GIS test II

how is address matching performed?

!. geocoding-one need a reference database Ex. Tiger/line file 2. the address infromation is parsed into it's componet pieces then standardization - is performed to set up format pareing- breaking down address component parts address standardization- setting up the components of an address in regular format

metadata

"data about your data" descriptive information about geospatial data

large scale <1/24,000

-Covers small area -Features would appear larger -Shows more detail

Boolean operators cont'd

-Not are all the elements in one dataset but not what they have common with the other(negation- the operation wherein the chosen feature meets all of the first criteria but none of the second criteria -OXR- exclusive or it acts like a union but leaves out the intersection data

Discrete Object View (vector model)

-all items can be represented with a items can be represented with a series of object -the world is made up of a series of objects that made up of a series of objects that have a fixed location, or a fixed have a fixed location, or a fixed starting and ending point, or some starting and ending point, or some sort of fixed boundary

(NLCD) The National Land Cover Database Cover Database

-dataset that maps the land cover types the entire US at 30m resolution(grid cell resolution (grid cell size) -Provides a means of broad-scale land broad-scale land cover classification at cover classification at state, regional, or state, regional, or national level

Coverage - the original file format for Arc/Info vector data

-multiple files inside of a directory structure -the folders are stored in in a workspace which constain a separate folder called the info directory

GIS represents real-world items in either of two formats:in either of two formats

1. Vector model (discrete object view) 2. Raster model (continuous field B) Raster model (continuous field view)

Not equal

< >) - used when you want to find all the records that do not match a particular value

small scale >1/100,000

Covers large area -Features would appear smaller -Shows less detail

Examples of vector data

Digital Line Graphs (DLGs)were created from USGS topographic maps, , featuring vector datasets featuring s, transportation features, hydrographic boundaries National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)

The vehicle navigation systems integrate many of these concepts together

GPS to pinpoint the device's location on a map, network base data, geocoding, and shortest paths to navigate

batch geocoding potential source of error

Incomplete address-Completeness of the reference database Correct street but incorrect location

Example of Raster data

The National Land Cover Database Cover Database

geospatial road network files are available

US Census Bureau TIGER files - - Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing Each record in a TIGER/Line file represents a segment of a road and thus each segment network, and thus each segment (record) can have multiple attributes ( (fields) assigned to it

overlay

When two or more layers share some of the same spatial boundaries but with different properties are combined together

Geographic Information System

a computer based set of hardware and software used to capture, and software used to capture, analyze, manipulate, and visualize analyze, manipulate, and visualize spatial information

Vehicle Navigation System

a device used to plot the , user's position on a map, using GPS technology to using GPS to obtain the These devices rely on a GIS-style system at their core

GeoPDF

a format that allows for maps to be exported to a PDF format and yet contain geographic multiple layers

ArcGIS Explorer

a freeware from ESRI--provides the ability to explore, visualize, & share GIS information ArcView window-based GIS package--ArcGIS - ESRI's current primary GIS softwareArcGIS - ESRI's current primary GIS software--Newest software package (ArcGIS 10.5 is the Newest software package (ArcGIS 10.5 is the latest) comes in 3 different levels

thematic map

a map with a theme or feature

DPI

a measure of how coarse or sharp an image or map resolution will be when exported to a graphical format

map

a representation of spatial data (geographic data) that is designed to convey information to a user

GIS Model

a representation of the factors to explaining underline event or predicting results -a way of combing these spatial dimensions or characteristics together in to describe or explain a process or predict results

Network

a series of junctionsand and edges connected together for modeling concepts such as streets

Line segment

a single edge of a network that corresponds to one portion of a street

Grid cells

a square unit, representing some real-world size, which contains a value

Suitability Index

a system whereby locations are "ranked" according to how well they fit a set of criteria

edge

a term used for the link or lines of a network streets, highways, railroads, light-rail systems, subway lines, or walking paths

Junction

a term used for the nodes or point locations (or places where edges come together) in a network EX. starting and ending of streets, highway entrances and exits, freeway overpasses and underpasses, subway stops, railway terminals

Choropleth map

a thematic map which displayed according to given classification

Interval data

a type of data in which the interval between numbers is significant, but there is no fixed non-arbitrary zero pint associated with the data--E.g., temperature Can subtract but not divide

Transit cost

a value that represents how many units (of time or distance) are used in moving across a network edge-It may reflect actual distance, driving time, heavy traffic, construction

Union (geoprocessing overlay operations)

all of the features from both layers are combined in to a layer

identity(geoprocessing overlay operation)

all of the features of an input layer are retained and all the features of a second layer that intersect with them

Symmetrical difference(geoprocessing overlay operation)

all of the features of both layers are retained expect the areas that they have in common

Normalize

alter count data values so that they are at the same level of representing the data (such as using them as a percentage)

AND (query operation)

an Intersection since it returns what the items have in common returns what the items have in common Intersection- the operation wherein the chosen features are those that meet both criteria in the query are those that meet both

Buffer (simple type of analysis of a data layer) single layer

an area of proximity set up around one or more objects set (point, line, polygon)

Join non-spatial data handled

another way GIS allows non-spatial data to be connected to spatial location -linking information for records in on table to its corresponding records in another table - provided both table have a field in common -key is the field that the two tables have in common with each in order for the

