Global politics final

roles states perform with human rights

States violate human rights due to lack of resources, national security issues, the want to protect the regime in power Sign treaties for domestic politics (state-level explanation), incentives, and self-interest States can protect human rights via international organizations (set standards and monitor), NGOs (TANs) and states can inflict economic sanctions/military intervention

nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT)

international agreement to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peace/cooperation(1968) Example of arms control

International institutions in Liberalism

international institutions promote cooperation and peace

customary law

international law that arises from long-standing practices, or customs, held in common by most cultures law consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or. obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a. social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws"

globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

socialization

the process by which people define their political values and beliefs -- holds actors to some sort of moral standard

sovereignty

when the state has supreme and absolute authority within its boundaries(independence) - state can govern itself and another territory if it has proper claims to it

universal declaration of human rights 1948

"Human rights should be protected by the rule of law" (UDHR) Authoritative standard on human rights Dignity for humans, non-discrimination (articles 1 and 2) Liberty/first generation rights (articles 3-19) "The right to life, liberty, and security of person" (art. 3) "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude" (Art. 4) "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruuel inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment" (Art. 5) Freedom of movement (art.13) to seek asylum (art. 14), own property (art. 17), religion (18) Equality/second generation rights (Articles 20-26) Universal suffrage (art. 21) Right to work and equal pay (Art. 23) Security in the event of unemployment, old age etc. (art. 25) Free education at the elementary level (art. 26) brotherhood/third generation (articles 27 and 28) Communal and national solidarity

how realism explains the "deviations" from realist prescriptions in the U.S foreign policy after the Cold War

"Realism also predicts that competing states will tend to emulate each other and that the pressures of anarchy will force even very different regimes to act in strikingly similar ways" Example of US and Soviet Union: both nations got spies, produced nuclear weapons, threatened one another, yet the two systems of government are extremely different

precautionary approach

"The parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent, or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse affects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measure..." (Art. 3 od UN framework convention on CC 1992) Requirements: all countries should take efforts to reduce and inventory emissions, but no binding targets or timetables Prevention as opposed to "clean up crew" after the fact

human rights

"The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization"

responsibility to protect

"each individual state has the R2P its populations from MAC. If they fail, IC through the UN can prevent these crimes through any means necessary" MAC= mass atrocity crimes(ethnic cleansing, genocide, war crimes)

economic liberalism

- Adam smith and the wealth of nations - humans act rationally to maximize self-interest - "invisible hand" theory of free market maximizes welfare - importance of competition, specialization, "comparative advantage" - implication: government should stay out of the economy - international level: calls for free exchange of goods, services, and investments across national boundaries - each country should specialize according to its comparative advantage and then compete - makes sense for Cambodia to export coffee, for Japan to export high-tech cars and computers, and for Vietnam to export textiles - in theory, efficient producers and consumers both benefit

major shifts in the balance of power 19th and 20th century

- Britain held the balance of power against Napoleon(19th) - the U.S, France, and Britain balanced against Hitler(20th)

neorealism

- Waltz's view in "theory of international politics" - emphasizes the structure of the international system as the key factor - anarchy, distribution of power and resulting polarity - more poles = less stability(international-level theory)

exchange rates(fixed vs. floating)

- key area of IPE - international monetary relations - fixed: a regime imposed by a government or central bank which ties the official exchange rate of the country's currency with the currency of another country or the gold price - floating: a regime where the currency price of a nation is set by the market based on supply and demand relative to other currencies. This is in contrast to a fixed exchange rate, in which the government entirely or predominantly determines the rate

semi-stable bipolarity example

- Cold War between US and soviet union - the Cold War could be known as a 45 year high level tension and competition between the superpowers but with no direct military contact because of mutual deterrence. Nuclear weapons created a deterrence stalemate. was a series of events that indirectly pitted themselves against each other - two superpowers emerge. The US and Soviet Union

realism

- assumes the state is the main actor in IR, the state is a unitary actor, the state is a rational actor(maximizes self-interest), - security is the main concern of states, international system is anarchic(no overarching power), state defines their own. national interest in terms of power(power politics)

Walt on realism and U.S foreign policy

- believes that in order to explain a states' actions in regards to foreign policy, a second "foreign policy theory" is needed

State LOA

- characteristics of the Staes or domestic politics - type of government, type of economic system, interest groups, features of society(nationalism, religion, etc.)

main ideas in liberalism

- domestic politics matter: national interest is the result of domestic political processes -- how states behave depends on how their leaders are selected - trade and economic interdependence: states are increasingly interdependent -- this creates an incentive for the mutually beneficial cooperation of states -- when states rely on others for economic exchange, this makes cooperation, not war, in their self-interest -- "The Commercial Peace" - international organizations and law: can promote sharing of information and trust which generates cooperation -- reduces the need for self-help solutions

neoliberal institutionalism

- even if the realist view is true, international organizations can provide informaTion to boost the frequency of interactions to foster trust and permit learning

unilateralism/multilateralism

- form of intervention -- seen as more legitimate: "multi liberalism legitimizes action by signaling broad support for the actor's goals"(Finnemore)

balance of power

- imbalances of power lead to war - states will tend to increase their capabilities or join forces(alliances) to prevent the rise of a dominant power

the consequences of unipolarity for the US

- in the rest of the world's view, there is nothing the US can't do/accomplish. This puts a lot of pressure on Washington and makes it virtually impossible to do the right thing -- results in under engagement - "the result -- balancing that is rhetorically grand but substantively weak -- is politics as usual in a unipolar world" - hatred and terrorism from the rest of he world - the unique freedoms it offers policymakers

international LOA

- interaction among states(states as "black boxes") - role of international organizations, transnational networks, alliances

factors liberals emphasize at international level

- interdependence: actors are sensitive to and vulnerable to the actions of others - multiple channels connecting states to each other in a variety of issue areas(trade, investment, travel, crime, terrorism) - actors mutually reliant on one another to achieve goals - includes states and IOS, INGOs, and MNCs

foreign direct investment (FDI)

- international investment - ownership of physical assets - factory ex.

portfolio investment

- international investment - ownership of stocks, bonds, and other financial assets

