Global politics final
roles states perform with human rights
States violate human rights due to lack of resources, national security issues, the want to protect the regime in power Sign treaties for domestic politics (state-level explanation), incentives, and self-interest States can protect human rights via international organizations (set standards and monitor), NGOs (TANs) and states can inflict economic sanctions/military intervention
nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT)
international agreement to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peace/cooperation(1968) Example of arms control
International institutions in Liberalism
international institutions promote cooperation and peace
customary law
international law that arises from long-standing practices, or customs, held in common by most cultures law consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or. obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a. social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws"
globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
socialization
the process by which people define their political values and beliefs -- holds actors to some sort of moral standard
sovereignty
when the state has supreme and absolute authority within its boundaries(independence) - state can govern itself and another territory if it has proper claims to it
universal declaration of human rights 1948
"Human rights should be protected by the rule of law" (UDHR) Authoritative standard on human rights Dignity for humans, non-discrimination (articles 1 and 2) Liberty/first generation rights (articles 3-19) "The right to life, liberty, and security of person" (art. 3) "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude" (Art. 4) "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruuel inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment" (Art. 5) Freedom of movement (art.13) to seek asylum (art. 14), own property (art. 17), religion (18) Equality/second generation rights (Articles 20-26) Universal suffrage (art. 21) Right to work and equal pay (Art. 23) Security in the event of unemployment, old age etc. (art. 25) Free education at the elementary level (art. 26) brotherhood/third generation (articles 27 and 28) Communal and national solidarity
how realism explains the "deviations" from realist prescriptions in the U.S foreign policy after the Cold War
"Realism also predicts that competing states will tend to emulate each other and that the pressures of anarchy will force even very different regimes to act in strikingly similar ways" Example of US and Soviet Union: both nations got spies, produced nuclear weapons, threatened one another, yet the two systems of government are extremely different
precautionary approach
"The parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent, or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse affects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measure..." (Art. 3 od UN framework convention on CC 1992) Requirements: all countries should take efforts to reduce and inventory emissions, but no binding targets or timetables Prevention as opposed to "clean up crew" after the fact
human rights
"The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization"
responsibility to protect
"each individual state has the R2P its populations from MAC. If they fail, IC through the UN can prevent these crimes through any means necessary" MAC= mass atrocity crimes(ethnic cleansing, genocide, war crimes)
economic liberalism
- Adam smith and the wealth of nations - humans act rationally to maximize self-interest - "invisible hand" theory of free market maximizes welfare - importance of competition, specialization, "comparative advantage" - implication: government should stay out of the economy - international level: calls for free exchange of goods, services, and investments across national boundaries - each country should specialize according to its comparative advantage and then compete - makes sense for Cambodia to export coffee, for Japan to export high-tech cars and computers, and for Vietnam to export textiles - in theory, efficient producers and consumers both benefit
major shifts in the balance of power 19th and 20th century
- Britain held the balance of power against Napoleon(19th) - the U.S, France, and Britain balanced against Hitler(20th)
neorealism
- Waltz's view in "theory of international politics" - emphasizes the structure of the international system as the key factor - anarchy, distribution of power and resulting polarity - more poles = less stability(international-level theory)
exchange rates(fixed vs. floating)
- key area of IPE - international monetary relations - fixed: a regime imposed by a government or central bank which ties the official exchange rate of the country's currency with the currency of another country or the gold price - floating: a regime where the currency price of a nation is set by the market based on supply and demand relative to other currencies. This is in contrast to a fixed exchange rate, in which the government entirely or predominantly determines the rate
semi-stable bipolarity example
- Cold War between US and soviet union - the Cold War could be known as a 45 year high level tension and competition between the superpowers but with no direct military contact because of mutual deterrence. Nuclear weapons created a deterrence stalemate. was a series of events that indirectly pitted themselves against each other - two superpowers emerge. The US and Soviet Union
realism
- assumes the state is the main actor in IR, the state is a unitary actor, the state is a rational actor(maximizes self-interest), - security is the main concern of states, international system is anarchic(no overarching power), state defines their own. national interest in terms of power(power politics)
Walt on realism and U.S foreign policy
- believes that in order to explain a states' actions in regards to foreign policy, a second "foreign policy theory" is needed
State LOA
- characteristics of the Staes or domestic politics - type of government, type of economic system, interest groups, features of society(nationalism, religion, etc.)
main ideas in liberalism
- domestic politics matter: national interest is the result of domestic political processes -- how states behave depends on how their leaders are selected - trade and economic interdependence: states are increasingly interdependent -- this creates an incentive for the mutually beneficial cooperation of states -- when states rely on others for economic exchange, this makes cooperation, not war, in their self-interest -- "The Commercial Peace" - international organizations and law: can promote sharing of information and trust which generates cooperation -- reduces the need for self-help solutions
neoliberal institutionalism
- even if the realist view is true, international organizations can provide informaTion to boost the frequency of interactions to foster trust and permit learning
unilateralism/multilateralism
- form of intervention -- seen as more legitimate: "multi liberalism legitimizes action by signaling broad support for the actor's goals"(Finnemore)
balance of power
- imbalances of power lead to war - states will tend to increase their capabilities or join forces(alliances) to prevent the rise of a dominant power
the consequences of unipolarity for the US
- in the rest of the world's view, there is nothing the US can't do/accomplish. This puts a lot of pressure on Washington and makes it virtually impossible to do the right thing -- results in under engagement - "the result -- balancing that is rhetorically grand but substantively weak -- is politics as usual in a unipolar world" - hatred and terrorism from the rest of he world - the unique freedoms it offers policymakers
international LOA
- interaction among states(states as "black boxes") - role of international organizations, transnational networks, alliances
factors liberals emphasize at international level
- interdependence: actors are sensitive to and vulnerable to the actions of others - multiple channels connecting states to each other in a variety of issue areas(trade, investment, travel, crime, terrorism) - actors mutually reliant on one another to achieve goals - includes states and IOS, INGOs, and MNCs
foreign direct investment (FDI)
- international investment - ownership of physical assets - factory ex.
