Global Sports and National Culture UIowa

Describe France's 1998 World Cup win. What were the celebrations like? What kind of myth was constructed following this victory? Think of the hero, slogans, anthems, etc.

1.5 million people gathered to celebrate and were going crazy. France's new hero was Zizou. The new slogan was "and one. And two. And three to zero." They even had a new national anthem. Everyone was in a state of euphoria. Everyone was untied, there was no discrimination. Everyone was united. Part of this was because the national team was a melting pot. Everyone gathered together to celebrate the victory. A myth was created that soccer could mend the French society for good.

When was the Rugby Football Union formed?

1871

When did sports in the modern sense develop?

1880s to early 1900s

When was the first Olympic Games held? How often? How long did this tradition last?

776 BC every 4 years 12 centuries In August during full moon

What were some of the events surrounding the Atlético Nacional team in 1989? Describe the relationship between the Nacional players and Pablo Escobar.

America won. The referee robbed them of the game, so Pablo killed the referee. Pablo Escobar was more powerful because he was willing to kill anyone to win a soccer game. They made it to the championship for South America. Andres Escobar was feeling very anxious, as it was still very early on in his career. The game was a tie and the winner was to be determined in a shoot out. Andres was the first to shoot a penalty kick, and he was successful. The won the shoot out. Pablo was so euphoric. The players went to the drug lords ranches for parties. This is where they got their bonuses. Andres was a bit nervous about pablo.

How did the Colombian national team fare in the qualifying for the 1994 FIFA World Cup?

Andres was the captain of the team and Maturana as the coach. The coach told them to play from their feelings of frustrations with what was happening in the world. He wanted them to play from their hearts, and some incredible plays were made. They were embraced by the people of Colombia. This helped to reunite Colombia. They were charged with so much energy and only lost 1 of 26 games. Soccer played a vital role in restoring colombia's self worth. When the team won, the entire country won. The president attended 80% of the games. Soccer sold people hope. Colombia beat Argentina 5-0 and qualified them for the World Cup. The Argentina fans gave them a standing ovation.

Explain the relationship between soccer and politics in Argentina.

Argentina lost in the Falklands War to England, so winning the World Cup was like revenge

Explain the racial tensions in football clubs in Brazil in the 1920s. What issues did black and mixed-race players face?

Arthur Friedenreich, Player who had a german father and an afro-brazilian mother scored 1,329 goals, more than anyone else in the history of football. 1925, his club, Vasco de Gama club, was the first Brazilian team to tour Europe. Races were divided, but this player helped convince them to drop their barriers against black players. 1923, they won the rio state championship. It was revolutionary. This was a scandal because the other clubs didn't want them to play.

Describe the political climate in South Africa at the time of the end of apartheid and liberation of Nelson Mandela.

At the end of apartheid in South Africa, violence erupted throughout the country between blacks and whites, and the country appeared to be on the verge of a civil war. There were reports that the government was supplying the whites with military equipment.

Describe the debate surrounding professionalism in Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s. What role did race play in this debate?

Because blacks came from poorer backgrounds, the debate on professionalism began in the 1920s.

What do the Springboks and the Green and Gold jersey represent for black South Africans? Why does Mandela advocate restoring it?

Because the Springboks uniform represents apartheid for the Black South Africans, the black south africans tried to change the name and colors of the rubgy team. However, Mandela advocated restoring the Springboks name and colors of the jersey because it was way to unite all the citizens in south Africa. He wanted to lead his divided nation by showing compassion, restraint, and generosity. Mandela believed that if they took revenge on the Afrikaners by changing their favorite pastime, they would not be able to unite the country.

When did Brazil's obsession with the World Cup begin? How did it continue?

Began in 1930. Sent a whites only team that didn't get past first round. By 1938 world cup, disputes had died down and professionalism was accepted. The 2 stars of the team were both black. The French press described these two players as "gods" making Brazil incredibly proud. They had the best football players and they were black.

Did the 1998 World Cup win ultimately unify the people of France, or was the unity suggested by the celebrations nothing more than an illusion?

Black-white-arab was an opportunity to unite, but it didn't happen. It prevented them form questioning their society. It created a distraction.

Who was Charles Miller? What did he do? What club did he play for? How is he remembered in Brazil?

Brought two footballs with him in October 1894—birthday of football in Brazil. Father of football. He started teaching the rules of the game. Had a hard time getting the Sao Paulo Athletic Club to play the game. He is remembered as the father of football.

