Grammar
Catenatives
hafta wanna gotta gonna
Indefinite Pronouns
have general, unstated referents -can be pronouns or adjectives
Clauses
have their own subject and predicate
Semimodals
have to want to got to
Demonstrative Pronouns
identify or highlight a particular antecedent -they demonstrate -can be pronouns or adjectives
Compound-Complex Sentences
include elements of both compound sentences and coplex. Include two or more IC and one or more DC -The two IC are connected via coordinating conjunection, semicolon, or adverb conjeunction -often the DC is conjoined to the IC by a subordinating conjunction
Gerund Phrase
includes a gerund plus any objects or modifiers -a gerund is formed by adding -ing
The three moods
indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive
Subjunctive
is used in dependent clauses that follow independent clauses expressing wishes and demands or conditions that are improbable, doubtful, or contrary to fact. -reflects fantasizing and hypothesizing I wish I were a little bit taller I wish I was a baller I suggest that Lees play guitar
Imperative
is used to give a command or to make a request Tell the terrier to stop barking. Play the guitar.
Declarative Sentences
make a positive or negative statement or an assertion
Imperative Sentences
make a request or giving an order
Intransitive Verbs
may stand by themselves without needing an object; no action carried over He sleeps He dreams
Objective Pronouns
me, you, him, her, it, us, them -pronoun serving as object
Limiting Adjectives
modify nouns by focusing on how much, how many, whose and so on. -9 Types
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
more or less --comp most or least---super
Attributive Adjectives
most often precede nouns "The TALL girl is in my class"
Possessive Pronouns
my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs -show ownership or possession
Count Nouns
nouns that represent "countable" objects -entities that are viewed as individual elements or units -describe using "many" -Ex. desk, leg, clock
Ordinal Adjectives
numbers that denote the order of a noun or pronouns "Jason came in FOURTH place."
Verbal Predicates
occur when the verb in a sentence is transitive ( need object) -verb standing alone -prepsotional object -Prepositionless object -Adverb -Adverb Clause
Nominal Predicates
occur when the verb is copular -seen primarily with the be verbs -is, am, are, was ,get seem, look, keep -same as subject complemetns -intrastibie verbs
Prepositional Adverbs
provide additional information about verbs -Ex. about, across, before, between, off, on, to
The Subject Complement
provide further information about a subject and follow copular (also known as linking verbs)
Noncount Nouns (mass nouns)
refer to entities that are not usually viewed as having individual elements -no specific shape or boundary -describe using "much" -Ex. mathematics, honesty, wheat , mail
Abstract Nouns
refer to intangible, nonphysical entities (fear,love)
Proper Noun
refer to specific entities -usually capitalized
Concrete Nouns
refer to tangible, physical entities -nearly are proper nouns are concrete (camera, pencil)
Common Noun
refers to a general group to class indefinite animal, condition, material, object, person, place or quality
Superlative Degree
reflects a comparison of three or more nouns or pronouns and is typically formed by adding -est to the positive form. -you can also use most or least if -est cannot be added
Comparative Degree
reflects a comparison of two nouns or pronouns and is typically formed by adding -er to the positive form -you can also use more or less if -er cannot be added
Personal Pronouns
replace nouns that represent persons or entities -can be nominative(subjective), objective, and possessive
Transitive Verbs
require an object -ask yourself if you can logically put the word "something" after the verb you send a letter I want a cookie
Main Verbs
serve as the principle descriptor of an action or state of being
Preposition
serve to connect nouns and pronouns to other nouns, pronouns, and verbs -provide in for about time, place, accompaniment, destination/purpose, means, possession, and relation
Conjunctions
serve to join words with words, phrases, and clauses with clauses. -simple (and, but, so, either) -compound (nevertheless, therefore) -phrasal (in other words, even if , as such)
Adverb Clause
serves as adverb function Usually uses the following subordinating conjunctions: Time: when, since, until, before, while Cause&Effect: because, now that, so Contrast: although, even, whereas Condition: if, unless, in case, even if
Verbs
signify an action or state of being. -allow us to request, command, prompt, and cue -strong enough to serve as a sentence all by itself
Simple Adjectives
single words
Phrase
syntactic structure that includes one main word and usually one or more closley associated words grouped around it -does nto have its own subject or predicate but can serve the role of subject or predicarte -cant stand alone -can be combined to form sentences
Infinitive Phrases
the phrase uses the infinitive form of a verb to introduce the phrase
Qualificative Predicate
the predicate provides qualitative information about the subject
Collective Nouns
those that can name a group acting as an unit -can be singular or plural -Ex. families, choir, fans, audience
Comparative Clause
type of dependent clause that serves to compare the information i nthe dependent clause with information presented in the independent clause
Gerunds
use the form of the present participle (-ing form) to take the place of a noun or pronoun in a sentence -can tell the difference between present participles and gerunds because gerunds can be preceded by the and followed by of The handling of wild animals is for experts
Noun
used to identify people, places or things, often preceded by articles
Indicative
used when one is stating a fact or requesting information The dog is a terrier. They are playing the guitar.