portfolio investment
- international investment - ownership of stocks, bonds, and other financial assets
LOA with Iraq war
- international: UN resolutions and international law, unipolar system means U.S is not restrained, international humanitarian norms - state: effect of 9/11 on domestic politics in the U.S, U.S wants to guarantee its access to oil, U.S wants to promote democracy abroad, defense department vs. state department - individual: Saddam as a "crazy" leader, Bush defending his fathers' honor, Cheney is a unilateralist hawk
bipolarity(Waltz)
- is safer - lesser poles, Cold War stability
Questions Global Politics/IR try to answer
- try to answer specific as well as broad questions that address the interactions among the various actors who participate in International politics - Specific example: Why didn't the U.S ratify the Kyoto protocol on climate change? - broader example: What are the causes of war?
radicalism/marxism
- main theme: rich and powerful actors(capitalist Staes and multinational corporations) maintain a hierarchical global economic system to protect their wealth and promote their interests - inspired by Karl Marx(1818-1883) - at the international level: position in the world economy determines your actions and fate -- developing countries structurally disadvantaged(global capitalism = imperialism, inequality, exploitation) - highly normative: current system is "bad" and change is needed - dependency theory: exploitation of "periphery" by "core" - see the international system as hierarchical
economic radicalism(marxist dependency theory)
- main theme: rich and powerful actors(capitalists, multinational corporations, states and International institutions under they influence) maintain a hierarchical global economic system to protect their wealth and promote their interests - Karl marx(1818-1883) often cited - highly normative: change is needed - at international level: position in the world economy determines your actions and fate; developing countries structurally disadvantaged - free markets=inequality - dependency theory: exploitation of "periphery" by "core"
IR feminist critiques
- men have dominated the practice and study of IR which has its effects - tickers critique: realism is a very male view of IR and national security - morgenthau's view of human nature is masculine -- assumption that States' area and should be obsessed with survival and security under anarchy
Classical realism
- morgenthau's view in "politics among nations" - says human nature is vain, selfish, and greedy - drives for lust, power, and war - it is part of human nature to crave war(individual-level theory)
individual LOA
- often focused on leaders but could be any politically influential individual - personality and beliefs - perceptions - decision-making processes
mercantilism/statism
- origins: 15th-18th century European states dedicated to the pursuit of economic wealth and national power - strong central government needed for efficient tax collection and to stimulate key sectors(industry over agriculture, military, exports over imports) - support high tariffs and discourage foreign investment to achieve national self-sufficiency - statism is a modern version - subordination of economic activities to the goal of maximizing competitiveness or power - intervene in economy(subsidies and tariffs) to foster productive sectors and promote exports (as development strategy)
the role personality traits play in IR
- personality characteristics shape foreign policy orientations(high nationalism, distrust of others, need for power) - personality affects the leadership of dictators more than democratic leaders(ex? Hitler, Stalin, and hussein were "malignant narcissists" = paranoid and volatile behavior)
how theoretical perspectives view individuals in IR
- realsim: focuses on international system(anarchy): exception = classical realm's focus on human nature as greedy and power hungry - liberalism: individuals basically cooperate, elites as political actors, civil society actors and mass publics matter - constructivism: vital role of "norm entrepreneurs" and transnational activists
Treaty of Westphalia
- signed oct. 24 1648 and ended the thirty years war - marked the end of religious rule in Europe, embraced the notion of sovereignty, countries sought to establish their own permanent national militaries which led to centralized control, and it established a core group of states that dominated the world - concept and practice of sovereignty, capitalist economic system emerges, centralized control of institutions to facilitate the creation and maintenance of military power grows
offensive realists
- states maximize power - more power is always better(mearscheimer) - states sometimes bandwagon rather than balance(Schweller)
defensive realists
- states maximize security, not power - main concern is with relative position(Waltz)
how history and philosophy are used in IR
- studying history allows us to understand international phenomena and how to improve society - philosophy helps guide normative questions and how we can conduct ourselves ethically
what distinguishes the US from the leading global powers
- the US is both big and rich - "what distinguishes the current international system is American dominance in everything at once(naval power, military power, economic power)" - america is protected by its oceans and can expand militant power without threatening surround nations
policy recommendations for US
- the US should help improve political, social, and economic conditions for the developing world so that everyone could benefit(the locals directly and the world indirectly) - lower the high protectionist trade barriers washington maintains for agriculture products, clothing, and textiles - opening up U.S markets to developing country exports
offshore balancing
- the idea that the U.S dominates the west and should continue to do so - only help other states if completely necessary - don't try to spread democracy because it results in terrorism and hatred - Walt advocated for it because its the only way to decrease the number of poles so stabilitilty can be reached(reference doc for quote)
Levels of analysis
- the individual system, state, and international - helps us understand global politics because it suggests questions and potential answers/allows us to compare explanations - some explanations and theories combine levels, while others focus on one
unipolarity(waltz)
- the safest outcome - hegemony=unipolarity, collective action problems, hegemonic stability theory
Why we need theories in IR
- theoretical perspectives/frameworks help us make sense of complicated phenomena and they guide us toward certain questions and answers - they help structure empirical analysis - by gathering information and analyzing we can understand events throughout space and time
how mass publics influence foreign policy
- they influence elites through public opinion and voting - ex> danish referendum on 1992 Maastricht treaty, US public during Vietnam war - can influence elites through mass actions(ex>Arab spring)
how private individuals influence global politics
- two-track diplomacy - they have less formal powers but often have informal sources of influence - moral authority, neutrality, experience, and skill - ex> Lakhbar Brahimi, UN-Arab league special envoy to Syria
the international system broken down
- units: states, individual leaders, IOs, non-governmental organizations - objects: land, natural features, oceans - parts: international law, norms, technology
the female view
- value personal safety, social justice, economic security -- less supportive of direct violence - more room for international cooperation, conflictual view of IR is overstated - like radicalism, example of a "critical theory" -- critique of society to uncover inequities and underlying power structures with the goal of producing change
multipolarity(Waltz)
- very dangerous - more actors results in more options and uncertainty
security dilemma: realism and the systemic level
- what one state does to increase its security decreases the security of other states
liberalism - Kant and Wilson
- wilson: thinks that in order to achieve peace, democracy must spread, international trade must be stimulated, there must be no secret democracies, and an international organization must be present to provide collective security - kant: thinks that in order to preserve peace an international federation of republics must be created because individuals are rational and can devise solutions to common problems -- the benefits of "triad": democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations is key
what realists emphasize at the international level
-anarchy+distribution of material power - mearsheimer: anarchy produces a "security dilemma" which essentially explains that what on state does to increase its security decreases the security of other states - material power: military strength, the economy, resources+population - distribution: where it lies, how many states, relative disparities - polarity: a count of how many states possess a "great" level of material power -- stability depends on the number of poles(Waltz)
two related theories of interdependence theory
1) a pair of states with high levels of trade is less likely to go to war 2) an international system with open trade reduces the likelihood of war
