Grammar

Catenatives

hafta wanna gotta gonna

Indefinite Pronouns

have general, unstated referents -can be pronouns or adjectives

Clauses

have their own subject and predicate

Semimodals

have to want to got to

Demonstrative Pronouns

identify or highlight a particular antecedent -they demonstrate -can be pronouns or adjectives

Compound-Complex Sentences

include elements of both compound sentences and coplex. Include two or more IC and one or more DC -The two IC are connected via coordinating conjunection, semicolon, or adverb conjeunction -often the DC is conjoined to the IC by a subordinating conjunction

Gerund Phrase

includes a gerund plus any objects or modifiers -a gerund is formed by adding -ing

The three moods

indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive

Subjunctive

is used in dependent clauses that follow independent clauses expressing wishes and demands or conditions that are improbable, doubtful, or contrary to fact. -reflects fantasizing and hypothesizing I wish I were a little bit taller I wish I was a baller I suggest that Lees play guitar

Imperative

is used to give a command or to make a request Tell the terrier to stop barking. Play the guitar.

Declarative Sentences

make a positive or negative statement or an assertion

Imperative Sentences

make a request or giving an order

Intransitive Verbs

may stand by themselves without needing an object; no action carried over He sleeps He dreams

Objective Pronouns

me, you, him, her, it, us, them -pronoun serving as object

Limiting Adjectives

modify nouns by focusing on how much, how many, whose and so on. -9 Types

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

more or less --comp most or least---super

Attributive Adjectives

most often precede nouns "The TALL girl is in my class"

Possessive Pronouns

my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs -show ownership or possession

Count Nouns

nouns that represent "countable" objects -entities that are viewed as individual elements or units -describe using "many" -Ex. desk, leg, clock

Ordinal Adjectives

numbers that denote the order of a noun or pronouns "Jason came in FOURTH place."

Verbal Predicates

occur when the verb in a sentence is transitive ( need object) -verb standing alone -prepsotional object -Prepositionless object -Adverb -Adverb Clause

Nominal Predicates

occur when the verb is copular -seen primarily with the be verbs -is, am, are, was ,get seem, look, keep -same as subject complemetns -intrastibie verbs

Prepositional Adverbs

provide additional information about verbs -Ex. about, across, before, between, off, on, to

The Subject Complement

provide further information about a subject and follow copular (also known as linking verbs)

Noncount Nouns (mass nouns)

refer to entities that are not usually viewed as having individual elements -no specific shape or boundary -describe using "much" -Ex. mathematics, honesty, wheat , mail

Abstract Nouns

refer to intangible, nonphysical entities (fear,love)

Proper Noun

refer to specific entities -usually capitalized

Concrete Nouns

refer to tangible, physical entities -nearly are proper nouns are concrete (camera, pencil)

Common Noun

refers to a general group to class indefinite animal, condition, material, object, person, place or quality

Superlative Degree

reflects a comparison of three or more nouns or pronouns and is typically formed by adding -est to the positive form. -you can also use most or least if -est cannot be added

Comparative Degree

reflects a comparison of two nouns or pronouns and is typically formed by adding -er to the positive form -you can also use more or less if -er cannot be added

Personal Pronouns

replace nouns that represent persons or entities -can be nominative(subjective), objective, and possessive

Transitive Verbs

require an object -ask yourself if you can logically put the word "something" after the verb you send a letter I want a cookie

Main Verbs

serve as the principle descriptor of an action or state of being

Preposition

serve to connect nouns and pronouns to other nouns, pronouns, and verbs -provide in for about time, place, accompaniment, destination/purpose, means, possession, and relation

Conjunctions

serve to join words with words, phrases, and clauses with clauses. -simple (and, but, so, either) -compound (nevertheless, therefore) -phrasal (in other words, even if , as such)

Adverb Clause

serves as adverb function Usually uses the following subordinating conjunctions: Time: when, since, until, before, while Cause&Effect: because, now that, so Contrast: although, even, whereas Condition: if, unless, in case, even if

Verbs

signify an action or state of being. -allow us to request, command, prompt, and cue -strong enough to serve as a sentence all by itself