Describe the political situation in Argentina in the 1970s. How did hosting and winning the 1978 World Cup affect it?

Chaotic/ ungovernable There was campaign against government Soccer campaign head was killed Confusing world cup. The city transformed- lots of cheering and pride It brought the country back together Proved other countries wrong-they are a good TEAM

Why was the 1958 World Cup win a defining moment in Brazilian history?

Color of skin was irrelevant.

What is the place of Uruguay in soccer history? What is "garra charrúa" and how does it apply to the Uruguayan national team?

First South America team to tour in Europe They gave the world a new type of soccer They were completely unknown Short passing/skillful Single most influential match in development of European football

What is futebol arte? What is futebol de resultados? Describe the debate surrounding these principles. To what extent does futebol arte reflect Brazilian culture?

Football in Brazil has become Europeanized. This has created a debate about whether football should be focused on the art and style or if it should only focus on the results, like the Europeans. In the world cup of 1982, the Brazilians symbolized futebol arte. Embody a philosophy far higher than the winning of the trophy. Futebol arte is a way of Brazilians showing their culture. Football has to be played in style, where all the players show this, not just one or two. Brazil won the World cup in 1994, but didn't score any points. They beat Italy in a penalty shoot out. Brazilian football was only seen when Brazil had the ball.

Who was François Pinaar? What is he like as team captain? Describe his relationship with Mandela.

Francois Pinaar was the captain of the Springboks rugby team. He inspired the team to do their best by leading by example. President Mandela developed a close relationship with Pinaar as he felt that rugby was a way to unite South Africa. Pinaar assisted Mandela by leading his team into becoming a symbol of unity.

Why is Garrincha the favorite of many Brazilians? Which club did he play for? What did he do in the 1962 World Cup?

Garrincha needed childhood surgery to help fix his crippled legs. Operation helped, but his left leg was distorted. Garrincha had to step in when pele was hurt.

What happened during the 1972 Munich Olympics?

Germany wanted to eliminate the military image from 1936 games which led to Munich massacre in which black September took 11 Israeli athletes hostage

Juan Perón was president of Argentina from 1946-1955. What role did soccer play in his politics of Peronismo? Why didn't he allow the Argentina national team to play abroad?

He wanted to build a self-dependent Argentina He was not prepared to get beat by other countries Fear of losing their good players too He encouraged football boom- he built stadiums Golden years for football in Argentina

Who was Pablo Escobar? What do the people who knew him say about him? How did he acquire his wealth?

He was the king of the underworld. He was respected everywhere because people knew that you couldn't mess with him. He had the authorities wrapped around his finger. He was known as the world's richest criminal. He exported cocaine to Europe and the US. The only way to legalize their earnings was through money laundering. They used soccer to do so.

Who was René Higuita and how did his friendship with Pablo Escobar tarnish the reputation of the Colombian national team? Why did Higuita eventually go to jail?

He would go and play soccer with Pablo Escobar in Pablo's prison. This connected the drug lords to the National team. The entire team had played a game with Escobar in prison, but not everyone knew that.

Describe Pablo Escobar's socio-economic background. What was his reputation? Why did he decide to run for the House of Representatives?

His family didn't have enough money to feed them. Pablo decided to steal from the rich and he started dealing drugs. Pablo became very rich. He gave back a lot to the community. Pablo donated lights and supplies for a soccer field for their old neighborhood. The best soccer players in the country were poor. He was criticized for being a drug lord, but everyone was just grateful for him.

What is the truly national sport for Barthes? What are the best examples of this?

Hockey. Sport that springs from very substance of its country.

How and why was the Rugby Northern Union formed? What was it renamed?

How and why was the Rugby Northern Union formed? What was it renamed? Rugby league. Some say it was clearly a class struggle and others say it has to do with wanting to stay amateur.

Describe the schism that split rugby between Union and League. What were the main issues involved?

In 1895 there was a schism between the rugby union and the rugby leagues. At first, these organizations were only separated in terms of administration, however the rules were modified gradually resulting in two distinct types of rugby. The game that was played in the North by the working class emphasized the need for rivalry and winning, while the game that was played in the South by the upper class emphasized muscular Christianity. Some argue that this schism was due to a struggle by the working class to make money, which is why they fought for professionalism, while the rugby Union opted to keep their amateurism.

How and when was the Copa de Libertadores launched?