characteristics of the international system as a whole
1) anarchy or the absence of authority above levels of the states 2) distribution of power among states 3) international norms and technology
the main perspectives on international political economy
1) economic liberalism: individuals act in rational ways to maximize self interest -- when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce, distribute, and consume goods: markets function best when free of government interference -- international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services: an the basis of comparative advantage, international economy gains 2) mercantilism/statism: humans are aggressive, conflictual tendencies -- goal is to increase state power, achieved by regulating economic life: economics is subordinate to state interests -- international economy is conflictual: insecurity of anarchy breeds competition, state defends itself 3) marxist/radicalism: naturally cooperative as individuals; conflictual in groups -- competition among groups, particularly between owners of wealth and laborers; conflictual and exploitive -- conflictual relationships because of inherent expansion of capitalism; seeks radical change in international economic system
international system as a LOA: two approaches
1) factors at the international system level 2) systemic or structural theories and explanations
constructivism
1) shared beliefs: social and political life is filled with widely shared beliefs that influence how individuals understand, perceive, and decide -- these are different from unique beliefs 2) norms: widely shared beliefs about what is appropriate to do(or not) -- despite anarchy, international politics filled with norms about how actors should behave 3) identity: widely shared beliefs about who we are or who others are -- implies distinct roles -- shared identities often lead to trust and cooperation -- identities shape interests, a modern democracy does not use torture, British nukes vs. soviet nukes
conditions/situational factors where individual leaders matter most
1) when political institutions are unstable 2) when institutional constraints are limited 3) when the issue is unusual/ambiguous
ways Its foster cooperation according to neoliberal institutionalizes
1) with enough information and expectation of seeing your partner again in the future, even selfish states in tough situations are able to cooperate to manage interdependence 2) IOs can further facilitate cooperation by establishing clear rules, providing information, promoting iteration, and reducing the "transaction costs" of cooperation
the security council
15 members, including P5 Enforcement action under chapter VII peacekeeping
economic and social council
54 members Convenes conferences and issues policy recommendations Coordinates across the UN system Interfaces with NGOs
european court of human rights
A noncommercial court dealing with disputes over the treatment of a country's citizens. The Court applies the European Convention on Human Rights. Its task is to ensure that States respect the rights and guarantees set out in the Convention. It does this by examining complaints (known as "applications") lodged by individuals or, sometimes, by States.
international criminal court
A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity The core mandate of the ICC is to act as a court of last resort with the capacity to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes3 when national jurisdictions for any reason are unable or unwilling to do so.
migration: refugges as defined in the 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees
A person who, because of a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country"
demographic transition
A situation in which population growth rates would not proceed unchecked
world health organization
A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health Founded as one of the specialized UN agencies in 1948, talked two of the most deadly diseases with its 1955 malaria eradication program and its 1965 smallpox campaign
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country - 1) Westphalian system developed 2) There was a rise in the 18th century where the whole world was organized as a series of nation states. International relations became relations between nations states 3) globalization undermines political order by eroding both sovereign territorial power and national identity.
Beijing consensus
A view that questions Washington Consensus' belief in the superiority of private ownership over state ownership in economic policy making, which is often associated with the position held by the Chinese government.
limited war
A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism Defined according to goals, types of weapons, and targets Can be limited for one side, total for the other
trusteeship council
Administered UN "trust territories"; no operations today
responsibility to protect (R2P)
All human beings deserve protection States have te responsibility to protect their own people, free from external intervention, as an essential feature of sovereignty If the state does not protect its own then other states should do something even if military force as a last resort is necessary and authorized by the UN security council In cases of massive violations of human rights these states have a responsibility to intervene in the domestic affairs of the state in which abuse is occuring
Washington consensus
An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies. The Washington Consensus refers to a set of free-market economic policies supported by prominent financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the U.S. Treasury. A British economist named John Williamson coined the term Washington Consensus in 1989
deterrence
An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force - trying to persuade the opponent to do something "or else" - "you must not act for fear of the consequences if you do" - trying to get them not to do something
amnesty international
An influential non-governmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights. a global movement of more than 10 million people who take injustice personally. We are campaigning for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. We are funded by members and people like you. We are independent of any political ideology, economic interest or religion
the european union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Regional IGO 1957: treaty of rome 28 member states Single currency for 17 "eurozone" countries Shared foreign policy in some areas Powerful commission Binding rules with enforcement by ECJ
multinational corporations
An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management Over 60,000 today multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and the fact that their worldwide activities are centrally controlled by the parent companies
cultural relativism
Argument against universal human rights Some argue different cultures have different values and therefore "rights" ex> asian cultures value the group over the individual so human rights that focus on the individual wouldn't be considered important in this culture
What enforcement mechanisms can be authorized by using chapter VII of the UN charter? What are some examples of cases in which these measures have been authorized and used?
Authorizes the security council to take enforcement measures(economic sanctions, military force) Protects international peace and security
non tariff trade barriers
Business and social regulations as well as subsidies aimed at creating a competitive advantage in trade. - a trade restriction scubas a quota embargo or sanction, that countries use to further their political and economic goals - countries usually opt for non tariff barriers(rather Than traditional tariffs) in international trade
paris agreement
COP 21 (Nov-Dec 2015) -- 195 countries, 30,000 plus from civil society Result: paris agreement -- entered into force nov 4, 2016 A new approach: bottom-up pledges -- instead of binding targets (like kyoto) each country submitted an INDC, 190 countries have submitted INDCs (99% of global emissions), logic: participation is paramount especially developing countries, but not enough: must follow through on pledges and must increase ambition over time
environmental politics
Conflict of conceptions and perceptions highly charged clean air, climate stability, advocates for mother Earth, defenders of industrial development subject is very subjective many different viewpoints/perspectives
secretariat
Coordinates activities across UN system Headed by secretary-general (Ban Ki-Moon)
general agreement on tariffs and trade(GATT)/World trade organization
Currently 164 member states HQ in geneva "Member-driven" ; small staff, consensus decisions Primary functions include Facilitating multilateral negotiations to lower trade barriers Gathering information on member-state implementation of agreements Settling disputes between members Binding dispute resolution: a novel and ambitious function US-EU hormone treated beef EU-US steel tariffs (2002-03) Controversy: free trade vs. other values
What are the main sources of international law? And how can it be enforced?