LOA with Iraq war

- international: UN resolutions and international law, unipolar system means U.S is not restrained, international humanitarian norms - state: effect of 9/11 on domestic politics in the U.S, U.S wants to guarantee its access to oil, U.S wants to promote democracy abroad, defense department vs. state department - individual: Saddam as a "crazy" leader, Bush defending his fathers' honor, Cheney is a unilateralist hawk

bipolarity(Waltz)

- is safer - lesser poles, Cold War stability

Questions Global Politics/IR try to answer

- try to answer specific as well as broad questions that address the interactions among the various actors who participate in International politics - Specific example: Why didn't the U.S ratify the Kyoto protocol on climate change? - broader example: What are the causes of war?

radicalism/marxism

- main theme: rich and powerful actors(capitalist Staes and multinational corporations) maintain a hierarchical global economic system to protect their wealth and promote their interests - inspired by Karl Marx(1818-1883) - at the international level: position in the world economy determines your actions and fate -- developing countries structurally disadvantaged(global capitalism = imperialism, inequality, exploitation) - highly normative: current system is "bad" and change is needed - dependency theory: exploitation of "periphery" by "core" - see the international system as hierarchical

economic radicalism(marxist dependency theory)

- main theme: rich and powerful actors(capitalists, multinational corporations, states and International institutions under they influence) maintain a hierarchical global economic system to protect their wealth and promote their interests - Karl marx(1818-1883) often cited - highly normative: change is needed - at international level: position in the world economy determines your actions and fate; developing countries structurally disadvantaged - free markets=inequality - dependency theory: exploitation of "periphery" by "core"

IR feminist critiques

- men have dominated the practice and study of IR which has its effects - tickers critique: realism is a very male view of IR and national security - morgenthau's view of human nature is masculine -- assumption that States' area and should be obsessed with survival and security under anarchy

Classical realism

- morgenthau's view in "politics among nations" - says human nature is vain, selfish, and greedy - drives for lust, power, and war - it is part of human nature to crave war(individual-level theory)

individual LOA

- often focused on leaders but could be any politically influential individual - personality and beliefs - perceptions - decision-making processes

mercantilism/statism

- origins: 15th-18th century European states dedicated to the pursuit of economic wealth and national power - strong central government needed for efficient tax collection and to stimulate key sectors(industry over agriculture, military, exports over imports) - support high tariffs and discourage foreign investment to achieve national self-sufficiency - statism is a modern version - subordination of economic activities to the goal of maximizing competitiveness or power - intervene in economy(subsidies and tariffs) to foster productive sectors and promote exports (as development strategy)

the role personality traits play in IR

- personality characteristics shape foreign policy orientations(high nationalism, distrust of others, need for power) - personality affects the leadership of dictators more than democratic leaders(ex? Hitler, Stalin, and hussein were "malignant narcissists" = paranoid and volatile behavior)

how theoretical perspectives view individuals in IR

- realsim: focuses on international system(anarchy): exception = classical realm's focus on human nature as greedy and power hungry - liberalism: individuals basically cooperate, elites as political actors, civil society actors and mass publics matter - constructivism: vital role of "norm entrepreneurs" and transnational activists

Treaty of Westphalia

- signed oct. 24 1648 and ended the thirty years war - marked the end of religious rule in Europe, embraced the notion of sovereignty, countries sought to establish their own permanent national militaries which led to centralized control, and it established a core group of states that dominated the world - concept and practice of sovereignty, capitalist economic system emerges, centralized control of institutions to facilitate the creation and maintenance of military power grows

offensive realists

- states maximize power - more power is always better(mearscheimer) - states sometimes bandwagon rather than balance(Schweller)

defensive realists

- states maximize security, not power - main concern is with relative position(Waltz)

how history and philosophy are used in IR

- studying history allows us to understand international phenomena and how to improve society - philosophy helps guide normative questions and how we can conduct ourselves ethically

what distinguishes the US from the leading global powers

- the US is both big and rich - "what distinguishes the current international system is American dominance in everything at once(naval power, military power, economic power)" - america is protected by its oceans and can expand militant power without threatening surround nations

policy recommendations for US

- the US should help improve political, social, and economic conditions for the developing world so that everyone could benefit(the locals directly and the world indirectly) - lower the high protectionist trade barriers washington maintains for agriculture products, clothing, and textiles - opening up U.S markets to developing country exports

offshore balancing

- the idea that the U.S dominates the west and should continue to do so - only help other states if completely necessary - don't try to spread democracy because it results in terrorism and hatred - Walt advocated for it because its the only way to decrease the number of poles so stabilitilty can be reached(reference doc for quote)

Levels of analysis

- the individual system, state, and international - helps us understand global politics because it suggests questions and potential answers/allows us to compare explanations - some explanations and theories combine levels, while others focus on one

unipolarity(waltz)

- the safest outcome - hegemony=unipolarity, collective action problems, hegemonic stability theory

Why we need theories in IR

- theoretical perspectives/frameworks help us make sense of complicated phenomena and they guide us toward certain questions and answers - they help structure empirical analysis - by gathering information and analyzing we can understand events throughout space and time

how mass publics influence foreign policy

- they influence elites through public opinion and voting - ex> danish referendum on 1992 Maastricht treaty, US public during Vietnam war - can influence elites through mass actions(ex>Arab spring)

how private individuals influence global politics

- two-track diplomacy - they have less formal powers but often have informal sources of influence - moral authority, neutrality, experience, and skill - ex> Lakhbar Brahimi, UN-Arab league special envoy to Syria

the international system broken down

- units: states, individual leaders, IOs, non-governmental organizations - objects: land, natural features, oceans - parts: international law, norms, technology

the female view

- value personal safety, social justice, economic security -- less supportive of direct violence - more room for international cooperation, conflictual view of IR is overstated - like radicalism, example of a "critical theory" -- critique of society to uncover inequities and underlying power structures with the goal of producing change

multipolarity(Waltz)