In 1960 South America's own competition for clubs In honor of liberators of portogul rule

How and when were the rules of rugby codified?

In the 1860s a set of rules were created at national football. Black heath weren't happy with a couple of aspects of the rules (getting rid of hacking and tripping).

When has Brazil hosted the World Cup? What is the name of its famous stadium? Who were the favorites to win?

Just in 1950. The stadium was called mercanazo stadium. The favorites to win was Brazil

What is "Narco-soccer"? What does this term generally refer to?

Many other cartels needed to legalize their money. Soccer became a tug of war between the drug cartels. "el mexicano" with his millonarios, pablo escobar with Medellín and Athlético Nacional, Miguel Rodriguez with america de cali. The cartels all bought their team, but wanted their team to be the best. Some referees were bribed by the cartels.

Who was Nelson Mandela? How long was he imprisoned and why? What is his place in South African history?

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary who was the first president of South Africa to be elected through a democratic process and was the first black head of state in South Africa. Under his presidency, the government focused on dismantling apartheid in South Africa. Thirty years prior to his election, led a campaign against the government. He was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and served 27 years in prison.

Describe the ambiance of the first football matches in Brazil, as recorded in the early footage. Who played? Who watched? What was the relationship between the game and social classes?

Only the elite came to watch the games. They were dressed in suites and ties and dresses. Only a past tense for the whites.

What is antifútbol? Which team(s) are associated with this style of play?

Physical Relies on passing Defend the ball more than actually try to score

What is the racial composition of the modern Brazilian population? What are the historical reasons for this?

Rainbow nation. "if you are black and rich, your name is likely to be Pele. Slavery in the 17th century for the sugar cane plantations. Now blacks and mixed race make up ½ of population.

When did Pelé make his professional football debut? When did he first play in the World Cup? What was the game that introduced him to the world? What did he do during the Sweden-Brazil match?

Sao paulo championship at the age of 15. Played in 1958 World Cup. The game that introduced him to the world was the in the last group game against the soviet union. Pele scored the first goal of his career. Allowed them to beat France in the semi-finals. They were under huge pressure to win against Sweden. Pele was only 17. Brazil won 5-2. He won the hearts of everyone.

How did Kissinger's knowledge of soccer help him determine that the Soviets were building a naval base in Cuba?

Saw soccer field in Cuba and knew Cubans did not play soccer

Describe the scene towards the beginning of the film in which the Springboks play England. What is the significance with regard to the politics of the time?

Shortly after Mandela was elected as president, there was a rugby game between the Springboks and England. Many of the fans were white and disagreed with Mandela's recent election. When Mandela was brought on to the field, many audience members booed him, in addition, there were also many apartheid flags that were being waved in the stands. Ultimately, the Springboks lost the match.

What were the earliest rugby balls like? How did they change and why?

Size of the pigs bladder. The bladder was then incased in leather. The spherical shape supported the kicking game. But they developed a more streamline shape that was easier to carry. Then they regulated the shape and size

Sport vs. Theatre

Sport is now a country- entire world, spectators take part in it, sport is to speak w voice (communicate) Theatre brought together society, spectators do not take part in it

Explain the controversy surrounding the French national team during the 1996 Euro Cup. Why was the coach, Aimé Jacquet criticized for his choice of players? Who was the main critic of the team, and what were his political views?

That not all the players were from France, however it was only one person that wasn't from France. They were worried that the people playing didn't have pride in their nation.

Who finally took down Pablo Escobar? How did he die? Describe his funeral. What happened to the social order in Medellín following Pablo Escobar's death?

The internal enemies of Pablo were the ones to bring him down. Carlos Castaño took down Pablo, he knew Pablo's inner circle and joined forces with the cali cartel and formed the PEPES. All of Pablo's people ended up working for the PEPES. The gave pablo and ultimatum—if you don't hand yourself over by December 31 at midnight, then on January 1st we will start killing your family members. On December 2nd, 1993 Pablo Escobar was killed. The poor went to his funeral while the wealthy celebrated. Many poor didn't know what to do without him. The funeral was massive. This lead to the other drug lords fighting for power. Everyone became their own boss. Pablo had prohibited kidnappings and ran the underworld with complete order, but this was not the case after his death.

What happened in Chile's Estadio Nacional in the 1970s? Why did the Soviets refuse to play a World Cup qualification match there?