Custom and treaties/ enforcement The convention against torture Law of the sea UN framework convention on climate change Many bilateral treaties Usually involved punishment by other states Role of the security council in security affairs International courts and dispute settlement
What are some of the mechanisms for preventing war? What are some of the problems with implementing these strategies?
Deterrence: consistent with realism The discouragement of aggressive behavior by convincing the other side that you can prevent them from succeeding(denial) or that you can inflict heavy costs(punishment) Starting war is a rational decision based on costs and benefits value=probability(victory) x victor's spoils - cost of fighting Boosting cost of fighting Lowering probability of winning Balance of power(realism) A balanced system is less prone to war In any pair of states, properly balancing against rising power lowers risk of war Balanced power raises the cost of fighting; imbalances reduce the damage suffered when the more powerful state chooses to fight Collective security(liberalism) Pact to treat an attack on one as an attack on all. Collectively punishing aggressors and defending any member that is attacked International organization: to help identify aggression and authorize a response League of nations Problems Deterrence: what if war decisions aren't rational? How do you make the punishment threat credible? Balance of power: what is the balance? How do you measure and know an imbalance when you see it? Why doesn't your balancing look like aggression to the other side? Collective security: who is the aggressor? How can unity be preserved with conflicting national interests? Why not just a free ride? The League of Nations didn't work out!
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Growth that does not damage the environment or deplete resources; does not prevent future generations from developing. Requires long-term thinking and policies
What are the main principles of International Humanitarian Law? ("Jus in Bello")
Discrimination between combatants and other Combatants are those authorized to use lethal force in exchange for which they forfeit immunity frome same Understanding that the right to kill others also means your own will be killed Only target combatants Discrimination and noncombatant immnity Obey all international laws on weapons prohibition Proportionality Non-malevolent quarantine for POW No means mala in se(no ethnic cleansing) Prohibition on reprisals
protectionism
Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports.
european parliament
Elected EU body that provides consultation on issues proposed by European Commission The European Parliament has 3 roles: It debates legislation. It can pass or reject laws, and it can also make amendments (but not in all cases). Laws must also be passed by the Council of the EU in order to become law
transboundary issues
Environmental and resource issues that raise international political challenges Sustainable development, collective goods, negative externalities, economic globalization, tragedy of the commons
international regimes/institutions
Formal organizations whose members are states Promote regular interactions and negotiations Create rules Monitoring and information gathering Dispute settlement Operational activities/services Creation and maintenance of international regimes
positive rights--second generation
Freedom to something -- places a positive duty on others (given by someone else) Rights to free schooling, free healthcare, a job, a minimum wage
ethnic conflicts
Generally understood as violent clashes between or among groups within a particular country stems from the dislike/hatred that members of one ethnic group feel towards another ethnic group territorial/natural resource conflict Economic exploitation Political domination
crimes against humanity--rome statute
Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression
unique challenges of cooperation to mitigate CC
Global warming, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, loss of freshwater/access, reduced crop yields, unpredictable weather Distribution of impacts highly uneven, Still uncertainty about local and regional impacts, Greatest impact in global "South," especially least-developed countries, Most vulnerable populations will feel greatest impact Reduced ability to adapt
collective goods
Goods and services, such as clean air and clean water, that by their nature cannot be denied to anyone. Benefits that are offered by groups (usually citizens' groups) as an incentive for membership but that are non divisible (e.g., a clean environment) and therefore are available to nonmembers as well as members of the particular group.
collective goods
Goods and services, such as clean air and clean water, that by their nature cannot be denied to anyone. Shared and therefore present collective action problem (oceans, atmosphere, natural resources)
freshwater depletion
Groundwater depletion, a term often defined as long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue associated with groundwater use. Many areas of the United States are experiencing groundwater depletion.
regional agreements and organizations: eurozone
Growth in bilateral and regional economic integration agreements and organizations zinc early 1990s More than 300 regional trade agreements ex> NAFTA (US, canada, mexico)
realism and global governance
IGOs and law don't matter under anarchy...power does
interdependence and global governance
IGOs expand with the increase in interdependence -- interdependence among states creates a need for institutions
IGOs and NGOs with human rights
IGOs set certain standards and monitor behavior NGOs set up transnational advocacy networks which are a set of activists compromising many individuals and NGOs acting in pursuit of a normative objective, including human rights
Bretton woods institutions
IMF and World Bank
What are the special characteristics of the European Union and what are some of the challenges that it faces?
If member states do not uphold EU law, they can be fined or sanctioned. the pending departure of the United Kingdom (UK) from the EU ("Brexit"); democracy and rule-of-law concerns in Poland, Hungary, and other EU members; migration and related societal integration concerns; a resurgent Russia; and a heightened terrorism threat.
What are some forms of unconventional warfare and their characteristics?
Indirect state on state conflict using irregular war, subversion, or sponsoring insurgency Can be non-violent as subversion can include support to a non-violent resistance movement which may conform with local laws ex> cold war, terrorism, cyberwarfare, ww2,
internally displaced peoples (IDPs)
Individuals who have been uprooted from their homes for various reasons but remain in their home country Not legally entitled to international protection, they nevertheless represent a humanitarian crisis
What are some of the different characteristics of inter-state wars compared to intra-state wars in modern times?
Inter-state wars: wars between various states, tend to be more regulated and less deadly Intra-state wars: wars within states, not as regulated, more deadly, civil wars, more common, ⅔ of wars since WW2 have been civil wars, long, bloody, humanitarian crises, concentrated in africa, often "internationalized"
liberalism and global governance
International institutions foster cooperation Compliance occurs because of self-interest
challenging to sustain collective goods
It's hard to hold specific people/governments responsible and take action on something that affects all of us and is bigger than politics A global public good Tragedy of the commons (Hardin) No self-interested incentive for individual states to tackle the problem (free riding) Cooperation under anarchy A "two-level" problem Many domestic interests implicated Concentrated costs, diffuse benefits of mitigation Time Horizons: Costs now for benefits later Politicians' incentives "Intergenerational storm" (Gardiner) Distributive conflict of mitigation Costs of mitigation concentrated, benefits diffuse Costs borne by rich and powerful, benefits to the weak and disadvantaged Bottom line: Climate change highly politicized
main argument of neoliberal institutionalists(keohane)
Its foster cooperation through creating clear rules, fostering iteration an reciprocity - the more IOs= more cooperation
Which factors can exacerbate or mitigate the security dilemma and how?
