Gram Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance

Which species are responsible for the majority of clostridial tissue and wound infections? C. botulinum C. novyi C. perfringens C. difficile C. tetani C. septicum

C. novyi C. perfringens C. septicum

Which of the following is not used to subdivide gram-positive bacilli into three general groups? Acid-fast reaction Presence of endospores Absence of endospores Cell morphology

Cell morphology

The three genera in the irregular non-spore-forming bacilli group with the greatest clinical significance include

Corynebacterium Nocardia Mycobacterium

Which of the following are correct about Propionibacterium acnes? It is a member of normal microflora of humans. It is a strict pathogen involved in causing acne. It is found on human skin and the upper respiratory tract.

It is a member of normal microflora of humans. It is found on human skin and the upper respiratory tract.

Which of the following is a regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus pathogen? Lactobacillus species Clostridium tetani Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes

Which of the following are the predominant pathogens among the regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli? Lactobacillus species Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium tetani Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Listeria monocytogenes Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Acid-fast staining is used to diagnose infections by which group of organisms? Mycobacterium Clostridium Nocardia Bacillus

Mycobacterium

The causative agent for leprosy is _____ leprae.

Mycobacterium

Which genus does not form endospores? Clostridium Bacillus Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium

Which are the genera in the irregular non-spore-forming bacilli group with the greatest clinical significance? Mycobacterium Nocardia Corynebacterium Bacillus

Mycobacterium Nocardia Corynebacterium

Which is the causative agent of leprosy? Mycobacterium leprae Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium leprae

Which organism is the cause of fish tank granuloma occurring in those who work around aquariums? Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium marinum

Unlike most pathogens, which bacteria do not produce exotoxins or enzymes that contribute to virulence, instead relying on waxes and a cord factor to evade the immune system? Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Salmonella typhi

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following are characteristic of the genus Bacillus? Saprobic Aerobic Gram-negative Anaerobic Endospore-forming Source of antibiotics

Saprobic Aerobic Endospore-forming Source of antibiotics

How are clostridial infections acquired? They are spread via an aerosol route from humans They are communicable between humans They are spread via an aerosol route from animals They are acquired through contamination of injured skin

They are acquired through contamination of injured skin

Humans are easily infected with TB, but very few actually develop clinical signs/symptoms of infection. True False

True

Tuberculosis in normal, untreated cases ______. will have alternating periods of illness and health progresses quickly can persist for a lifetime progresses slowly will cause constant illness

will have alternating periods of illness and health can persist for a lifetime progresses slowly

Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium? botulinum difficile perfringens monocytogenes

botulinum difficile perfringens

The major source for infection with L. monocytogenes is ______. contaminated soils contaminated foods infected animals infected humans

contaminated foods

Which of the following are the main food-borne sources of listeriosis? contaminated poultry contaminated meat contaminated vegetables contaminated dairy products

contaminated poultry contaminated meat contaminated dairy products

In infected tissue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as a grouping of massed filaments called _____ that are red in color due to _____ -fast staining.

cords acid

M. tuberculosis is a long, thin, rod that grows in strands called ______ which appear red with ______ stain. filaments, acid-fast cords, acid-fast cords, gram hyphae, gram

cords, acid-fast

To prevent noncompliance in TB therapy, it is recommended that all TB patients are treated with _____ _____ therapy.

direct observation

The mode of transmission for TB is via ______.

droplets

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through _____ of respiratory mucus.

droplets

Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent

exotoxins

XDR-TB stands for _____ drug-resistant tuberculosis.

extensive

An infection by Mycobacterium marinum has been labeled _____ _____ granuloma because the disease is strongly associated with work around aquariums.

fish tank

Which poses the highest risk for botulism? Commercially canned foods frozen foods acidified foods home-processed foods

home-processed foods

The two major categories of Clostridial disease are food _____ from ingesting toxins and wound/tissue _____.

intoxication infection

TB in untreated individuals ______. is capable of lasting a lifetime is a disease of short duration will cause sustained morbidity

is capable of lasting a lifetime

85% of all cases of tuberculosis are contained in the _______. kidneys long bones lymph nodes lungs

lungs

The majority of TB cases remain contained in the _____

lungs

Propionibacterium acnes is a ______. member of the normal biota strict pathogen causing cutaneous and systemic disease major cause of acne lesions in the elderly

member of the normal biota

Clostridial exotoxins are among the ______ poisonous substances on earth.

most

Clostridial exotoxins are some of the _____ potent poisons on earth.

most

MDR-TB stands for _____-_____ tuberculosis

multidrug resistant

Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium? oxygen preference gram stain reaction cell morphology endospore formation

oxygen preference

Which of the following characteristics can differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium? gram stain reaction oxygen requirements cell morphology presence of catalase

oxygen requirements presence of catalase

Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium? perfringens monocytogenes difficile botulinum

perfringens difficile botulinum

The majority of clostridial soft tissue and wound infections are caused by three species: C. _____, C. _____, C. _____

perfringens novyi septicum

Members of the genus Clostridium are gram- _____ _____.

positive rods

What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups? presence of endospores acid-fast staining properties layers in the cell wall shape of the cells cardinal temperatures

presence of endospores acid-fast staining properties

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms appear bright _____ and non-acid fast organisms appear _____.

red, fuschia, or pink blue

Clostridial diseases are often caused by ______. release of endotoxin release of exotoxins direct cellular action release of pyrogens

release of exotoxins

Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium? rods gram-negative catalase-negative catalase-positive cocci gram-positive

rods catalase-negative gram-positive

Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium? rods gram-negative catalase-positive catalase-negative cocci gram-positive

rods catalase-negative gram-positive

Which occupations have the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections? health care workers slaughterhouse workers butchers veterinarians

slaughterhouse workers butchers veterinarians

The circulation of microbial "poisons" in the blood is called ______. bacteremia septicemia toxemia viremia

toxemia

The circulation of toxins in the blood is called _____

toxemia

Humans in which occupations are at the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections Construction workers Health care workers Day care workers Animal workers

Animal workers

Humans in which occupations are at the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections? Day care workers Animal workers Construction workers Health care workers

Animal workers

The genus _____ includes mostly saprobic, aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods.

Bacillus

Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera? Corynebacterium Actinomyces Mycobacterium Bacillus Clostridium

Bacillus Clostridium

_____ therapy is used to assure that tuberculosis patients take all of their prescribed antibiotics. Occupational Physical Directly observed Speech

Directly observed

Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following? Emergence of drug-resistant strains Increase in the cost of TB medications Rapid and painful death Increased transmission rate

Emergence of drug-resistant strains

Clostridial infections are usually communicable.

False

True or false: Like many pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces exotoxins that contribute to its virulence.

False

Which of the following represent the two major categories of clostridial disease? Food intoxications Spore inhalations Wound/tissue infections

Food intoxications Wound/tissue infections

Which of the following apply to Tuberculosis? Humans are easily infected. About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease. Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Approximately one-third of those infected develop TB disease.

Humans are easily infected. About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease. Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure is known as the _____-fast stain.

acid

Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease? anthracis botulinum difficile perfringens tetani

anthracis

Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease? difficile anthracis perfringens tetani botulinum

anthracis

Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to _____ resistance

antibiotic

A(n) _____ is a serum globulin that neutralizes a specific toxin.

antitoxin

A(n) _______ is an immunoglobulin that blocks or neutralizes the action of a specific toxin. antifungal antitoxin antibiotic antiviral

antitoxin