The stadium was used as concentration camp- right before world cup They said they could not play because they couldn't travel to a country of dictatorship and where they had concentration camps

What happened during the 1986 World Cup? Who was the unquestionable star? What is the place of the quarterfinal match between England and Argentina in soccer mythology?

The turn of Argentina- Argentina won Diego Maradona Single handedly won the game Azteca Stadium- the hand of God goal took place, Goal of the century-there was a FIFA poll and this won Focalin's war He declared war against British- ten week, conflict and British won

Explain the differences between how the game was approached in the North of England and in the South.

The working class man had more of a need for rivalry while the south was more about muscular Christianity... looking after your fellow man.

Describe the context for France's hosting of the 1998 World Cup. What were some of the events that occurred in France that year? Which players were chosen to represent the World Cup and why?

There was some discrimination in the parade leading up to the World Cup. They made it clear that whites were ahead. French society was rallying behind the soccer team.

Why were soccer clubs ideal for money laundering?

They could change ticket sales or say that a player was worth more than it was.

Describe the match known in popular memory as the "maracanazo." What happened? What were the consequences? What does this event tell us about the place of football in Brazilian culture?

They had a good first half with a number of chances to win the game, everyone thought that they were favored to win. They had 190,000 people in the stands. After the first half, Uruguay came back and was winning. The trauma of losing the world cup final at home was too much for many Brazilians. People were crying and some even committed suicide. Blamed the black team members... stupid theory against the black race. Many were still shunned years after.

What was the Cathedral Prison? What did Escobar do while he was there?

This is the prison where Pablo stayed. Pablo invited people to come and play soccer. Escobar was paying the prison guards.

Explain the use of the term, the Black-Blanc-Beur ("Black-White-Arab") to describe race in France following the 1998 World Cup win. What do each of these words mean, and what do they suggest about the French population?

Three words that defined and claimed a new collective identity, one of a nation that found its strength in diversity. All the communities were represented. Expression entered everyday vocabularly. They had to reinvent words to make them not discriminatory. The only word that wasn't changed was "white" like being white was the norm. Led to massive legalization of undocumented immigrants. Expression was a head of its time. wining a world cup doesn't resolve a nation's problems, more needs to be done.

How does hosting and winning the 1995 World Cup help unite South Africa as a nation?

Time and time again, sports have proven to be a way to unite a group of people by allowing them to focus on one shared goal: winning. The president launched the one team one country campaign in honor of the Springboks playing in the world cup. He made the Springboks hold clinics in black communities to further integrate the black and white populations. During the final game of the world cup, both black and white citizens sang the national anthem, and many came together to watch the game. After winning the game, everyone in South Africa celebrated together.

Describe the origins of football in Rio de Janeiro. What kinds of clubs were established? Who toured the clubs?

Tours by European teams. Team was founded in sao paolo in honor of Corinthians. Football was only a past time for the rich whites

What are the differences between traditional games and modern sports?

Traditional - For enjoyment, No codified set of rules, unregulated Modern - More competitive, Codified set of rules/highly regulated, Emphasis on result (Winner/Loser)

How did the U.S. declaration of the War on Drugs change the situation in Colombia? What is extradition?

US caught on immediately to what was happening in Colombia. With pablo, there was no recession. Pablo was the first one the US was going to attack. So they decided to try to run for the house of representatives. Pablo built them all homes called "pablo's neighborhood." When it came time to vote for the house of representatives, he had the poor's vote so he won, which granted him 4 years of diplomtic immunity. Pablo was removed from the house because he was a drug lord. Escobar started killing different politicians that tried to get him extradited. This made the government want to get rid of Pablo. Pablo senselessly killed many through car bombs and bombs. Extradition was later turned down in Colombia because so many ministers were bought out in order to save their own lives

the metals represent...

United States began the tradition in 1904

What do Andrés Escobar's friends and family say about him? As a player? As a person?

Very serious and disciplined student in school, but after school he would only play soccer. His potential was recognized very early on. He came from a devout family. And his mother passed away when he was young. Escober took it out on soccer. He showed integrity. Because his team and the money provided by escobar, they became known by the world. He wanted to help his country. He paid for scholarships in the school and offered help to the poor. He wanted to use his money to help others. Became famous, but stayed humble. His goal was to change the image of Colombia. Known as the "gentleman on the field"

What were broken-time payments? What was the dispute surrounding these?