Jervis on the SD: problem of perceptions, not always a serious problem Key factors: offense-defense balance(geography, technology), distinguishability of offensive and defensive weapons, defense advantage+distinguishability=most stable
laws of war
Jus ad bellum: justice before war Describes the conditions under which it is just/morally permissible to engage in war Jus in bello: justice during war Describes conduct that is just/morally permissible within/during war Jus post bellum: justice after war Describes what is done after war, involved peace treaties, reconstruction, establishment of new civil order, what to do with POWS etc.
According to current international law, under what conditions is itlegal for states to apply force against another state? ("Jus ad Bellum")
Just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, last resort, probability of success, proportionality
What are the principles of the "Just War Tradition"?
Just war theory: war is to be avoided, but there are times when it is necessary, when it is justified Theory insists that there are some things it is morally impermissible to do, even to the enemy, even in a time of war Principles: War sa a last resort War must be conducted under a Legitimate authority War needs to be in response to a wrong suffered(just cause) Probability of success Right intention Proportionality
constructivism and global governance
Law has normative power(sense of obligation to comply) IGOs can socialize states to adopt new norms
international law
Main sources: custom and treaties The convention against torture Law of the sea UN framework convention on climate change Many bilateral treaties The sources of enforcement: Usually involves punishment by other states Role of the security council in security affairs International courts and dispute settlement International criminal court WTO dispute settlement
humanitarian intervention
Military action by states or the international community
general assembly
Most "democratic" forum; important for developing countries(G77) Forum for debates and policy recommendations
European Union
Most integrated and supranational regional arrangement A customs union, common market and monetary union with a common currency(euro) 28 member states; 17 part of the "eurozone" Current eurozone crisis exposes mutual vulnerability Future? Disintegration or the united states of europe?
human trafficking
Most prevalent in women and children International standards against trafficking exist but monitoring anf enforcement remain difficult The use of force, faud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act
What are some of the types of non-state actors in global politics and what kinds of roles do they perform?
Nongovernmental organizations About 7500 worldwide Advocate and mobilize action Provide information and expertise Pressure governments to adopt and comply Relationship with states and IGOs can be cooperative "Transnational advocacy networks" Motivated by principled ideas or values Goal is to change behavior of states and IGOs ex> the international campaign to ban landmines
dilemmas with human rights
Not everyone agrees on universal human rights. Cultural relativism stands in the way of that ex> cold war: US -- first-generation rights, USSR -- second-generation rights
What are the principles underlying the Unites Nations (UN) and how these evolved over time?
Only international problems are within the jurisdiction of the United Nations. More and more issues are being defined as security issues, forcing the United Nations to intervene in domestic affairs.
economic migrants
People fleeing poverty, unemployment or underemployment, poor economic prospects, or changing climatic conditions These individuals seek a better life and see greater possibilities in richer countries
human rights watch
Organization that monitors other countries human rights policies Human Rights Watch investigates and reports on abuses happening in all corners of the world. We are roughly 450 people of 70-plus nationalities who are country experts, lawyers, journalists, and others who work to protect the most at risk, from vulnerable minorities and civilians in wartime, to refugees and children in need. We direct our advocacy towards governments, armed groups and businesses, pushing them to change or enforce their laws, policies and practices. To ensure our independence, we refuse government funding and carefully review all donations to ensure that they are consistent with our policies, mission, and values. We partner with organizations large and small across the globe to protect embattled activists and to help hold abusers to account and bring justice to victims
world bank
Primary focus is economic development Reduce poverty, raise living standards 189 member states HQ in DC; head is traditionally an american Lends to governments for development projects Infrastructure, education, healthcare 2011: $50 billion for 303 projectsA specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Kyoto protocol 1997
Protocol in the UNFCCC Signed in 1997; entered into force in 2005 Flexibility (a policy toolkit) -- reduce emissions at home, carbon sinks, emissions trading, clean development mechanism, joint implementation Binding targets and timetable (for annex 1) -- only for "annex 1" (common but differentiated responsibility), average reduction of 5% below 1990 levels, 5-year commitment periods (first period: 2008-2012) Problems: limited participation (US never ratified, others were slow in ratifying, developing countries assumed no commitments), compliance issues (not all targets will be met, no enforcement mechanism), encourages a short-term policy approach, future of kyoto unclear
NGOs influence transnational policy issues
Pursue economic growth and development but with concern for environment, natural resources - Paradigm shift for international development policy and for environmental policy - Policy advantage: A more holistic approach to interrelated issues and complex policy interactions - Political advantage: Brings together concerns of developed and developing world
world population growth
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).
What are the different explanations for the causes of war in the different IR theoretical perspectives and levels of analysis?
Realism: International level Anarchy and security dilemma Anarchy forces each state to provide for its own security Even non-aggressive, satisfied states will take measures to protect themselves Escalating spiral of security measures I cannot protect myself without threatening others Even under conditions favorable to peace, states seeking security will threaten one another, build up arms, and possible go to war Problems of perceptions: SD not always a serious problem (Jervis) Offensive-defensive balance Distinguishability of offensive and defensive weapons Defense + advantage + distinguishability = most stable Unequal power, lack of balance leads to war Power transition theory: changes in capabilities lead to war War when challenger nears capabilities of hegemon Liberalism: State and societal level "Liberal" states Democracy and capitalism are conducive to peace Democratic peace theory radical(marxist) critique: capitalism leads to imperialism Diversionary war: especially when economy is doing poorly falklands/malvinas example Nationalism: strong identification with common culture or ethnicity sometimes with a sense of superiority(hyper-patriotism) Every nation should have its own state(self-determinism_ Source of power for leaders Ethnic conflict, lack of statehood, ethnic pockets, oppression Classica cases: hitler, milosevic, rwanda Individual level Human nature is greedy, aggressive(realism, morgenthau, Reinhold Niebhr) Personal characteristics of leaders Misperception of leaders Exaggerate hostility of others Miscalculate capabilities and intentions
European Commission
Responsible for proposing EU legislation, implementing it, and monitoring compliance The Commission helps to shape the EU's overall strategy, proposes new EU laws and policies, monitors their implementation and manages the EU budget. It also plays a significant role in supporting international development and delivering aid.
