world is made up of a series of objects that made up of a series of objects that have a fixed location, or a fixed have a fixed location, or a fixed starting and ending point, or some starting and ending point, or some sort of fixed boundary
(NLCD) The National Land Cover Database Cover Database
-dataset that maps the land cover types the entire US at 30m resolution(grid cell resolution (grid cell size) -Provides a means of broad-scale land broad-scale land cover classification at cover classification at state, regional, or state, regional, or national level
Coverage - the original file format for Arc/Info vector data
-multiple files inside of a directory structure -the folders are stored in in a workspace which constain a separate folder called the info directory
GIS represents real-world items in either of two formats:in either of two formats
1. Vector model (discrete object view) 2. Raster model (continuous field B) Raster model (continuous field view)
Not equal
< >) - used when you want to find all the records that do not match a particular value
small scale >1/100,000
Covers large area -Features would appear smaller -Shows less detail
Examples of vector data
Digital Line Graphs (DLGs)were created from USGS topographic maps, , featuring vector datasets featuring s, transportation features, hydrographic boundaries National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)
The vehicle navigation systems integrate many of these concepts together
GPS to pinpoint the device's location on a map, network base data, geocoding, and shortest paths to navigate
batch geocoding potential source of error
Incomplete address-Completeness of the reference database Correct street but incorrect location
Example of Raster data
The National Land Cover Database Cover Database
geospatial road network files are available
US Census Bureau TIGER files - - Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing Each record in a TIGER/Line file represents a segment of a road and thus each segment network, and thus each segment (record) can have multiple attributes ( (fields) assigned to it
overlay
When two or more layers share some of the same spatial boundaries but with different properties are combined together
Geographic Information System
a computer based set of hardware and software used to capture, and software used to capture, analyze, manipulate, and visualize analyze, manipulate, and visualize spatial information
Vehicle Navigation System
a device used to plot the , user's position on a map, using GPS technology to using GPS to obtain the These devices rely on a GIS-style system at their core
GeoPDF
a format that allows for maps to be exported to a PDF format and yet contain geographic multiple layers
ArcGIS Explorer
a freeware from ESRI--provides the ability to explore, visualize, & share GIS information ArcView window-based GIS package--ArcGIS - ESRI's current primary GIS softwareArcGIS - ESRI's current primary GIS software--Newest software package (ArcGIS 10.5 is the Newest software package (ArcGIS 10.5 is the latest) comes in 3 different levels
thematic map
a map with a theme or feature
DPI
a measure of how coarse or sharp an image or map resolution will be when exported to a graphical format
map
a representation of spatial data (geographic data) that is designed to convey information to a user
GIS Model
a representation of the factors to explaining underline event or predicting results -a way of combing these spatial dimensions or characteristics together in to describe or explain a process or predict results
Network
a series of junctionsand and edges connected together for modeling concepts such as streets
Line segment
a single edge of a network that corresponds to one portion of a street
Grid cells
a square unit, representing some real-world size, which contains a value
Suitability Index
a system whereby locations are "ranked" according to how well they fit a set of criteria
edge
a term used for the link or lines of a network streets, highways, railroads, light-rail systems, subway lines, or walking paths
Junction
a term used for the nodes or point locations (or places where edges come together) in a network EX. starting and ending of streets, highway entrances and exits, freeway overpasses and underpasses, subway stops, railway terminals
Choropleth map
a thematic map which displayed according to given classification
Interval data
a type of data in which the interval between numbers is significant, but there is no fixed non-arbitrary zero pint associated with the data--E.g., temperature Can subtract but not divide
Transit cost
a value that represents how many units (of time or distance) are used in moving across a network edge-It may reflect actual distance, driving time, heavy traffic, construction
Union (geoprocessing overlay operations)
all of the features from both layers are combined in to a layer
identity(geoprocessing overlay operation)
all of the features of an input layer are retained and all the features of a second layer that intersect with them
Symmetrical difference(geoprocessing overlay operation)
all of the features of both layers are retained expect the areas that they have in common
Normalize
alter count data values so that they are at the same level of representing the data (such as using them as a percentage)
AND (query operation)
an Intersection since it returns what the items have in common returns what the items have in common Intersection- the operation wherein the chosen features are those that meet both criteria in the query are those that meet both
Buffer (simple type of analysis of a data layer) single layer
an area of proximity set up around one or more objects set (point, line, polygon)
Join non-spatial data handled
another way GIS allows non-spatial data to be connected to spatial location -linking information for records in on table to its corresponding records in another table - provided both table have a field in common -key is the field that the two tables have in common with each in order for the
Boolean operators
are used to form compound queries
Nominal data Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS
are values that represent some sort of unique identifier, if numerical the between numbers are not significant--E.g., social security number, telephone number Descriptive or numerical
Quantile method
attempts to place an equal number of data in each class
dissolve operation (single layer)
boundaries between adjacent polygons are removed merging the polygons into a single larger shape -can be used to combine overlapping buffer zones together
Standard deviation