- very dangerous - more actors results in more options and uncertainty

security dilemma: realism and the systemic level

- what one state does to increase its security decreases the security of other states

liberalism - Kant and Wilson

- wilson: thinks that in order to achieve peace, democracy must spread, international trade must be stimulated, there must be no secret democracies, and an international organization must be present to provide collective security - kant: thinks that in order to preserve peace an international federation of republics must be created because individuals are rational and can devise solutions to common problems -- the benefits of "triad": democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations is key

what realists emphasize at the international level

-anarchy+distribution of material power - mearsheimer: anarchy produces a "security dilemma" which essentially explains that what on state does to increase its security decreases the security of other states - material power: military strength, the economy, resources+population - distribution: where it lies, how many states, relative disparities - polarity: a count of how many states possess a "great" level of material power -- stability depends on the number of poles(Waltz)

two related theories of interdependence theory

1) a pair of states with high levels of trade is less likely to go to war 2) an international system with open trade reduces the likelihood of war

characteristics of the international system as a whole

1) anarchy or the absence of authority above levels of the states 2) distribution of power among states 3) international norms and technology

the main perspectives on international political economy

1) economic liberalism: individuals act in rational ways to maximize self interest -- when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce, distribute, and consume goods: markets function best when free of government interference -- international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services: an the basis of comparative advantage, international economy gains 2) mercantilism/statism: humans are aggressive, conflictual tendencies -- goal is to increase state power, achieved by regulating economic life: economics is subordinate to state interests -- international economy is conflictual: insecurity of anarchy breeds competition, state defends itself 3) marxist/radicalism: naturally cooperative as individuals; conflictual in groups -- competition among groups, particularly between owners of wealth and laborers; conflictual and exploitive -- conflictual relationships because of inherent expansion of capitalism; seeks radical change in international economic system

international system as a LOA: two approaches

1) factors at the international system level 2) systemic or structural theories and explanations

constructivism

1) shared beliefs: social and political life is filled with widely shared beliefs that influence how individuals understand, perceive, and decide -- these are different from unique beliefs 2) norms: widely shared beliefs about what is appropriate to do(or not) -- despite anarchy, international politics filled with norms about how actors should behave 3) identity: widely shared beliefs about who we are or who others are -- implies distinct roles -- shared identities often lead to trust and cooperation -- identities shape interests, a modern democracy does not use torture, British nukes vs. soviet nukes

conditions/situational factors where individual leaders matter most

1) when political institutions are unstable 2) when institutional constraints are limited 3) when the issue is unusual/ambiguous

ways Its foster cooperation according to neoliberal institutionalizes

1) with enough information and expectation of seeing your partner again in the future, even selfish states in tough situations are able to cooperate to manage interdependence 2) IOs can further facilitate cooperation by establishing clear rules, providing information, promoting iteration, and reducing the "transaction costs" of cooperation

the security council

15 members, including P5 Enforcement action under chapter VII peacekeeping

economic and social council

54 members Convenes conferences and issues policy recommendations Coordinates across the UN system Interfaces with NGOs

european court of human rights

A noncommercial court dealing with disputes over the treatment of a country's citizens. The Court applies the European Convention on Human Rights. Its task is to ensure that States respect the rights and guarantees set out in the Convention. It does this by examining complaints (known as "applications") lodged by individuals or, sometimes, by States.

international criminal court

A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity The core mandate of the ICC is to act as a court of last resort with the capacity to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes3 when national jurisdictions for any reason are unable or unwilling to do so.

migration: refugges as defined in the 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees

A person who, because of a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country"

demographic transition

A situation in which population growth rates would not proceed unchecked

world health organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health Founded as one of the specialized UN agencies in 1948, talked two of the most deadly diseases with its 1955 malaria eradication program and its 1965 smallpox campaign

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country - 1) Westphalian system developed 2) There was a rise in the 18th century where the whole world was organized as a series of nation states. International relations became relations between nations states 3) globalization undermines political order by eroding both sovereign territorial power and national identity.

Beijing consensus

A view that questions Washington Consensus' belief in the superiority of private ownership over state ownership in economic policy making, which is often associated with the position held by the Chinese government.

limited war

A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism Defined according to goals, types of weapons, and targets Can be limited for one side, total for the other

trusteeship council

Administered UN "trust territories"; no operations today

responsibility to protect (R2P)

All human beings deserve protection States have te responsibility to protect their own people, free from external intervention, as an essential feature of sovereignty If the state does not protect its own then other states should do something even if military force as a last resort is necessary and authorized by the UN security council In cases of massive violations of human rights these states have a responsibility to intervene in the domestic affairs of the state in which abuse is occuring

Washington consensus

An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies. The Washington Consensus refers to a set of free-market economic policies supported by prominent financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the U.S. Treasury. A British economist named John Williamson coined the term Washington Consensus in 1989

deterrence

An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force - trying to persuade the opponent to do something "or else" - "you must not act for fear of the consequences if you do" - trying to get them not to do something

amnesty international

An influential non-governmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights. a global movement of more than 10 million people who take injustice personally. We are campaigning for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. We are funded by members and people like you. We are independent of any political ideology, economic interest or religion

the european union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Regional IGO 1957: treaty of rome 28 member states Single currency for 17 "eurozone" countries Shared foreign policy in some areas Powerful commission Binding rules with enforcement by ECJ

multinational corporations

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management Over 60,000 today multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and the fact that their worldwide activities are centrally controlled by the parent companies

cultural relativism

Argument against universal human rights Some argue different cultures have different values and therefore "rights" ex> asian cultures value the group over the individual so human rights that focus on the individual wouldn't be considered important in this culture

What enforcement mechanisms can be authorized by using chapter VII of the UN charter? What are some examples of cases in which these measures have been authorized and used?

Authorizes the security council to take enforcement measures(economic sanctions, military force) Protects international peace and security

non tariff trade barriers

Business and social regulations as well as subsidies aimed at creating a competitive advantage in trade. - a trade restriction scubas a quota embargo or sanction, that countries use to further their political and economic goals - countries usually opt for non tariff barriers(rather Than traditional tariffs) in international trade

paris agreement

COP 21 (Nov-Dec 2015) -- 195 countries, 30,000 plus from civil society Result: paris agreement -- entered into force nov 4, 2016 A new approach: bottom-up pledges -- instead of binding targets (like kyoto) each country submitted an INDC, 190 countries have submitted INDCs (99% of global emissions), logic: participation is paramount especially developing countries, but not enough: must follow through on pledges and must increase ambition over time

environmental politics

Conflict of conceptions and perceptions highly charged clean air, climate stability, advocates for mother Earth, defenders of industrial development subject is very subjective many different viewpoints/perspectives

secretariat

Coordinates activities across UN system Headed by secretary-general (Ban Ki-Moon)

general agreement on tariffs and trade(GATT)/World trade organization

Currently 164 member states HQ in geneva "Member-driven" ; small staff, consensus decisions Primary functions include Facilitating multilateral negotiations to lower trade barriers Gathering information on member-state implementation of agreements Settling disputes between members Binding dispute resolution: a novel and ambitious function US-EU hormone treated beef EU-US steel tariffs (2002-03) Controversy: free trade vs. other values

What are the main sources of international law? And how can it be enforced?