third generation rights -- group rights
Rights for specific groups Women's suffrage, rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, humanitarian assistance
negative rights--first generation
Rights that cannot be taken away Right to live, be free, freedom of speech, religion, freedom from violence, freedom from slavery, property rights
R2P tensions
States have a responsibility to protect and care for their citizens and when this responsibility is not being met, IGOs have the responsibility to step into domestic affairs and make sure those needs get met Complicated things because threatens sovereignty of the state
sustainable development
Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
tariffs
Taxes on imported goods
common market of the south (Mercosur: Mercado common del Sur)
The "Common Market of the South," is an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (which is currently suspended), and Uruguay to promote the free movement of goods, services and people among member states.
international court of justice (ICJ)
The "world court" 15 judges "Non Compulsory jurisdiction"
Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers, also called the Cabinet, advises the King and facilitates the country's development. It represents 22 different government ministries and is presided over each week by the King or his deputy.
european court of justice (ECJ)
The EU's judicial body, with sweeping powers. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) interprets EU law to make sure it is applied in the same way in all EU countries, and settles legal disputes between national governments and EU institutions
international criminal court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression
trans-pacific accord (replaced the previously proposed trans-pacific partnership TPP)
The TPP facilitates the development of production and supply chains, and seamless trade, enhancing efficiency and supporting our goal of creating and supporting jobs, raising living standards, enhancing conservation efforts, and facilitating cross-border integration, as well as opening domestic markets
organizations/IGOs
The United Nations system Regionalism and the EU International law Nongovernmental actors NGOs and transnational advocacy networks Theoretical perspectives on IGOs and Law
tragedy of the commons
The commons: resources with unrestricted access but finite capacity The tragedy: cows gone wild Driving force: immediate benefits v. long-term costs Similar to a prisoner's dilemma situation General lesson: unrestrained selfish use of commons -- destruction of the shared resource Hardin's solutions difficult under "anarchy" of IR Privatization "Mutual coercion" Examples: deforestation, overfishing, climate change, ozone, antarctica
soft power
The reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.
functionalism/spillover
The theory that supranational institutions, interest groups, and political parties all play a key role in efforts to achieve interstate integration. Integration is "group driven" Helpful to "us" if we integrate on this thing Technical experts, not political Spillover RESULT: Integration has a life of its own
globalization and its consequences
Thomas Friedman's definition: "inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world further, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before" combined with economic liberalization(i.e political choices) has to led to increasing flows of capital and trade. Economic activity increasingly tied to particular territories -- increased risk of financial crises spreading -- asian financial crisis: began in Thailand in 1997 when 2% of GDP fled country in short period; within weeks, crisis spread to Indonesia, Malaysia, philipines -- EU: financial problems in Greece affect entire union -- global economic crisis, 2008-2009: exotic, unregulated financial instruments; excess credit and debt(housing); concentrated in US and British firms but spread to the rest of the world -- development gap: while economies have grown under globalization, gap between rich and poor has increased -- richest 20% hold 86% of the worlds' income; poorest 20% hold 1.1% (Africa is home to only 8%of international investments -- difference in GDP per capita, developed countries($32,647), less developed countries($2,031), differences in human security and human development, access to education, healthcare, safe water, food etc.
What is the "tragedy of the commons'' and how can international institutions help overcome this problem? What are some of the roles that IGOs perform in the international system?
Tragedy of the commons: The notion that individually rational behavior may NOT benefit the group as a whole is illustrated by the tax those who do not cooperate to restructure their preferences See below
transnational justice -- truth commissions
Transitional justice is rooted in accountability and redress for victims. It recognizes their dignity as citizens and as human beings. Ignoring massive abuses is an easy way out but it destroys the values on which any decent society can be built. Transitional justice asks the most difficult questions imaginable about law and politics. By putting victims and their dignity first, it signals the way forward for a renewed commitment to make sure ordinary citizens are safe in their own countries - safe from the abuses of their own authorities and effectively protected from violations by others.
pluralist model example
U.S domestic politics plays a major role -- appearance of strategic weakness matter even if no actual strategic losses are incurred -- Khrushchev faces analogous pressure from key groups
challenges to sustainable development
United States • 4.6% of world population • 13,000 kWh of electricity consumption per capita • 21.6% of CO2 emissions India • 17.5% • 457 kWh • 4.8% Water use per person per day United States: 575 liters Italy: 386 liters Ethiopia: 15 Mozambique: 4 9 South argues that North is disproportionately responsible • North concerned about environment for its own sake and in long run; South prioritizes development and poverty reduction • Solution: Focus on "sustainable development
polarity: realism and the systemic level
a count of how many states possess a "great" level of material power - language of polarity: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
international monetary fund
a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies HQ in DC; traditionally headed by a european 189 member states Main purpose: short-term loans for "balance of payments" difficulties (not for development projects) Broadening mandateL "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world" Technical assistance and policy advice
climate change/global warming
a change and or regional climate patterns; a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels "Global warming" refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "Climate change" refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time - including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.
nonrenewable
a resource that cannot be replaced include coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy. Once these resources are used up, they cannot be replaced, which is a major problem for humanity as we are currently dependent on them to supply most of our energy needs
theory
a set of concepts and propositions to explain how the world works
Transnational Advocacy Networks
a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective motivated by principled ideas or values Goal is to change behavior of states and IGOs Ex> the international campaign to ban landmines
concert of Europe
a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe -- resulted from the post-napoleon era quadruple alliance
how authors define and measure unipolarity
a system with only one pole that dominates simultaneously on all fronts
association of southeast asian nations(ASEAN)
a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia ASEAN, in full Association of Southeast Asian Nations, international organization established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia
interstate war
a war in which the main participants are states wars between multiple states, highly regulated, less deadly
intrastate war/civil war
a war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the government and a rebel group not so regulated, wars within states, deadlier
systemic processes of normative change according to constructivists
abolition of international slave trade, Somalia, Cambodia, Kosovo, Kurds, creation of the UN and NATO
strategic arms limitation treaty(START)
agreement between soviets and U.S during cold war to reduce nuclear weapons Example of arms control
arms control agreements and disarmament(liberalism)
an agreement between two or more states to limit the growth in or reduce existing stockpiles of military weaponry Reducing arms does not harm security if potential rivals also reduce their arims Short-circuiting the spiral of arms buildus which often occur in situations with a security dilemma High stakes PD: state A reduces its arms but state B breaks its promise and does not Verification procedures defining compliance and inspecting to provide information International organizations often serve this function
compellence
an effort to change the status quo through the threat of force - trying to persuade the opponent to change behavior or do something - "you must act for fear of the consequences if you don't"
regionalism
an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation.