Boolean operators

are used to form compound queries

Nominal data Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS

are values that represent some sort of unique identifier, if numerical the between numbers are not significant--E.g., social security number, telephone number Descriptive or numerical

Quantile method

attempts to place an equal number of data in each class

dissolve operation (single layer)

boundaries between adjacent polygons are removed merging the polygons into a single larger shape -can be used to combine overlapping buffer zones together

Standard deviation

computes class break values by using the mean of the data values and the average distance a value is away from the meanand the average distance a value is away fr

Raster data model

conceptualization of representing spatial data with a series of equally spaced and sized grid cells

Geodatabase- new file or folder format established for ArcGIS vector data

consists of a single file or folder that contain all of the data

Vector data can usually be found in

coverage, shapefile, and geo-database

map scale

determine the relationship between measurements made on a map and their world equivalents -Representative fraction - 1/24,000- Ratio - 1:24,000 Unit equivalents (1 mm = 24 m) Graphic scale (scale bar)

raster cells (another way of performing spatial overlay)

each cell has a single value and two grid layers can be overlaid in a variety of ways -Addition, multiplication Map algebra - combining datasets together using simple mathematical

Equal interval

elects class break levels by taking the total span of values (from the highest to lowest) and dividing by the number desired classes

Query relational operations

equal(=), not equal(<>), greater than(>), less than(<)

Spatial analysis

examines characteristics or features of spatial data or how feature relate to each other Ex. showing location of cholera deaths and well pumps

Land Transformation Model

examining and predicting areas that will change to an urban land use in the future

legend

explanation of what map symbols and colors represent

geoprocessing

gaining a new layer -numerous types and are performed to solve spatial analysis question

Batch geocoding

geocoding multiple addresses at once

Scale bar

graphical device on map represents scale

north arrow

graphical device on map used to show the orientation

Electronically

graphical raster file (JPEG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group- -Smaller file size, can experience some data loss--(TIFF) Tagged Image File Format -Larger file size, clearer image qualityLarger file size, clearer image

Shapefile-the original file format for ArcView vector data

hold only one type of vector object -point, line and polygon shapefiles -multiple file with same prefix but different extensions are required to represent data(select all)

Topology

how vector objects connect to each other (in terms of their adjacency, connectivity, and containment) independently of the object's coordinates)

Ways a polygon layer can combine through overlay

intersect , identity, symmetrical difference

Vector data model

is a conceptualization of representing spatial data representing spatial data with a series with a series of vector objects (line, polygon, point)

Attribute table

is a spreadsheet- style form where the rows consist of individual objects and the columns -records are the rows of an attribute table -fields are the columns of an attribute table

Geospatial Information Science

is a term used to integrate the closely related fields of Remote Sensing (RS), related fields of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), Geographic Information System (GIS), Surveying (including GPS), and Surveying (including GPS), and Cartography. Cartograpy

Ratio data

is numerical data in which the differences between numbers is significant but there is a fixed non-arbitrary zero pint

Ordinal data

is used to represent a ranking system of data (1st, 2nd

Discrete Object View Items three object

line, point and polygon

reference map

map that serves to show the location of features of highlight different features Ex. park trails, zoning

Attributes Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS

non-spatial data that can be associated with a spatial location -The values of attribute data can take one of four forms: nominal, data can take one of four forms: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data ordinal, interval,

Line (discrete, vector model)

one-dimensional vector object, created from connecting starting and ending points(and any points in between that give the line its shape)

intersect(geoprocessing overlay operation)

only the features that both layers have in common are retained in a new layer

Color ramp

range of colors that are applied to the thematic that are on a map

Raster attribute table

rather than having separate records for each grid cell, raster data will often be set up in a table

OR

record that meets one or both criteria are selected -Union - the operation wherein the chosen features are all the that meet the second criteria

Shortest path

refers to the route that corresponds to the lowest cumulative transit cost between stops in a network

Linear interpolation

s used to plot the approximate location

map design elements

scale, north arrow, legend, title, marginal information

Cartography

science and art of map making involving color selection postion of items on a map message conveyed

natural break

selects class break levels by searching for spaces (gaps) in the data values

Visual hierarchy

shows how features are displayed on a map to emphasize level of importance

Continuous field view (raster model)

the conceptualization of the world that all items vary across the Earth's surface as constant fields, as constant fields, and values are available along the field a surface is filled with values is used to represent things

Query (records from attribute table)

the condition used to retrieve data from a database

Digitization (vector data model)

the creation of vector objects through sketching or tracing representation from a map or image source "heads-up digitizing" or "on-screen digitizing"

Site Suitability analysis

the determination of the useful or non- useful location based on a set of criteria

Connectivity

the linkages between edges and junctions of a network

Multi-Criteria Evaluation Evaluation (MCE)

the use of several factors

Geographic scale

to the real-world size or extent of an area

Polygon

two dimensional vector object that form an area from a set of lines (or having an area defined by a line forming a boundary)

Less Than

used for selecting values below (or below and equal to) a particular value

Greater than

used for selecting values that are more than (or more than or equal to) a particular value(or more than o

equal

used when you want to find all values that match the query

Data classification

various methods used for grouping together values on a choropleth map methods: natural breaks, quantile method, equal interal, standard deviation

Structured Query Language (SQL) format

where queries are composed -a specific format that is used for querying a layer or database

Point (discrete, vector model)

zero dimensional vector object with a simple set of coordinate