Custom and treaties/ enforcement The convention against torture Law of the sea UN framework convention on climate change Many bilateral treaties Usually involved punishment by other states Role of the security council in security affairs International courts and dispute settlement

What are some of the mechanisms for preventing war? What are some of the problems with implementing these strategies?

Deterrence: consistent with realism The discouragement of aggressive behavior by convincing the other side that you can prevent them from succeeding(denial) or that you can inflict heavy costs(punishment) Starting war is a rational decision based on costs and benefits value=probability(victory) x victor's spoils - cost of fighting Boosting cost of fighting Lowering probability of winning Balance of power(realism) A balanced system is less prone to war In any pair of states, properly balancing against rising power lowers risk of war Balanced power raises the cost of fighting; imbalances reduce the damage suffered when the more powerful state chooses to fight Collective security(liberalism) Pact to treat an attack on one as an attack on all. Collectively punishing aggressors and defending any member that is attacked International organization: to help identify aggression and authorize a response League of nations Problems Deterrence: what if war decisions aren't rational? How do you make the punishment threat credible? Balance of power: what is the balance? How do you measure and know an imbalance when you see it? Why doesn't your balancing look like aggression to the other side? Collective security: who is the aggressor? How can unity be preserved with conflicting national interests? Why not just a free ride? The League of Nations didn't work out!

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Growth that does not damage the environment or deplete resources; does not prevent future generations from developing. Requires long-term thinking and policies

What are the main principles of International Humanitarian Law? ("Jus in Bello")

Discrimination between combatants and other Combatants are those authorized to use lethal force in exchange for which they forfeit immunity frome same Understanding that the right to kill others also means your own will be killed Only target combatants Discrimination and noncombatant immnity Obey all international laws on weapons prohibition Proportionality Non-malevolent quarantine for POW No means mala in se(no ethnic cleansing) Prohibition on reprisals

protectionism

Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports.

european parliament

Elected EU body that provides consultation on issues proposed by European Commission The European Parliament has 3 roles: It debates legislation. It can pass or reject laws, and it can also make amendments (but not in all cases). Laws must also be passed by the Council of the EU in order to become law

transboundary issues

Environmental and resource issues that raise international political challenges Sustainable development, collective goods, negative externalities, economic globalization, tragedy of the commons

international regimes/institutions

Formal organizations whose members are states Promote regular interactions and negotiations Create rules Monitoring and information gathering Dispute settlement Operational activities/services Creation and maintenance of international regimes

positive rights--second generation

Freedom to something -- places a positive duty on others (given by someone else) Rights to free schooling, free healthcare, a job, a minimum wage

ethnic conflicts

Generally understood as violent clashes between or among groups within a particular country stems from the dislike/hatred that members of one ethnic group feel towards another ethnic group territorial/natural resource conflict Economic exploitation Political domination

crimes against humanity--rome statute

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression

unique challenges of cooperation to mitigate CC

Global warming, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, loss of freshwater/access, reduced crop yields, unpredictable weather Distribution of impacts highly uneven, Still uncertainty about local and regional impacts, Greatest impact in global "South," especially least-developed countries, Most vulnerable populations will feel greatest impact Reduced ability to adapt

collective goods

Goods and services, such as clean air and clean water, that by their nature cannot be denied to anyone. Benefits that are offered by groups (usually citizens' groups) as an incentive for membership but that are non divisible (e.g., a clean environment) and therefore are available to nonmembers as well as members of the particular group.

collective goods

Goods and services, such as clean air and clean water, that by their nature cannot be denied to anyone. Shared and therefore present collective action problem (oceans, atmosphere, natural resources)

freshwater depletion

Groundwater depletion, a term often defined as long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue associated with groundwater use. Many areas of the United States are experiencing groundwater depletion.

regional agreements and organizations: eurozone

Growth in bilateral and regional economic integration agreements and organizations zinc early 1990s More than 300 regional trade agreements ex> NAFTA (US, canada, mexico)

realism and global governance

IGOs and law don't matter under anarchy...power does

interdependence and global governance

IGOs expand with the increase in interdependence -- interdependence among states creates a need for institutions

IGOs and NGOs with human rights

IGOs set certain standards and monitor behavior NGOs set up transnational advocacy networks which are a set of activists compromising many individuals and NGOs acting in pursuit of a normative objective, including human rights

Bretton woods institutions

IMF and World Bank

What are the special characteristics of the European Union and what are some of the challenges that it faces?

If member states do not uphold EU law, they can be fined or sanctioned. the pending departure of the United Kingdom (UK) from the EU ("Brexit"); democracy and rule-of-law concerns in Poland, Hungary, and other EU members; migration and related societal integration concerns; a resurgent Russia; and a heightened terrorism threat.

What are some forms of unconventional warfare and their characteristics?

Indirect state on state conflict using irregular war, subversion, or sponsoring insurgency Can be non-violent as subversion can include support to a non-violent resistance movement which may conform with local laws ex> cold war, terrorism, cyberwarfare, ww2,

internally displaced peoples (IDPs)

Individuals who have been uprooted from their homes for various reasons but remain in their home country Not legally entitled to international protection, they nevertheless represent a humanitarian crisis

What are some of the different characteristics of inter-state wars compared to intra-state wars in modern times?

Inter-state wars: wars between various states, tend to be more regulated and less deadly Intra-state wars: wars within states, not as regulated, more deadly, civil wars, more common, ⅔ of wars since WW2 have been civil wars, long, bloody, humanitarian crises, concentrated in africa, often "internationalized"

liberalism and global governance

International institutions foster cooperation Compliance occurs because of self-interest

challenging to sustain collective goods

It's hard to hold specific people/governments responsible and take action on something that affects all of us and is bigger than politics A global public good Tragedy of the commons (Hardin) No self-interested incentive for individual states to tackle the problem (free riding) Cooperation under anarchy A "two-level" problem Many domestic interests implicated Concentrated costs, diffuse benefits of mitigation Time Horizons: Costs now for benefits later Politicians' incentives "Intergenerational storm" (Gardiner) Distributive conflict of mitigation Costs of mitigation concentrated, benefits diffuse Costs borne by rich and powerful, benefits to the weak and disadvantaged Bottom line: Climate change highly politicized

main argument of neoliberal institutionalists(keohane)

Its foster cooperation through creating clear rules, fostering iteration an reciprocity - the more IOs= more cooperation

Which factors can exacerbate or mitigate the security dilemma and how?