public diplomacy
an exercise of state power - a diplomatic tool - the process by which direct relations with people in a country are pursued to advance the interests and extend the values of those being represented
two-level games
an exercise of state power strategy - introduced by putnam - bargaining at international and domestic levles - international negotiators must find agreement that's acceptable to domestic constituencies - role of domestic "win-set"
the genocide convention
an instrument of international law that codified for the first time the crime of genocide. The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948 and signified the international community's commitment to 'never again' after the atrocities committed during the Second World War. Its adoption marked a crucial step towards the development of international human rights and international criminal law as we know it today.
cyberwarfare
an organized attempt by a country's military to disrupt or destroy information and communication systems for another country Conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them Waged by states or their proxies against other states Unconventional warfare
evoked set
analogical reasoning/ information processing -- look for details in present similar to past situations
conventional war
armed conflict between two or more states in which military forces of each side are used against each other, and in which weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used open confrontation using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics The forces on each side are well defined and the opposing army is the main target General purpose = to weaken/destroy the opponent's military force In order to negate its ability to continue to engage in conventional warfare
system
assemblage of unity, objects, or parts united by some form of regular interaction - "structure" and interacting "units" - a change in one unit affects all of the others - systems tend to produce regularized patterns
median dialogue
athenian envoy tries to convince Melos to side with Athens over Sparta -- when melons appeal to hope, justice, and gods, Athens laid siege to the island and eventually killed all males of fighting age and sold women and children into slavery - takeaway: can't trust anyone because humans are greedy and full of self-interest
external balancing
balancing material power either via hard power(military threats, coercion) or soft power
internal balancing
balancing material power from within a states' borders ex> arms buildup
asymmetric conflicts
between parties of unequal strength; weaker party seeks to neutralize opponent strengths by exploiting weaknesses Non-traditional means hard to defend Weaker part often has advantage of greater resolve
negative externalities
by-products of production or consumption that impose costs on third parties Activity in one country creates negative effects in other countries (ex> pollution)
main types of actors in global political economy
capitalists, multinational corporations, states and international institutions
human security issues and importance
challenges sovereign states Any issues relating to the safety of human -- infectious diseases, migration, civil war, environmental degradation etc. Challenges states to step outside their bubble
satisficing
choosing a "good enough" alternative - not necessarily looking for the best most optimal situation
absolute gains
conditions in which all participants in exchanges become better off Caring most about how gain/lose regardless of how distributed - all parties
relative gains
conditions in which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others Caring most about how you gain/lose relative to others - individual (collective security, security dilemma)
international bill of rights
consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols The international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights and the international covenant on civil and politics rights
challenges States face
contemporary challenges driven by technology and ideology, state boundaries do not alway match the scope of political problems, allegiance and identities, globalization, transnational movements
Eurozone
countries in the EU that use the euro
noncommunicable diseases
diseases that cannot be spread from person to person Increasingly recognized as a significant health threat Heart disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, arthritis, dental decay, mental disorders, and obesity Results from certain lifestyles
power balancing
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong(realism)
foreign aid
economic and military aid to other countries -- key area of IPA - can be used as a bribe (carrot) or withdrawn as a sanction (stick)
free riding
enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs when one man pulls back/restrains themselves they take economic sacrifice but others do not pull back and keep profiting one solution is to divide up commons and have it be private property and another is to have government take it over
pluralist model
entities outside the state also influence state policy(interest groups, multinational corporations, public opinion, mass movements)
geurilla warfare
example of asymmetric warfare A "small war" often inspired by nationalism Revolutionary goals; anti-government Sometimes rely on civilian sympathy and protection Win hearts and minds of the people
Organization of American States, African Union, Arab League
examples of regional IOs
bounded rationality
foreign policy decision making -- Simon, when individuals make decisions rationality is limited by the tractability of the decision problem, the cognitive limitations of the mind, and the time available to make the decision
negative sanction
freeze assets, arms embargoes, economic sanctions
great powers in the first Half of 20th century
germany, austria-hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France
ozone depletion
gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica
collective security
if one nation goes after another the rest of the world will go after the aggressor
communicable diseases
illnesses that are easily passed from one person to another Disease deriving from migration/spreading of sickness Not due to lifestyle HIV/AIDS, malaria, bubonic plague etc.
positive sanction
increasing foreign aid, favorable trade terms, incentives to companies that invest in target state
cognitive consistency
information processing -- desire to be consistent, ignoring other information
mirror images
information processing -- see opponent as having opposite characteristics as yourself
groupthink
information processing -- tenancy to form to consensus, resist criticism
offense-defense balance
international system level (realism) Jervis argues that the SD is most severe and the international system is less stable when offensive weapons systems have an advantage over defensive weapons systems When the defense is more portent, status quo actors find it easier to adopt compatible security policies and the pernicious effects of the SD is diminished The extent to which actors can differentiate between offensive weapons and defensive weapons
bureaucratic model example
kennedy administration uncertain of how to proceed -- quarantine chosen as a product of influence/interests(and limitations) of different organizations in government -- policy maker needs
belief system
leader characteristics -- perceptions that shape how leaders process and interpret information
disadvantages of the international system LOA
less useful at explaining events and outcomes(more specific events), sometimes produces contradictory hypothesis
sources of state power
material power: natural sources -- geography. natural resources, population tangible sources -- industrial government, level of infrastructure, characteristics of military nonmaterial power: national image and ideas, public support, political cohesion, quality of government, leadership
smart sanctions
positive sanctions(engagement) negative sanctions(fear) - positive is the smarter sanction
reciprocity
mutual exchange having a level of trust with another state and expecting the same out of them as they expect out of you -- generates cooperation
balancing
order is achieved through balancing and deterrence in realism- hegemony
treaties
part of international law -- a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries.