What were broken-time payments? What was the dispute surrounding these? Payments in lieu of hours lost not being in the factory.

Explain the significance of the poem, "Invictus" and its relevance to the story.

When Mandela was in prison, he found inspiration from the words in the poem "Invictus." Mandela wrote down the words of the poem and gave them to Pinaar right before their first game in the World Cup. Two important lines from the poem are "I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul."

How did soccer spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world at the beginning of the 20th-Century?

When people moved from country to country they wanted to keep their culture Mass exodus of skilled british labor into new industrial heart land established the game throughout Europe. Most countries absorbed football gratefully

1. How did the Greeks perceive sports? What elements did they value in athletic competitions? Explain the notion of "agon."

Winning was everything. fascinated; agon = contest; agony comes from that; agony meant that the contest contained pain, strife, and suffering

Where was rugby particularly popular in the 1870s? Who played and watched it?

Working men in mills and factory of the north

How is soccer culture in the U.S. today described in the film? Do you agree?

a. Soccer momsà make sure their children's leisure time is soccer b. "chosen sport" c. You want to see children do it and be successful

What was the role of religious rituals in the Games?

a. Statue of Zeus b. First day religious purification c. Zeus watching you d. Athletes thought this was way of gaining mortality

Who was blamed for the Brazilian loss to Uruguay in the 1950 World Cup?

black team

What were some of the events held in the Ancient Games? What were the rules?

boxing/wrestling/pankration = knife fight - vicious form of fighting = favorites because of the risk; boxers fought without a break, water, a corner, without gloves, fights lasted for hours until a boxer raised his single finger to signal defeat - most would rather die than lose - nothing was barred; pankration - no biting or gauging; even those weren't always enforced - genitals were frowned upon but no one did anything; wrestling = no finger breaking - but largely ignored

Motto: cities, altos, forties

faster, higher, stronger

the olympic salute

not used anymore because it is too similar to Hitler

what does the olympic flag represent?

the five continents in the world, united by Olympism, while the six colors are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.

hacking

tripping opponent

Explain the process by which soccer was codified (obtained a set of rules). What were some of the rules that were established? How did soccer differ from rugby?

• 11 London clubs met to make rules • called themselves football association • prevent hacking/handling- they were banned • wanted it to be a kicking game • they agreed on ruled by match by match basis • sometimes played football sometimes rugby • uniforms • FA cup- competition- award- prize o People want to be the best • Permanent locations

When were the first soccer leagues established in the U.S.? Why did they fail to continue?

• 1921 • the great depression caused them to fail because it was "un American"

Describe how soccer spread throughout Latin America.

• Argentina • Sustain millions of families and players- thankful • British used to hold power • They were good- beat British • Football became a form of identity • Railways helped spread it- wherever they went that's where soccer went

How would you describe the 1896 Summer Olympics? What were the opening ceremonies like? Who participated? What were some of the events?

• Athletes walked around track with music • Each country in their own line with their flag • All men • Women were in the stands • "let the games begin" • 400,100, discuss, triple jump • winner at podium with anthem playing • King/Queen/leaders/Rich people in stands

Mesoamericans

• Ball made of rubber • The ball symbolized the sun • The losing captain was sacrificed to Gods

What was the significance of Jesse Owens' performance in these Olympic Games? What does the film tell us about the context?

• Black • Fastest sprinter of America • He wins • Hitler refused to shake his hand • He won but they did not give it to him

What are the 1968 Mexico Olympics best remembered for?

• Black Power Salute • The protest Olympics • They were suspended from Olympic games and banned from Olympic Village

How has Brazilian soccer influenced notions of national identity in this country, especially with regard to race?

• Black and mixed-race players blamed for loss • multiculturalism

Japanese (Kamari)

• Celebrated life not death • Playing field square, ball round o In between the trees • Ball flies over like sun • 2 teams • 6 or 8 people • nobody wins or loses • just enjoy the game

What took place during the 1962 World Cup? Who hosted it? What happened during the match between Chile and Italy? Why was this match so controversial?

• Chile hosted it • The Battle of Santiago- so much violence • Police, punches, and players sent away • Chile won 2-0 • Chile was a small, poor town- earthquake interrupted preparation • "Appalling, disgusting, disgraceful, stupid"

Why did certain countries boycott the Olympics during the 1980s? How did these boycotts affect the Games?