Simple Adjectives

single words

Phrase

syntactic structure that includes one main word and usually one or more closley associated words grouped around it -does nto have its own subject or predicate but can serve the role of subject or predicarte -cant stand alone -can be combined to form sentences

Infinitive Phrases

the phrase uses the infinitive form of a verb to introduce the phrase

Qualificative Predicate

the predicate provides qualitative information about the subject

Collective Nouns

those that can name a group acting as an unit -can be singular or plural -Ex. families, choir, fans, audience

Comparative Clause

type of dependent clause that serves to compare the information i nthe dependent clause with information presented in the independent clause

Gerunds

use the form of the present participle (-ing form) to take the place of a noun or pronoun in a sentence -can tell the difference between present participles and gerunds because gerunds can be preceded by the and followed by of The handling of wild animals is for experts

Noun

used to identify people, places or things, often preceded by articles

Indicative

used when one is stating a fact or requesting information The dog is a terrier. They are playing the guitar.

Interrogative Sentences

want to attain information -wh-questions -yes/no questions -tag questions ( didnt he?)

Second Person Possessive Pronoun (S)

your/ yours

Cardinal Adjectives

"counting numbers" such as one, two, and three "It was only THIRTY-THREE cents"

Auxiliary Verb

"helping verbs" -are conjoined with main verbs to clarify the action or state of being that is depicted by the main verb. -provide additional information about person, tense, mood,etc -cannot stand alone -Ex. be, have , and do

Possessive Adjectives

-Using common, and proper nouns, and pronouns to signify possession "HIS hair is a wreck" "Please don't ear JANET'S cookies"

Conjunctive Adverbs

-join two or more sentence elements -often preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma Ex. however, also, for example, etc.

Prespositionless Noun Predicate

-noun or pronoun with no prespisitonal information follwo the coupular verb

How are nouns characterized?

-number (singular or plural) -gender (masculine, feminine, indefinite or neuter) -case (nominative, possessive or objective)

Prepositional Noun Predicate

-prepositional phrase follows a couplar verb

Objective Noun

-used when noun is serving as the object in a sentence

Nouns used as Adjectives

-what the category says "My COMPUTER class." "The KITCHEN gadget"

Browns Morphemes

1. Present progressive (ing) 2. in 3. on 4. Plural -s 5. Irregular past tense 6. Possessive s 7. Uncontractible copula 8. Articles 9. Regular past -ed 10. Regular third person present (s) 11. Irregular third person present 12. Uncontractible aux 13. Contractible copula 14/ Contactiable aux

How are Compound Adjectives formed?

1. combining two words into one (pickup) 2. Hyphenating two words (mobile-friendly) 3. Using two closely related words together without combining or hyphenating (child development)

Browns GM #11

3rd person present irregular -she does, he has

Indefinite Articles

A and AN

Independent Clause

A clause that may sit alone

Participles

A verb form which functions as an adjective -can occur either the present or past tense. -present add -ing -past add -d or -ed or change spelling

Infinitive

A verb which can function as a noun, adjecive, or adverb -form characterized by to + verb -to can also be assumed (to+verb) John is calling TO TELL us about the class

Adjective Phrases

Adjective serves as the head and may at times be the only component

Indefinite Pronouns examples

All Anybody Each Everyone Everything Nobody Much Nothing One Some Such

Indirect Object

Are the recipient of the direct objects - if the word to or for can logically be inserted in front of the word it is indirect

Browns GM #8

Articles -a, the

HE'S GOING to the store

Contracted Auxiliary

I'M happy

Contracted Copula

Browns GM #14

Contractible Aux -shes shopping

Browns GM #13

Contractible Copula -she's hungry

Adverbial Predicate

Copular verb is followed by an adverb

Articles

Definite----the refers to specific entities Indefinite---a and an refer to nonspecific entities

Adverb

Describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells manner, time, place, degree, number, reason, affirmation, negtion

The Predicate

Everything in the sentence that isnt the subject -

Exclamatory Sentences

Express strong emotion

Coordinating Conjunctions

For And Nor But Or Yet So *Sometimes then Use to join words, phrases, or clauses each of equal weight

Past Perfect Tense of BE

Had Been

Present Perfect Tense of BE

Have Been Has Been

Third Person Nominative Pronoun (S)