Interrogative Sentences
want to attain information -wh-questions -yes/no questions -tag questions ( didnt he?)
Second Person Possessive Pronoun (S)
your/ yours
Cardinal Adjectives
"counting numbers" such as one, two, and three "It was only THIRTY-THREE cents"
Auxiliary Verb
"helping verbs" -are conjoined with main verbs to clarify the action or state of being that is depicted by the main verb. -provide additional information about person, tense, mood,etc -cannot stand alone -Ex. be, have , and do
Possessive Adjectives
-Using common, and proper nouns, and pronouns to signify possession "HIS hair is a wreck" "Please don't ear JANET'S cookies"
Conjunctive Adverbs
-join two or more sentence elements -often preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma Ex. however, also, for example, etc.
Prespositionless Noun Predicate
-noun or pronoun with no prespisitonal information follwo the coupular verb
How are nouns characterized?
-number (singular or plural) -gender (masculine, feminine, indefinite or neuter) -case (nominative, possessive or objective)
Prepositional Noun Predicate
-prepositional phrase follows a couplar verb
Objective Noun
-used when noun is serving as the object in a sentence
Nouns used as Adjectives
-what the category says "My COMPUTER class." "The KITCHEN gadget"
Browns Morphemes
1. Present progressive (ing) 2. in 3. on 4. Plural -s 5. Irregular past tense 6. Possessive s 7. Uncontractible copula 8. Articles 9. Regular past -ed 10. Regular third person present (s) 11. Irregular third person present 12. Uncontractible aux 13. Contractible copula 14/ Contactiable aux
How are Compound Adjectives formed?
1. combining two words into one (pickup) 2. Hyphenating two words (mobile-friendly) 3. Using two closely related words together without combining or hyphenating (child development)
Browns GM #11
3rd person present irregular -she does, he has
Indefinite Articles
A and AN
Independent Clause
A clause that may sit alone
Participles
A verb form which functions as an adjective -can occur either the present or past tense. -present add -ing -past add -d or -ed or change spelling
Infinitive
A verb which can function as a noun, adjecive, or adverb -form characterized by to + verb -to can also be assumed (to+verb) John is calling TO TELL us about the class
Adjective Phrases
Adjective serves as the head and may at times be the only component
Indefinite Pronouns examples
All Anybody Each Everyone Everything Nobody Much Nothing One Some Such
Indirect Object
Are the recipient of the direct objects - if the word to or for can logically be inserted in front of the word it is indirect
Browns GM #8
Articles -a, the
HE'S GOING to the store
Contracted Auxiliary
I'M happy
Contracted Copula
Browns GM #14
Contractible Aux -shes shopping
Browns GM #13
Contractible Copula -she's hungry
Adverbial Predicate
Copular verb is followed by an adverb
Articles
Definite----the refers to specific entities Indefinite---a and an refer to nonspecific entities
Adverb
Describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells manner, time, place, degree, number, reason, affirmation, negtion
The Predicate
Everything in the sentence that isnt the subject -
Exclamatory Sentences
Express strong emotion
Coordinating Conjunctions
For And Nor But Or Yet So *Sometimes then Use to join words, phrases, or clauses each of equal weight
Past Perfect Tense of BE
Had Been
Present Perfect Tense of BE
Have Been Has Been
Third Person Nominative Pronoun (S)
He, She, It
Third Person Objective Pronoun (S)
Him, Her, It
Third Person Possessive pronoun (S)
His, Her/Hers, Its
First Person Nominative Pronoun (S)
I
Progressive Present Tense
I am studying/ I am growing You are studying/ You are growing He is studying/ He is growing We are studying/ We are growing They are studying/ They are growing
Perfect Past Tense
I had studied/ I had grown You had studied/ You had grown He had studied/ He had grown We had studied/ We had grown They had studied/ They had grown
Perfect Present Tense