• Cold War • Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan • Jimmy Carter threatened U.S. boycott of Olympics if they did not withdraw • Trying to get non-communist countries to do it too • U.S. Boycotts • The tensions were high • Moscow Olympics

What was the significance of Tommie Smith and John Carlos' Black Power salute?

• During the medial ceremony, each athlete raised a black-gloved fist. Protesting conditions for black people in the US. Raised fist during national anthem. Got them ejected from the games. Because they were hated it showed that there was something to be protested

Why were these Games especially significant for Jewish and Israeli athletes?

• Emotional moments • Home of Nazis • Israel team showed up for Olympic memorial ceremony at concentration camp near by • Shows they cannot be destroyed

What is the Brazilian notion of futebol arte? What are the influences from popular culture?

• Emphasis on dribbling, artistry during play • Contrasted with European style of organized, structured play • Individuals showcases talent and ability • Brazilian society: value not winning, but artistry of play • Popular influences o Culture of the favela (slums) (city of God) o Samba o carnival o Catholicism o Capoeira Martial arts dance o Brazilian football as a melting pot

Why was soccer initially rejected in Germany? Which sports were popular there at the time? When did soccer finally become popular in this country?

• English import • English was enemy • The uniforms did not agree with German men • They did gymnastics • Before war gymnastics • After war soccer- industrial workers only had 8 hour days so they had leisure time

Describe the birth of soccer in the public schools of Britain. What were its origins? How did it develop?

• Existed to educate the sons of the country's old landed and new commercial family • For the elite • Social superiority of young male aristocrats • Allowed boys to turn off energy- after revolting • Upper class students- lower class teacher

Who is Zinédine Zidane? What happened during the 2006 World Cup? What is his place in soccer history?

• First man to be named both best player and best coach • Makes it to final against Italy • He head-butts guy and that marks end of his career o Says I want to f*** your mother • The most popular man in France even though he is from Algeria (6 year Civil War a lot of people killed)

the Olympic Rings represent...

• Five parts of the world that are now won over by Olympism and willing to accept healthy competition • Blue=Europe • Black=Africa • Red=Americas • Yellow=Asia • Green=Oceania

Describe the importance of soccer matches in India. What was the relevance to colonialism?

• Football was political • Real freedom • To get people to come to church- teach them football • One league

What image of Germany did this country hope to present before the world?

• Friendliness • No police • Unarmed security officers • Olympic memorial service • Move past the holocaust • Look more democratic

What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the development of soccer?

• Game really took off • Structure of week with clear breaks for leisure time • Working class popular teams emerged • Futbol could expand • Railways so important o Teams traveled o It was impossible without them o New clubs sprung up • Charge people to come in • Public school teams always won • Then working team won

How did the memory of the 1936 Berlin Olympics affect the organization of the 1972 Munich Games?

• Germans saw them as a way to erase bad memories from the 1968 Olympics which Nazis used for propaganda • 1945 Potsdam Accords

Which league was established in the U.S. in the 1960s? What were the goals of the founders? What role did Pelé play in the league? How long did it last?

• He played for New York for 7 million • He made NASL flourish • They wanted to make money- make NASL big • 1977 finally BIG • 1984 folded • but legacy of people brought up in soccer • 1996 professional launched

Describe the 1994 World Cup match between Colombia and the United States.

• Held in US • Threats • One of the players brother was killed • Pulled one of the best players o He then quit • Came in with strength • Andres made mistake- goal in wrong side o He was killed by man associated with Cali cartel o They bet a lot of money on the game • They lost

How did soccer spread from British public schools to the rest of the world?

• Industrial revolution, railways • Soldiers and sailors spread it • Missionaries- spread Christianity that was a way to connect with people

Why was folk football banned in Britain? Why was it been perceived as a threat to the social order?

• King banned it because it was loud and could cause harm, distracting • Could not stop it from being played • You can't have old games played in great expanding urban • Distracting from archery

What was the relationship between soccer and social class in Britain at the end of the 19th-/beginning of the 20th-Century?

• Led by elites • Learned by upper class • Religion is deminishing • Games started to become professional

What are the principles of Olympism? In other words, what values or ideas are the Games meant to uphold?

• Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.

What was the significance of Japan hosting the 1964 Games? Why was this so important for its national agenda?

• Peacefully, economically confident • Cancelled before because of war • Japan lost in WWII o 2 atomic bombs dropped on them • they were showing the world they had recovered • modernized their infrastructure • boosted their economy

What happened during the 1966 World Cup? Where did it take place? Why was the Argentina-Germany match so controversial?