Jervis on the SD: problem of perceptions, not always a serious problem Key factors: offense-defense balance(geography, technology), distinguishability of offensive and defensive weapons, defense advantage+distinguishability=most stable

laws of war

Jus ad bellum: justice before war Describes the conditions under which it is just/morally permissible to engage in war Jus in bello: justice during war Describes conduct that is just/morally permissible within/during war Jus post bellum: justice after war Describes what is done after war, involved peace treaties, reconstruction, establishment of new civil order, what to do with POWS etc.

According to current international law, under what conditions is itlegal for states to apply force against another state? ("Jus ad Bellum")

Just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, last resort, probability of success, proportionality

What are the principles of the "Just War Tradition"?

Just war theory: war is to be avoided, but there are times when it is necessary, when it is justified Theory insists that there are some things it is morally impermissible to do, even to the enemy, even in a time of war Principles: War sa a last resort War must be conducted under a Legitimate authority War needs to be in response to a wrong suffered(just cause) Probability of success Right intention Proportionality

constructivism and global governance

Law has normative power(sense of obligation to comply) IGOs can socialize states to adopt new norms

international law

Main sources: custom and treaties The convention against torture Law of the sea UN framework convention on climate change Many bilateral treaties The sources of enforcement: Usually involves punishment by other states Role of the security council in security affairs International courts and dispute settlement International criminal court WTO dispute settlement

humanitarian intervention

Military action by states or the international community

general assembly

Most "democratic" forum; important for developing countries(G77) Forum for debates and policy recommendations

European Union

Most integrated and supranational regional arrangement A customs union, common market and monetary union with a common currency(euro) 28 member states; 17 part of the "eurozone" Current eurozone crisis exposes mutual vulnerability Future? Disintegration or the united states of europe?

human trafficking

Most prevalent in women and children International standards against trafficking exist but monitoring anf enforcement remain difficult The use of force, faud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act

What are some of the types of non-state actors in global politics and what kinds of roles do they perform?

Nongovernmental organizations About 7500 worldwide Advocate and mobilize action Provide information and expertise Pressure governments to adopt and comply Relationship with states and IGOs can be cooperative "Transnational advocacy networks" Motivated by principled ideas or values Goal is to change behavior of states and IGOs ex> the international campaign to ban landmines

dilemmas with human rights

Not everyone agrees on universal human rights. Cultural relativism stands in the way of that ex> cold war: US -- first-generation rights, USSR -- second-generation rights

What are the principles underlying the Unites Nations (UN) and how these evolved over time?

Only international problems are within the jurisdiction of the United Nations. More and more issues are being defined as security issues, forcing the United Nations to intervene in domestic affairs.

economic migrants

People fleeing poverty, unemployment or underemployment, poor economic prospects, or changing climatic conditions These individuals seek a better life and see greater possibilities in richer countries

human rights watch

Organization that monitors other countries human rights policies Human Rights Watch investigates and reports on abuses happening in all corners of the world. We are roughly 450 people of 70-plus nationalities who are country experts, lawyers, journalists, and others who work to protect the most at risk, from vulnerable minorities and civilians in wartime, to refugees and children in need. We direct our advocacy towards governments, armed groups and businesses, pushing them to change or enforce their laws, policies and practices. To ensure our independence, we refuse government funding and carefully review all donations to ensure that they are consistent with our policies, mission, and values. We partner with organizations large and small across the globe to protect embattled activists and to help hold abusers to account and bring justice to victims

world bank

Primary focus is economic development Reduce poverty, raise living standards 189 member states HQ in DC; head is traditionally an american Lends to governments for development projects Infrastructure, education, healthcare 2011: $50 billion for 303 projectsA specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Kyoto protocol 1997

Protocol in the UNFCCC Signed in 1997; entered into force in 2005 Flexibility (a policy toolkit) -- reduce emissions at home, carbon sinks, emissions trading, clean development mechanism, joint implementation Binding targets and timetable (for annex 1) -- only for "annex 1" (common but differentiated responsibility), average reduction of 5% below 1990 levels, 5-year commitment periods (first period: 2008-2012) Problems: limited participation (US never ratified, others were slow in ratifying, developing countries assumed no commitments), compliance issues (not all targets will be met, no enforcement mechanism), encourages a short-term policy approach, future of kyoto unclear

NGOs influence transnational policy issues

Pursue economic growth and development but with concern for environment, natural resources - Paradigm shift for international development policy and for environmental policy - Policy advantage: A more holistic approach to interrelated issues and complex policy interactions - Political advantage: Brings together concerns of developed and developing world

world population growth

Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).

What are the different explanations for the causes of war in the different IR theoretical perspectives and levels of analysis?

Realism: International level Anarchy and security dilemma Anarchy forces each state to provide for its own security Even non-aggressive, satisfied states will take measures to protect themselves Escalating spiral of security measures I cannot protect myself without threatening others Even under conditions favorable to peace, states seeking security will threaten one another, build up arms, and possible go to war Problems of perceptions: SD not always a serious problem (Jervis) Offensive-defensive balance Distinguishability of offensive and defensive weapons Defense + advantage + distinguishability = most stable Unequal power, lack of balance leads to war Power transition theory: changes in capabilities lead to war War when challenger nears capabilities of hegemon Liberalism: State and societal level "Liberal" states Democracy and capitalism are conducive to peace Democratic peace theory radical(marxist) critique: capitalism leads to imperialism Diversionary war: especially when economy is doing poorly falklands/malvinas example Nationalism: strong identification with common culture or ethnicity sometimes with a sense of superiority(hyper-patriotism) Every nation should have its own state(self-determinism_ Source of power for leaders Ethnic conflict, lack of statehood, ethnic pockets, oppression Classica cases: hitler, milosevic, rwanda Individual level Human nature is greedy, aggressive(realism, morgenthau, Reinhold Niebhr) Personal characteristics of leaders Misperception of leaders Exaggerate hostility of others Miscalculate capabilities and intentions