I have studied/ I have grown You have studied/ You have grown He has studied/ He has grown We have studied/ We have grown They have studied/ They have grown
Simple Past Tense
I studied/ I grew You studied/ You grew She studied/ She grew We studied/ We grew They studied/ They grew
Simple Present Tense
I study/ I grow You study/ You grow He studies/ He grows We study/ We grow They study/ They grow
Progressive Past Tense
I was studying/ I was growing You were studying/ You were growing He was studying/ He was growing We were studying/We were growing They were studying/ They were growing
Progressive Future Tense
I will be studying/ I will be growing You will be studying/ You will be growing He will be studying/ He will be growing We will be studying/ We will be growing They will be studying/ They will be growing
Perfect Future Tense
I will have studied/ I will have grown You will have studied/ You have grown He will have studied/He will have grown We will have studied/ We will have grown They will have studied/ They will have grown
Simple Future Tense
I will study/ I will grow You will study/ You will grow He will study/ He will grow We will study/ We will grow They will study/ They will grow
Nominative (subjective) Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they -Pronoun serving as subject
Adjective (Relative) Clauses
Immediately follow the noun or pronoun that they modify in an independent clause -Introduced by a relative pronoun like that, who, whom, whose, which
Complex Sentences
Include one IC and one or more DC
Demonstratives (Determiners)
Include this, that, these and those -this and these refer to entities that are close to speaker -that and those refer to entities that are farther away from the speaker
Verb Phrase
Includes the main verb, any auxiliary words and any modifiers -modal + verb -Perfect (have) + past particle -Progressive (be) + -ing verb -Passive (be)+ past particle
Browns GM #5
Irregular Past Tense -broke, ate
Simple Present Tense of BE
Is Am Are
Present Progressive Tense of BE
Is Being Are Being
First Person Objective Pronoun (S)
Me
Subordinating Conjunctions
Most frequently used, they serve to join ideas together in a sentence. -used to connect on clause to another clause that has less weight Ex. Although, because, since, where ,while
First Person Possessive Pronoun (S)
My/mine
Singular Reflexive Pronouns
Myself Yourself Itself Himself Herself
5 important elements of verb structure
Number Person Tense Voice Mood
First person Possessive Pronoun (P)
Our/ours
Plural Reflexive Pronouns
Ourselves Yourselves Themselves
Browns GM #6
Possessive 's
Browns GM #2/#3
Prepositions in & on
Browns GM #1
Present progressive -ing
Proper Adjectives
Refer to distinct entities -capitalized "A DISNEY vacation." "Dr. Shea is my ENGLISH professor"
Browns GM #9
Regular past Tense -ed
Browns GM #4
Regular plural -s
Modals
Special class of auxiliary verbs, they cannot stand alone, and are used to clarify the action or state of being expressed by the main verb. -modal generally means "mood" -provide info about certainty, intention, command, and emphasis
Nominative Noun
Subjective -used when noun is serving as the subject in a sentence
Common Relative Pronouns
THAT What/Whatever Who/Whom/Whose/Whoever/Whomever Which/Whichever
Away from the Speaker Demonstratives
That (S) Those (P)
Definite Articles
The
Passive Voice
The emphasis of the subjects is on them as recipients of an action. -The apple is being eaten by Miguel. -The boy was grabbed by the bear.
Direct Object
The recipient of the action
Third Person Possessive Pronoun (P)
Their/Theirs
Third Person Objective Pronoun (P)
Them
Possessive (Determiner)
These include possessive nouns (common and proper) and possessive pronouns
Third Person Nominative Pronoun (P)
They
Relative Pronouns
They refer to a noun or pronoun and they embed or conjoin a portion of a sentence to the rest of the sentence via a subordination. -connects a relative clause to rest of the sentence -often omitted and simply assumed Ex. The money THAT I used to pay her was not mine.