He, She, It

Third Person Objective Pronoun (S)

Him, Her, It

Third Person Possessive pronoun (S)

His, Her/Hers, Its

First Person Nominative Pronoun (S)

I

Progressive Present Tense

I am studying/ I am growing You are studying/ You are growing He is studying/ He is growing We are studying/ We are growing They are studying/ They are growing

Perfect Past Tense

I had studied/ I had grown You had studied/ You had grown He had studied/ He had grown We had studied/ We had grown They had studied/ They had grown

Perfect Present Tense

I have studied/ I have grown You have studied/ You have grown He has studied/ He has grown We have studied/ We have grown They have studied/ They have grown

Simple Past Tense

I studied/ I grew You studied/ You grew She studied/ She grew We studied/ We grew They studied/ They grew

Simple Present Tense

I study/ I grow You study/ You grow He studies/ He grows We study/ We grow They study/ They grow

Progressive Past Tense

I was studying/ I was growing You were studying/ You were growing He was studying/ He was growing We were studying/We were growing They were studying/ They were growing

Progressive Future Tense

I will be studying/ I will be growing You will be studying/ You will be growing He will be studying/ He will be growing We will be studying/ We will be growing They will be studying/ They will be growing

Perfect Future Tense

I will have studied/ I will have grown You will have studied/ You have grown He will have studied/He will have grown We will have studied/ We will have grown They will have studied/ They will have grown

Simple Future Tense

I will study/ I will grow You will study/ You will grow He will study/ He will grow We will study/ We will grow They will study/ They will grow

Nominative (subjective) Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they -Pronoun serving as subject

Adjective (Relative) Clauses

Immediately follow the noun or pronoun that they modify in an independent clause -Introduced by a relative pronoun like that, who, whom, whose, which

Complex Sentences

Include one IC and one or more DC

Demonstratives (Determiners)

Include this, that, these and those -this and these refer to entities that are close to speaker -that and those refer to entities that are farther away from the speaker

Verb Phrase

Includes the main verb, any auxiliary words and any modifiers -modal + verb -Perfect (have) + past particle -Progressive (be) + -ing verb -Passive (be)+ past particle

Browns GM #5

Irregular Past Tense -broke, ate

Simple Present Tense of BE

Is Am Are

Present Progressive Tense of BE

Is Being Are Being

First Person Objective Pronoun (S)

Me

Subordinating Conjunctions

Most frequently used, they serve to join ideas together in a sentence. -used to connect on clause to another clause that has less weight Ex. Although, because, since, where ,while

First Person Possessive Pronoun (S)

My/mine

Singular Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Itself Himself Herself

5 important elements of verb structure

Number Person Tense Voice Mood

First person Possessive Pronoun (P)

Our/ours

Plural Reflexive Pronouns

Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Browns GM #6

Possessive 's

Browns GM #2/#3

Prepositions in & on

Browns GM #1

Present progressive -ing

Proper Adjectives

Refer to distinct entities -capitalized "A DISNEY vacation." "Dr. Shea is my ENGLISH professor"

Browns GM #9

Regular past Tense -ed

Browns GM #4

Regular plural -s

Modals

Special class of auxiliary verbs, they cannot stand alone, and are used to clarify the action or state of being expressed by the main verb. -modal generally means "mood" -provide info about certainty, intention, command, and emphasis

Nominative Noun

Subjective -used when noun is serving as the subject in a sentence

Common Relative Pronouns

THAT What/Whatever Who/Whom/Whose/Whoever/Whomever Which/Whichever

Away from the Speaker Demonstratives

That (S) Those (P)

Definite Articles

The

Passive Voice

The emphasis of the subjects is on them as recipients of an action. -The apple is being eaten by Miguel. -The boy was grabbed by the bear.

Direct Object

The recipient of the action

Third Person Possessive Pronoun (P)

Their/Theirs

Third Person Objective Pronoun (P)

Them

Possessive (Determiner)

These include possessive nouns (common and proper) and possessive pronouns

Third Person Nominative Pronoun (P)

They

Relative Pronouns

They refer to a noun or pronoun and they embed or conjoin a portion of a sentence to the rest of the sentence via a subordination. -connects a relative clause to rest of the sentence -often omitted and simply assumed Ex. The money THAT I used to pay her was not mine.