European Commission

Responsible for proposing EU legislation, implementing it, and monitoring compliance The Commission helps to shape the EU's overall strategy, proposes new EU laws and policies, monitors their implementation and manages the EU budget. It also plays a significant role in supporting international development and delivering aid.

third generation rights -- group rights

Rights for specific groups Women's suffrage, rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, humanitarian assistance

negative rights--first generation

Rights that cannot be taken away Right to live, be free, freedom of speech, religion, freedom from violence, freedom from slavery, property rights

R2P tensions

States have a responsibility to protect and care for their citizens and when this responsibility is not being met, IGOs have the responsibility to step into domestic affairs and make sure those needs get met Complicated things because threatens sovereignty of the state

sustainable development

Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

common market of the south (Mercosur: Mercado common del Sur)

The "Common Market of the South," is an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (which is currently suspended), and Uruguay to promote the free movement of goods, services and people among member states.

international court of justice (ICJ)

The "world court" 15 judges "Non Compulsory jurisdiction"

Council of Ministers

The Council of Ministers, also called the Cabinet, advises the King and facilitates the country's development. It represents 22 different government ministries and is presided over each week by the King or his deputy.

european court of justice (ECJ)

The EU's judicial body, with sweeping powers. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) interprets EU law to make sure it is applied in the same way in all EU countries, and settles legal disputes between national governments and EU institutions

international criminal court

The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression

trans-pacific accord (replaced the previously proposed trans-pacific partnership TPP)

The TPP facilitates the development of production and supply chains, and seamless trade, enhancing efficiency and supporting our goal of creating and supporting jobs, raising living standards, enhancing conservation efforts, and facilitating cross-border integration, as well as opening domestic markets

organizations/IGOs

The United Nations system Regionalism and the EU International law Nongovernmental actors NGOs and transnational advocacy networks Theoretical perspectives on IGOs and Law

tragedy of the commons

The commons: resources with unrestricted access but finite capacity The tragedy: cows gone wild Driving force: immediate benefits v. long-term costs Similar to a prisoner's dilemma situation General lesson: unrestrained selfish use of commons -- destruction of the shared resource Hardin's solutions difficult under "anarchy" of IR Privatization "Mutual coercion" Examples: deforestation, overfishing, climate change, ozone, antarctica

soft power

The reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.

functionalism/spillover

The theory that supranational institutions, interest groups, and political parties all play a key role in efforts to achieve interstate integration. Integration is "group driven" Helpful to "us" if we integrate on this thing Technical experts, not political Spillover RESULT: Integration has a life of its own

globalization and its consequences

Thomas Friedman's definition: "inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world further, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before" combined with economic liberalization(i.e political choices) has to led to increasing flows of capital and trade. Economic activity increasingly tied to particular territories -- increased risk of financial crises spreading -- asian financial crisis: began in Thailand in 1997 when 2% of GDP fled country in short period; within weeks, crisis spread to Indonesia, Malaysia, philipines -- EU: financial problems in Greece affect entire union -- global economic crisis, 2008-2009: exotic, unregulated financial instruments; excess credit and debt(housing); concentrated in US and British firms but spread to the rest of the world -- development gap: while economies have grown under globalization, gap between rich and poor has increased -- richest 20% hold 86% of the worlds' income; poorest 20% hold 1.1% (Africa is home to only 8%of international investments -- difference in GDP per capita, developed countries($32,647), less developed countries($2,031), differences in human security and human development, access to education, healthcare, safe water, food etc.

What is the "tragedy of the commons'' and how can international institutions help overcome this problem? What are some of the roles that IGOs perform in the international system?

Tragedy of the commons: The notion that individually rational behavior may NOT benefit the group as a whole is illustrated by the tax those who do not cooperate to restructure their preferences See below

transnational justice -- truth commissions

Transitional justice is rooted in accountability and redress for victims. It recognizes their dignity as citizens and as human beings. Ignoring massive abuses is an easy way out but it destroys the values on which any decent society can be built. Transitional justice asks the most difficult questions imaginable about law and politics. By putting victims and their dignity first, it signals the way forward for a renewed commitment to make sure ordinary citizens are safe in their own countries - safe from the abuses of their own authorities and effectively protected from violations by others.

pluralist model example

U.S domestic politics plays a major role -- appearance of strategic weakness matter even if no actual strategic losses are incurred -- Khrushchev faces analogous pressure from key groups

challenges to sustainable development

United States • 4.6% of world population • 13,000 kWh of electricity consumption per capita • 21.6% of CO2 emissions India • 17.5% • 457 kWh • 4.8% Water use per person per day United States: 575 liters Italy: 386 liters Ethiopia: 15 Mozambique: 4 9 South argues that North is disproportionately responsible • North concerned about environment for its own sake and in long run; South prioritizes development and poverty reduction • Solution: Focus on "sustainable development

polarity: realism and the systemic level

a count of how many states possess a "great" level of material power - language of polarity: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

international monetary fund

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies HQ in DC; traditionally headed by a european 189 member states Main purpose: short-term loans for "balance of payments" difficulties (not for development projects) Broadening mandateL "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world" Technical assistance and policy advice

climate change/global warming

a change and or regional climate patterns; a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels "Global warming" refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "Climate change" refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time - including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

nonrenewable

a resource that cannot be replaced include coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy. Once these resources are used up, they cannot be replaced, which is a major problem for humanity as we are currently dependent on them to supply most of our energy needs

theory

a set of concepts and propositions to explain how the world works

Transnational Advocacy Networks

a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective motivated by principled ideas or values Goal is to change behavior of states and IGOs Ex> the international campaign to ban landmines

concert of Europe

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe -- resulted from the post-napoleon era quadruple alliance

how authors define and measure unipolarity

a system with only one pole that dominates simultaneously on all fronts

association of southeast asian nations(ASEAN)

a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia ASEAN, in full Association of Southeast Asian Nations, international organization established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia

interstate war

a war in which the main participants are states wars between multiple states, highly regulated, less deadly

intrastate war/civil war

a war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the government and a rebel group not so regulated, wars within states, deadlier

systemic processes of normative change according to constructivists

abolition of international slave trade, Somalia, Cambodia, Kosovo, Kurds, creation of the UN and NATO

strategic arms limitation treaty(START)

agreement between soviets and U.S during cold war to reduce nuclear weapons Example of arms control

arms control agreements and disarmament(liberalism)

an agreement between two or more states to limit the growth in or reduce existing stockpiles of military weaponry Reducing arms does not harm security if potential rivals also reduce their arims Short-circuiting the spiral of arms buildus which often occur in situations with a security dilemma High stakes PD: state A reduces its arms but state B breaks its promise and does not Verification procedures defining compliance and inspecting to provide information International organizations often serve this function

compellence

an effort to change the status quo through the threat of force - trying to persuade the opponent to change behavior or do something - "you must act for fear of the consequences if you don't"

regionalism

an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation.