Browns GM #10
Third Person Present TEnse -s -she talks, he studies
Near the Speaker Demonstratives
This (S) These (P)
HE IS GOING to the store
Uncontracted Auxiliary
IAM Happy She IS Sad
Uncontracted Copula
Browns GM #12
Uncontractible Aux -she is going to the store
HE WAS GOING to the store
Uncontractible Auxiliary
I WAS happy
Uncontractible Copula
Browns GM #7
Uncontractible copula -She was happy, this is cold
First Person Objective Pronoun (P)
Us
Simple Past Tense of BE
Was Were
Past Progressive Tense of BE
Was Being Were Being
First Person Nominative Pronoun (P)
We
Indefinite Adjectives
When one of these words modifies a noun or pronoun it is an indefinite adjective all enough few much many more most never some "Nancy has SEVERAL dogs" "Please hsare both pieces of info."
Active Voice
When the emphasis of a sentence is on the subject as the doer of an action -Miguel is eating the apple. -The bear grabbed the boy.
Auxiliary
When the verb "be" serves as a helping verb
Copula
When the verb "be" serves as the main verb Ex. be, am, is, are, was, were Ex. I am happy/Sally is not my friend
Demonstrative Adjectives
When this, that, these and those serve an adjectival role. -has to be directly modifying a noun "THAT one is best." "THESE shoes are too tight"
Coordinate Clauses
When two or more independent clauses are conjoined with a coordinating conjunction
Common Interrogative Pronouns
Who Whose Whom Why What Which
Interrogative Adjectives
Whose, which, and what are interrogatives that ca serve an adjectival role when they modify nouns. "WHOSE pencil is this?"
Simple Future Tense of BE
Will Be Shall Be
Future Perfect Tense of BE
Will Have Been Shall Have Been
Second Person Nominative Pronoun (P)
You
Second Person Nominative Pronoun (S)
You
Second Person Objective Pronoun (P)
You
Second Person Objective Pronoun (S)
You
Second Person Possessive Pronoun (P)
Your/Yours
Pronoun
a finite group of words that can take place of nouns
Prepositional Phrases
a group of two or more words that begins with a preposition and contains its object which typically occurs form of aNP
Coupular Verbs
also known as linking verbs are those verbs which are functional equivalent to the copula
Noun Clauses
always contain a subject -dependent clause -serve/function as noun
Auxiliary Verb Examples
am, are, be, been, can, could, did, get, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, was, were, will, and would
Reflexive Pronouns
are a special type of persona pronoun used when a person or entity performs an actions on his-, her- or itself.
Adjectives
are an important class of words that serve as the descriptors in a language -AKA modifiers or adjectival modifiers -narrow down the qualities and properties of the nouns and pronouns to which they refer -simple or compound
Interrogative Pronouns
are used to ask wh- questions -can be pronouns or adjectives
Heads of Phrases
can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions
Predicate Adjectives
can follow a copula and can follow an intransitive verbs to modify nouns and pronouns serving as subjects "The girl is my class is TALL." "She seems SAD."
Modal examples
can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
Phrasal Prepositions
consist of a group of two or more words -adverb+preposition -Ex. according to, because of, over to, up for
Simple Sentences
consist of only one ICwith no DC
Compound Sentences
contain two simple sentences (2 IC) -combined via coordinating conjunction, semicolon or conjunction adverb
Mood
depicts the speaker's state of mind or level of intention
Verbals
derived from verbs but function in a different way -infintivies -Gerunds -Particples
Descriptive Adjectives
describes a quality of the noun or pronoun they modify and come in two types -Attributive -Predicate
Determiner
determines the grammatical reality of the noun to which it is attached to -articles, possessives, demonstratives, quantifiers, and wh-words
Dependent/Subordinate Clause
do not form a complete sentence on their own, must be combined with another clause to form a sentence
Participle Phrases
either the past or present pariciple of a verb is the main word in the phrase -may serve adjective or adverb function
Prepositional Verbs
formed by combining a verb with a preposition. In this case the preposition is refer to as a particle. Ex. Pick on/ look for