computes class break values by using the mean of the data values and the average distance a value is away from the meanand the average distance a value is away fr
Raster data model
conceptualization of representing spatial data with a series of equally spaced and sized grid cells
Geodatabase- new file or folder format established for ArcGIS vector data
consists of a single file or folder that contain all of the data
Vector data can usually be found in
coverage, shapefile, and geo-database
map scale
determine the relationship between measurements made on a map and their world equivalents -Representative fraction - 1/24,000- Ratio - 1:24,000 Unit equivalents (1 mm = 24 m) Graphic scale (scale bar)
raster cells (another way of performing spatial overlay)
each cell has a single value and two grid layers can be overlaid in a variety of ways -Addition, multiplication Map algebra - combining datasets together using simple mathematical
Equal interval
elects class break levels by taking the total span of values (from the highest to lowest) and dividing by the number desired classes
Query relational operations
equal(=), not equal(<>), greater than(>), less than(<)
Spatial analysis
examines characteristics or features of spatial data or how feature relate to each other Ex. showing location of cholera deaths and well pumps
Land Transformation Model
examining and predicting areas that will change to an urban land use in the future
legend
explanation of what map symbols and colors represent
geoprocessing
gaining a new layer -numerous types and are performed to solve spatial analysis question
Batch geocoding
geocoding multiple addresses at once
Scale bar
graphical device on map represents scale
north arrow
graphical device on map used to show the orientation
Electronically
graphical raster file (JPEG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group- -Smaller file size, can experience some data loss--(TIFF) Tagged Image File Format -Larger file size, clearer image qualityLarger file size, clearer image
Shapefile-the original file format for ArcView vector data
hold only one type of vector object -point, line and polygon shapefiles -multiple file with same prefix but different extensions are required to represent data(select all)
Topology
how vector objects connect to each other (in terms of their adjacency, connectivity, and containment) independently of the object's coordinates)
Ways a polygon layer can combine through overlay
intersect , identity, symmetrical difference
Vector data model
is a conceptualization of representing spatial data representing spatial data with a series with a series of vector objects (line, polygon, point)
Attribute table
is a spreadsheet- style form where the rows consist of individual objects and the columns -records are the rows of an attribute table -fields are the columns of an attribute table
Geospatial Information Science
is a term used to integrate the closely related fields of Remote Sensing (RS), related fields of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), Geographic Information System (GIS), Surveying (including GPS), and Surveying (including GPS), and Cartography. Cartograpy
Ratio data
is numerical data in which the differences between numbers is significant but there is a fixed non-arbitrary zero pint
Ordinal data
is used to represent a ranking system of data (1st, 2nd
Discrete Object View Items three object
line, point and polygon
reference map
map that serves to show the location of features of highlight different features Ex. park trails, zoning
Attributes Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS
non-spatial data that can be associated with a spatial location -The values of attribute data can take one of four forms: nominal, data can take one of four forms: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data ordinal, interval,
Line (discrete, vector model)
one-dimensional vector object, created from connecting starting and ending points(and any points in between that give the line its shape)
intersect(geoprocessing overlay operation)
only the features that both layers have in common are retained in a new layer
Color ramp
range of colors that are applied to the thematic that are on a map
Raster attribute table
rather than having separate records for each grid cell, raster data will often be set up in a table
OR
record that meets one or both criteria are selected -Union - the operation wherein the chosen features are all the that meet the second criteria
Shortest path
refers to the route that corresponds to the lowest cumulative transit cost between stops in a network
Linear interpolation
s used to plot the approximate location
map design elements
scale, north arrow, legend, title, marginal information
Cartography
science and art of map making involving color selection postion of items on a map message conveyed
natural break
selects class break levels by searching for spaces (gaps) in the data values
Visual hierarchy
shows how features are displayed on a map to emphasize level of importance
Continuous field view (raster model)
the conceptualization of the world that all items vary across the Earth's surface as constant fields, as constant fields, and values are available along the field a surface is filled with values is used to represent things
Query (records from attribute table)
the condition used to retrieve data from a database
Digitization (vector data model)
the creation of vector objects through sketching or tracing representation from a map or image source "heads-up digitizing" or "on-screen digitizing"
Site Suitability analysis
the determination of the useful or non- useful location based on a set of criteria
Connectivity
the linkages between edges and junctions of a network
Multi-Criteria Evaluation Evaluation (MCE)
the use of several factors
Geographic scale
to the real-world size or extent of an area
Polygon
two dimensional vector object that form an area from a set of lines (or having an area defined by a line forming a boundary)
Less Than
used for selecting values below (or below and equal to) a particular value
Greater than
used for selecting values that are more than (or more than or equal to) a particular value(or more than o
equal
used when you want to find all values that match the query
Data classification
various methods used for grouping together values on a choropleth map methods: natural breaks, quantile method, equal interal, standard deviation
Structured Query Language (SQL) format
where queries are composed -a specific format that is used for querying a layer or database
Point (discrete, vector model)
zero dimensional vector object with a simple set of coordinate