• Pele was used as a source of propaganda by Medici's violent regime • Wembley Stadium in London • It went into overtime- nearest England player to the ball claimed it was a goal and that is how they won

Who watched the ancient games? Who were the spectators and from where did they travel? What was the "Truce of Zeus"?

• People from all over • As far as Egypt • Virgin women and men • Travelled by boat -Protected travelers

Explain the notion of "muscular Christianity."

• Sport useful aspect of religious training • Fit body bred a fit mind • Fair play on playing field • Arnold invented idea

Why did the Soviets refuse to play a World Cup qualifying match in the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, Chile?

• Stadium used as a detention center and torture house • The Soviets argued that they could not play in a place where so many Communists had been killed and tortured

What was the role of religious rituals in the games?

• Statue of Zeus • First day religious purification • Zeus watching you • Athletes thought this was way of gaining mortality

Describe the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. Why were they so fraught with tension? What new tradition was established in the closing ceremonies, and what does it represent?

• Suez Crisis: Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal • Egypt invaded by Israel, UK, and France • Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon announced that they would not participate • Soviet Union crushed Hungarian Revolution • Soviet presence at the Games led to withdrawal of the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland • China boycotted because Taiwan was allowed to compete • Athletes mingled together behind national flags- meant to show unifying, pacifying, effects of games

the torch represents...

• Symbol of the Olympic games • Theft of fire from Greek God Zeus by Prometheus • Ancient Greece= fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics • Relay starts in Athens 2 weeks before, it goes around the world, handed off • Not extinguished until the end of the games

What happened on the morning of September 5th?

• Terrorists (Arab) attacked Israeli's • One man killed o Left him there in pool of blood • 11 hostages • they demanded prisoners be released • they studied the Olympic Village with east Germans before games begin • pointed them in the direction of weight lifters • Black September leader wanted release of 200 prisoners

What were some of the highlights of the Games during the first week?

• The Russians win basketball game- very controversial o US refused their metals out of protest • Mark the Shark- Jewish American- flew him home when terrorist attack began

Describe the Olympic games in Greek Antiquity. What were they like?

• The games were held every 4 years. • Started in 776 B.C • The venue was in Olympia because it is one of the oldest religious centers of ancient Greek in the world, it is a site of a major temple: temple of Zeus, convenient geographically: could be reached by ship, athletes and spectators traveled from as afar away as modern-day Spain or Egypt

What role did soccer play in the French "civilizing mission"? What was its place in the French educational system, both in mainland France and abroad?

• The sport can make the colonized more "malleable" • As a vehicle for spreading the value of European civilization • Tool for education and social progress, an embodiment of fair play that inculcated virtue in those who played it • Create relationships between people of different classes • Superior • 1880s Jules Ferry implemented rules

Describe the image of soccer in the U.S. during the Depression and post-World War II years.

• Un American • Communist thoughts into minds of American kids • Us played in Cuba during cold war • Soccer had to be sold-NASL- successful sport • Very few Americans played • Isolationism

How and when did soccer spread to Latin America? What role did it play in nation-building?

• Used the game to foster notions of national identity • Way to unite • Acceleration of export economies and related commerce fostered a tendency toward urbanization • Increase in leisure time, alienation from the body • British brought the game of soccer over, first to Argentina • Founded in 1867 • 1930 very popular • had become a professional sport

What role did boarding schools in England play in the development of soccer?

• Way to get rid of anger • Students rioted and attacked • Teachers were horrified • Social control

How do the 1896 Games compare to the Ancient Olympics?

• Women were in the stands • Athletes clothed • Still only men • No gods/worshipers • Less violent • More precise o Rules o Weight of things • aristocrats

Romans

• limited war fair- struggle to death • chariot races and teams had fans • knew from greeks • compete for ball • 4 lines o attack, midfield, defense, goal keeper • Ceaser invaded Great Britian

Florentines (calcio)

• played at festivals • very violent • master fear and opponent • pick up player in ball • throw the player still holding the ball • class, social standing • could not be unofficial games • roman gladiators

Scottish

• played on holidays • first balls were human heads • lots of aggression • people still reenact it • pitch entire town • goals local land marks • hundreds of people • one goal to win- could take all day • up the gates/down the gates • disrupts social order • good fishing in months ahead if down the gates wins • good crops if up the games win • no rules • folk football • Taskar o Tyrant o He flees o A local champion catches him in Perth and they behead him o Put it on the saddle it becomes septic

Explain how controversies surrounding the 1998 World Cup affected French notions of national identity.