Browns GM #10

Third Person Present TEnse -s -she talks, he studies

Near the Speaker Demonstratives

This (S) These (P)

HE IS GOING to the store

Uncontracted Auxiliary

IAM Happy She IS Sad

Uncontracted Copula

Browns GM #12

Uncontractible Aux -she is going to the store

HE WAS GOING to the store

Uncontractible Auxiliary

I WAS happy

Uncontractible Copula

Browns GM #7

Uncontractible copula -She was happy, this is cold

First Person Objective Pronoun (P)

Us

Simple Past Tense of BE

Was Were

Past Progressive Tense of BE

Was Being Were Being

First Person Nominative Pronoun (P)

We

Indefinite Adjectives

When one of these words modifies a noun or pronoun it is an indefinite adjective all enough few much many more most never some "Nancy has SEVERAL dogs" "Please hsare both pieces of info."

Active Voice

When the emphasis of a sentence is on the subject as the doer of an action -Miguel is eating the apple. -The bear grabbed the boy.

Auxiliary

When the verb "be" serves as a helping verb

Copula

When the verb "be" serves as the main verb Ex. be, am, is, are, was, were Ex. I am happy/Sally is not my friend

Demonstrative Adjectives

When this, that, these and those serve an adjectival role. -has to be directly modifying a noun "THAT one is best." "THESE shoes are too tight"

Coordinate Clauses

When two or more independent clauses are conjoined with a coordinating conjunction

Common Interrogative Pronouns

Who Whose Whom Why What Which

Interrogative Adjectives

Whose, which, and what are interrogatives that ca serve an adjectival role when they modify nouns. "WHOSE pencil is this?"

Simple Future Tense of BE

Will Be Shall Be

Future Perfect Tense of BE

Will Have Been Shall Have Been

Second Person Nominative Pronoun (P)

You

Second Person Nominative Pronoun (S)

You

Second Person Objective Pronoun (P)

You

Second Person Objective Pronoun (S)

You

Second Person Possessive Pronoun (P)

Your/Yours

Pronoun

a finite group of words that can take place of nouns

Prepositional Phrases

a group of two or more words that begins with a preposition and contains its object which typically occurs form of aNP

Coupular Verbs

also known as linking verbs are those verbs which are functional equivalent to the copula

Noun Clauses

always contain a subject -dependent clause -serve/function as noun

Auxiliary Verb Examples

am, are, be, been, can, could, did, get, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, was, were, will, and would

Reflexive Pronouns

are a special type of persona pronoun used when a person or entity performs an actions on his-, her- or itself.

Adjectives

are an important class of words that serve as the descriptors in a language -AKA modifiers or adjectival modifiers -narrow down the qualities and properties of the nouns and pronouns to which they refer -simple or compound

Interrogative Pronouns

are used to ask wh- questions -can be pronouns or adjectives

Heads of Phrases

can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions

Predicate Adjectives

can follow a copula and can follow an intransitive verbs to modify nouns and pronouns serving as subjects "The girl is my class is TALL." "She seems SAD."

Modal examples

can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

Phrasal Prepositions

consist of a group of two or more words -adverb+preposition -Ex. according to, because of, over to, up for

Simple Sentences

consist of only one ICwith no DC

Compound Sentences

contain two simple sentences (2 IC) -combined via coordinating conjunction, semicolon or conjunction adverb

Mood

depicts the speaker's state of mind or level of intention

Verbals

derived from verbs but function in a different way -infintivies -Gerunds -Particples

Descriptive Adjectives

describes a quality of the noun or pronoun they modify and come in two types -Attributive -Predicate

Determiner

determines the grammatical reality of the noun to which it is attached to -articles, possessives, demonstratives, quantifiers, and wh-words

Dependent/Subordinate Clause

do not form a complete sentence on their own, must be combined with another clause to form a sentence

Participle Phrases

either the past or present pariciple of a verb is the main word in the phrase -may serve adjective or adverb function

Prepositional Verbs

formed by combining a verb with a preposition. In this case the preposition is refer to as a particle. Ex. Pick on/ look for