public diplomacy

an exercise of state power - a diplomatic tool - the process by which direct relations with people in a country are pursued to advance the interests and extend the values of those being represented

two-level games

an exercise of state power strategy - introduced by putnam - bargaining at international and domestic levles - international negotiators must find agreement that's acceptable to domestic constituencies - role of domestic "win-set"

the genocide convention

an instrument of international law that codified for the first time the crime of genocide. The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948 and signified the international community's commitment to 'never again' after the atrocities committed during the Second World War. Its adoption marked a crucial step towards the development of international human rights and international criminal law as we know it today.

cyberwarfare

an organized attempt by a country's military to disrupt or destroy information and communication systems for another country Conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them Waged by states or their proxies against other states Unconventional warfare

evoked set

analogical reasoning/ information processing -- look for details in present similar to past situations

conventional war

armed conflict between two or more states in which military forces of each side are used against each other, and in which weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used open confrontation using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics The forces on each side are well defined and the opposing army is the main target General purpose = to weaken/destroy the opponent's military force In order to negate its ability to continue to engage in conventional warfare

system

assemblage of unity, objects, or parts united by some form of regular interaction - "structure" and interacting "units" - a change in one unit affects all of the others - systems tend to produce regularized patterns

median dialogue

athenian envoy tries to convince Melos to side with Athens over Sparta -- when melons appeal to hope, justice, and gods, Athens laid siege to the island and eventually killed all males of fighting age and sold women and children into slavery - takeaway: can't trust anyone because humans are greedy and full of self-interest

external balancing

balancing material power either via hard power(military threats, coercion) or soft power

internal balancing

balancing material power from within a states' borders ex> arms buildup

asymmetric conflicts

between parties of unequal strength; weaker party seeks to neutralize opponent strengths by exploiting weaknesses Non-traditional means hard to defend Weaker part often has advantage of greater resolve

negative externalities

by-products of production or consumption that impose costs on third parties Activity in one country creates negative effects in other countries (ex> pollution)

main types of actors in global political economy

capitalists, multinational corporations, states and international institutions

human security issues and importance

challenges sovereign states Any issues relating to the safety of human -- infectious diseases, migration, civil war, environmental degradation etc. Challenges states to step outside their bubble

satisficing

choosing a "good enough" alternative - not necessarily looking for the best most optimal situation

absolute gains

conditions in which all participants in exchanges become better off Caring most about how gain/lose regardless of how distributed - all parties

relative gains

conditions in which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others Caring most about how you gain/lose relative to others - individual (collective security, security dilemma)

international bill of rights

consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols The international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights and the international covenant on civil and politics rights

challenges States face

contemporary challenges driven by technology and ideology, state boundaries do not alway match the scope of political problems, allegiance and identities, globalization, transnational movements

Eurozone

countries in the EU that use the euro

noncommunicable diseases

diseases that cannot be spread from person to person Increasingly recognized as a significant health threat Heart disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, arthritis, dental decay, mental disorders, and obesity Results from certain lifestyles

power balancing

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong(realism)

foreign aid

economic and military aid to other countries -- key area of IPA - can be used as a bribe (carrot) or withdrawn as a sanction (stick)

free riding

enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs when one man pulls back/restrains themselves they take economic sacrifice but others do not pull back and keep profiting one solution is to divide up commons and have it be private property and another is to have government take it over

pluralist model

entities outside the state also influence state policy(interest groups, multinational corporations, public opinion, mass movements)

geurilla warfare

example of asymmetric warfare A "small war" often inspired by nationalism Revolutionary goals; anti-government Sometimes rely on civilian sympathy and protection Win hearts and minds of the people

Organization of American States, African Union, Arab League

examples of regional IOs

bounded rationality

foreign policy decision making -- Simon, when individuals make decisions rationality is limited by the tractability of the decision problem, the cognitive limitations of the mind, and the time available to make the decision

negative sanction

freeze assets, arms embargoes, economic sanctions

great powers in the first Half of 20th century

germany, austria-hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France

ozone depletion

gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica

collective security

if one nation goes after another the rest of the world will go after the aggressor

communicable diseases

illnesses that are easily passed from one person to another Disease deriving from migration/spreading of sickness Not due to lifestyle HIV/AIDS, malaria, bubonic plague etc.

positive sanction

increasing foreign aid, favorable trade terms, incentives to companies that invest in target state

cognitive consistency

information processing -- desire to be consistent, ignoring other information

mirror images

information processing -- see opponent as having opposite characteristics as yourself

groupthink

information processing -- tenancy to form to consensus, resist criticism

offense-defense balance

international system level (realism) Jervis argues that the SD is most severe and the international system is less stable when offensive weapons systems have an advantage over defensive weapons systems When the defense is more portent, status quo actors find it easier to adopt compatible security policies and the pernicious effects of the SD is diminished The extent to which actors can differentiate between offensive weapons and defensive weapons

bureaucratic model example

kennedy administration uncertain of how to proceed -- quarantine chosen as a product of influence/interests(and limitations) of different organizations in government -- policy maker needs

belief system

leader characteristics -- perceptions that shape how leaders process and interpret information

disadvantages of the international system LOA

less useful at explaining events and outcomes(more specific events), sometimes produces contradictory hypothesis

sources of state power

material power: natural sources -- geography. natural resources, population tangible sources -- industrial government, level of infrastructure, characteristics of military nonmaterial power: national image and ideas, public support, political cohesion, quality of government, leadership

smart sanctions

positive sanctions(engagement) negative sanctions(fear) - positive is the smarter sanction

reciprocity

mutual exchange having a level of trust with another state and expecting the same out of them as they expect out of you -- generates cooperation

balancing

order is achieved through balancing and deterrence in realism- hegemony

treaties

part of international law -- a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries.