peacekeeping
part of security council, international enforcement and supervision of a truce between hostile states or communities.
total war(general war)
perfected in the 20th century Conquer and occupy enemy's territory; complete defeat Society is mobilized/lives change Conscription, centralized control of the economy, rations, propaganda, social change
imperialism
policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories impact: US began to consider benefits of extending our territory further
malthusian dilemma
population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction. Recognition of the potential world population problem If population grows unchecked, it will increases at a geometric rate, whereas food resources will increase at an arithmetic rate Population increases will outstrip food production
two-track diplomacy
private individuals -- "unofficial, informal interaction between members of adversary groups or nations that aim to develop strategies, to influence public opinion, organize human and material resources in ways that might help resolve they conflict"
advantages of the international system LOA
produces general theories that explain broad patterns and differences across systems, forces us to look at the whole system
theoretical models of foreign-policy decision making
ration actor model bureaucratic/orgnizational model pluralist model
explanatory factors in the International system LOA
realism, liberalism and constructivism
how each theoretical perspective conceptualizes the state
realism: material power liberalism: material/immaterial power radicals/marxists: material power constructivism: nonmaterial power
methods of realists
self-preservation and autonomy by avoiding a loss of relative power or emergence of a dominant state
shared/intersubjective beliefs
social and political life is filled with widely shared beliefs that influence how individuals understand, perceive, decide - these are different from unique beliefs of individuals (subjective vs. intersubjective) ex> universal human rights
rational actor example
soviets seeking to address disadvantage -- quarantine chosen to balance strategic interests and aversion to war -- soviets pull back
hypothesis
specific statements positing a relationship among variables
diversionary war
state leaders have incentive to start international crises in order to rally public support at home by diverting attention away from domestic issues Significant because it asserts that leaders may start international conflict for selfish interests as opposed to what's best for their country
dependency theory
states are sanctioned by class(rich and poor), weaker states are dependent on stronger states to stay afloat through continuously owing big nations for "helping them out" - this creates imbalance - states are constantly seeking out external outlets and markets
bureaucratic/organizational model
states make decisions as the product of a number of bureaucratic entities within the government
offshore financial centers
states or jurisdictions with few regulations on banking and financial transactions, often with low taxation; used by individuals and international banks to transfer funds An offshore financial centre or OFC is defined as a "country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to nonresidents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy."
criteria for a sovereign state
territorial base stable population legitimate government diplomatic recognition
superpowers in second half of 20th century
the U.S and Soviet Union
sustainability
the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance. Technology - Increased ability to extract and pollute • Economic growth - Increases production and consumption - Neoliberal economic model - Measuring development by income, exports • Globalization - International trade/exports creates pressure on environment (e.g., deforestation, fresh water depletion) - Activities of multinational corporations • Inequality and poverty - Impacts concentrated, especially on poor • Population - Increase and concentration - Greater consumption of resources and more waste
power
the ability to influence other actors and to control outcomes, producing results that otherwise would not have occurred
comparative advantage
the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.
ratification
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid
core/periphery
the core state is the stronger nation providing assistance to the weaker state, the periphery
transaction costs
the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain any costs of going through with an exchange transaction, other than the price of the good itself
balance of payments
the difference between the flow of money into and out of a country - deficit=debt - surplus= others owe to you
democratic peace theory
the idea that democracies do not fight wars against other democracies -- statistical tests show such inter-democracy wars are very rare -- democracies may fight wars against non-democracies
power transition theory
the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy When a rising power is threatening to surpass the most powerful state At such times power is equally distributed and these are the most dangerous times for war The probability of war increases as the power gap narrows, especially as a rival sees the capability to equalize with the dominant power
international humanitarian law
the legal framework applicable to situations of armed conflict and occupation. As a set of rules and principles it aims, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. Four geneva conventions (1949) and three protocols together form the core of IHL Geneva 1 -- protection of the wounded in the armed forces Geneva 2 -- protection of the wounded and sick shipwrecked at sea Geneva 3 -- protection of POWs Geneva 4 -- protection of civilians at the time of war
polarity
the more poles there are the less stability there is and the less poles the more stability(ex> Cold War was stable because there were only two poles) - opposing forces
Reputational Costs
the potential loss to financial capital, social capital and/or market share resulting from damage to a firm's reputation. This is often measured in lost revenue, increased operating, capital or regulatory costs, or destruction of shareholder value.
rational actor model
the state is a unitary entity decisions chosen from menu of alternatives policy us chosen to maximize state interests and minimize costs aligns with realism
role of structure in neorealism
the structure of the International system is the key factor in neorealism
hegemonic stability theory
the theory that states that the international system will remain most stable when there is one dominant state/world power
"most-favored-nation" principle(MFN)
treating other people equally under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners - grant someone a special favor (such as a lawyer customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all the other WTO members
European Council
the ultimate controlling authority within the EU The European Council is made up of the heads of state or government of all EU countries, the European Council President, and the European Commission President. It is convened and chaired by its President, who is elected by the European Council itself for a once-renewable two-and-a-half-year term
normative theory
the way the world should work/ought to be
positive theory
the way the world works/is
prisoner's dilemma
two prisoners are questioned separately and can either rat the other one out or stay silent - best collective outcome is for both to stay silent, worst is for both to rat on each other - sounds like realism: self-interest, concern with relative gains and cheating - big takeaway is that cooperation is much more likely when there is repeated interaction between two actors
terrorism
type of asymmetric warfare Weak actors against strong Usually a means of last resort Goal is to draw attention or to gain leverage by instilling fear Goals are typically political in nature Commited by non state actors Usually non combatant targets Unpredictable places and intervals
soft power
using appeal and attraction to cooperate with actors rather than intimidation or fear
unconventional warfare
wars in which either the means used or the ends sought violate the expectations of traditional practice covert and undefined confrontation Targets civilian population and political bodies directly The general purpose is to persuade the opposition to stop attacking/resisting even if it has the ability to continue and to seek a compromise or concession
renewable resources
ways to generate energy from (theoretically) unlimited natural resources. These resources are either available with no time limit or replenish more quickly than the rate at which they are consumed.
bandwagoning
when a state sides with another powerful state so that they don't get attacked themselves(ex. Italy siding with German in ww2)
self-help
you're on your own, watch your own back, trust no one(realism)