• they host it and they win it • most of the players weren't from France • so, it really wasn't their nationality

How did soccer develop in Chile? Why did it enter the scene later than in some of the other South American countries?

•In part, a result of the separation from the rest of the continent as a result of the Andes mountains (separate Chile from Argentina) English sailors brought the game along the coast •In Citizens and Sportsmen, Brenda Elsey argues that local football clubs became sites of resistance to dictatorships, beginning in the 1970s with the Allende regime

Describe the early Olympic Games (1900-1924). Where did they take place? What were they like?

- 1900 Universal Exposition in Paris - 1904 St. Louis - 1908 London World's Fair - 1912 Stockholm - 85 events in 19 different sports - Women could compete for first time

Who was Pierre de Coubertin? Why did he decide to revive the Olympic Games? What were his ideas? What did he hope to accomplish?

- French aristocrat and a baron - Pierre wanted to revive the Olympic Games because he believed France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870) was due to lack of physical fitness on the part of the French - Studied physical education and the role of sport in school

Describe the origin behind the word sport

- From the Old French word "desport" meaning "leisure" - - Previously, In English, meant for fun, amusement

Describe the ancient Olympics what were they like?

- Held in Olympia (One of the oldest religious centers of the ancient greek world) • Site of major temple: Temple of Zeus • Held in honor of Zeus • Women did not compete • Athletes competed in the nude due to hot summer weather and celebration of human body • Married women were barred from attending games with penalty of death • Violent • Tested on faith of Zeus • Religious rituals involved

What are the characteristics of a sport? What makes an activity a sport?

- Physical Athleticism - Established set of rules - Competitive Element: Winner/Loser - Promote Health & Wellness - Not instrumental, does not produce something

What role did the industrial revolution play in the Rise of mass sporting culture?

- Urbanization, people moving to urban areas caused groups of people together who need a sense of community - More team sports to bring people closer - Increased railways created easier traveling - Telegraph and technology created more press, communication is wider and easier - Gave workers ability to blow off steam

Barthes writes, "what is sport?" How does sport respond?

- With another question: "Who is best?". - This means sport is all about the competition.

How does the movie, "Of Sport of Man" describe the practice of sport in general?

- power to transform each thing to a particular part -man and man together to triumph over things

1. When were the first Games held? How often did they occur? How long did this tradition last?

-776 BC -every 4 years -12 centuries -In August during full moon

How did soccer arrive in Brazil? Who brought it there? How was it popularized?

-Charles Miller brought the game to Brazil

How are the 1936 Berlin Olympics remembered? What was their significance?

-Hitler was in power, he was not an advocate for modern sport -Integrate Germany into the world of international Sport - Equality was a principle of modern sport, Nazi belief in the racial supremacy of the "Aryan" people - Huge contradiction between Olympic Charter and Nazism

What is capoeira? What is the focus? What are the origins of this dance? What is the influence on the Brazilian style of football?

-Mixture of music, martial arts -Key to understanding the unique style blacks brought into the melting pot that is brazil football -African influence

Who participated in the first Olympic Games? What were expected of the athletes?

-Naked Men, any free born greek -came 30 days early -swore oaths -Compete fairly and follow the rules. athletes= balance, grace, skill

Who participated in the Games? What was expected of the athletes?

-Naked Men, any free born greek-came 30 days early-swore oaths-Compete fairly and follow the rules.athletes= balance, grace, skill

Where were the Olympics held in antiquity? What was the significance of the place? What was the venue like?

-Olympia: religious center, statues of Gods where athletes could worship -beautiful, painted, temple with statues

Who watched the Ancient Games? Who were the spectators and from where did they travel? What was the "Truce of Zeus"?

-People from all over, as far as Egypt and Spain -Virgin women and men -Travelled by boat -Truce of Zeus protected travelers

Who was William Webb Ellis?

-first person to pick up ball and run with it -1823

Describe the legend of Maradona.

-football player for Argentina -won 1986 World Cup -voted greatest soccer player of 20th century -2 most infamous goals (hand of god) -described as god (nickname is D10S) -church of Maradona

Who was Thomas Arnold? What role did he play in the development of rugby?

-muscular christianity -headmaster at rugby school