peacekeeping

part of security council, international enforcement and supervision of a truce between hostile states or communities.

total war(general war)

perfected in the 20th century Conquer and occupy enemy's territory; complete defeat Society is mobilized/lives change Conscription, centralized control of the economy, rations, propaganda, social change

imperialism

policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories impact: US began to consider benefits of extending our territory further

malthusian dilemma

population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction. Recognition of the potential world population problem If population grows unchecked, it will increases at a geometric rate, whereas food resources will increase at an arithmetic rate Population increases will outstrip food production

two-track diplomacy

private individuals -- "unofficial, informal interaction between members of adversary groups or nations that aim to develop strategies, to influence public opinion, organize human and material resources in ways that might help resolve they conflict"

advantages of the international system LOA

produces general theories that explain broad patterns and differences across systems, forces us to look at the whole system

theoretical models of foreign-policy decision making

ration actor model bureaucratic/orgnizational model pluralist model

explanatory factors in the International system LOA

realism, liberalism and constructivism

how each theoretical perspective conceptualizes the state

realism: material power liberalism: material/immaterial power radicals/marxists: material power constructivism: nonmaterial power

methods of realists

self-preservation and autonomy by avoiding a loss of relative power or emergence of a dominant state

shared/intersubjective beliefs

social and political life is filled with widely shared beliefs that influence how individuals understand, perceive, decide - these are different from unique beliefs of individuals (subjective vs. intersubjective) ex> universal human rights

rational actor example

soviets seeking to address disadvantage -- quarantine chosen to balance strategic interests and aversion to war -- soviets pull back

hypothesis

specific statements positing a relationship among variables

diversionary war

state leaders have incentive to start international crises in order to rally public support at home by diverting attention away from domestic issues Significant because it asserts that leaders may start international conflict for selfish interests as opposed to what's best for their country

dependency theory

states are sanctioned by class(rich and poor), weaker states are dependent on stronger states to stay afloat through continuously owing big nations for "helping them out" - this creates imbalance - states are constantly seeking out external outlets and markets

bureaucratic/organizational model

states make decisions as the product of a number of bureaucratic entities within the government

offshore financial centers

states or jurisdictions with few regulations on banking and financial transactions, often with low taxation; used by individuals and international banks to transfer funds An offshore financial centre or OFC is defined as a "country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to nonresidents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy."

criteria for a sovereign state

territorial base stable population legitimate government diplomatic recognition

superpowers in second half of 20th century

the U.S and Soviet Union

sustainability

the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance. Technology - Increased ability to extract and pollute • Economic growth - Increases production and consumption - Neoliberal economic model - Measuring development by income, exports • Globalization - International trade/exports creates pressure on environment (e.g., deforestation, fresh water depletion) - Activities of multinational corporations • Inequality and poverty - Impacts concentrated, especially on poor • Population - Increase and concentration - Greater consumption of resources and more waste

power

the ability to influence other actors and to control outcomes, producing results that otherwise would not have occurred

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.

ratification

the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid

core/periphery

the core state is the stronger nation providing assistance to the weaker state, the periphery

transaction costs

the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain any costs of going through with an exchange transaction, other than the price of the good itself

balance of payments

the difference between the flow of money into and out of a country - deficit=debt - surplus= others owe to you

democratic peace theory

the idea that democracies do not fight wars against other democracies -- statistical tests show such inter-democracy wars are very rare -- democracies may fight wars against non-democracies

power transition theory

the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy When a rising power is threatening to surpass the most powerful state At such times power is equally distributed and these are the most dangerous times for war The probability of war increases as the power gap narrows, especially as a rival sees the capability to equalize with the dominant power

international humanitarian law

the legal framework applicable to situations of armed conflict and occupation. As a set of rules and principles it aims, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. Four geneva conventions (1949) and three protocols together form the core of IHL Geneva 1 -- protection of the wounded in the armed forces Geneva 2 -- protection of the wounded and sick shipwrecked at sea Geneva 3 -- protection of POWs Geneva 4 -- protection of civilians at the time of war

polarity

the more poles there are the less stability there is and the less poles the more stability(ex> Cold War was stable because there were only two poles) - opposing forces

Reputational Costs

the potential loss to financial capital, social capital and/or market share resulting from damage to a firm's reputation. This is often measured in lost revenue, increased operating, capital or regulatory costs, or destruction of shareholder value.

rational actor model

the state is a unitary entity decisions chosen from menu of alternatives policy us chosen to maximize state interests and minimize costs aligns with realism

role of structure in neorealism

the structure of the International system is the key factor in neorealism

hegemonic stability theory

the theory that states that the international system will remain most stable when there is one dominant state/world power

"most-favored-nation" principle(MFN)

treating other people equally under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners - grant someone a special favor (such as a lawyer customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all the other WTO members

European Council

the ultimate controlling authority within the EU The European Council is made up of the heads of state or government of all EU countries, the European Council President, and the European Commission President. It is convened and chaired by its President, who is elected by the European Council itself for a once-renewable two-and-a-half-year term

normative theory

the way the world should work/ought to be

positive theory

the way the world works/is

prisoner's dilemma

two prisoners are questioned separately and can either rat the other one out or stay silent - best collective outcome is for both to stay silent, worst is for both to rat on each other - sounds like realism: self-interest, concern with relative gains and cheating - big takeaway is that cooperation is much more likely when there is repeated interaction between two actors

terrorism

type of asymmetric warfare Weak actors against strong Usually a means of last resort Goal is to draw attention or to gain leverage by instilling fear Goals are typically political in nature Commited by non state actors Usually non combatant targets Unpredictable places and intervals

soft power

using appeal and attraction to cooperate with actors rather than intimidation or fear

unconventional warfare

wars in which either the means used or the ends sought violate the expectations of traditional practice covert and undefined confrontation Targets civilian population and political bodies directly The general purpose is to persuade the opposition to stop attacking/resisting even if it has the ability to continue and to seek a compromise or concession

renewable resources

ways to generate energy from (theoretically) unlimited natural resources. These resources are either available with no time limit or replenish more quickly than the rate at which they are consumed.

bandwagoning

when a state sides with another powerful state so that they don't get attacked themselves(ex. Italy siding with German in ww2)

self-help

you're on your own, watch your own back, trust no one(realism)