CHEM1010 Chapter 11

Which of the following options correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

-A hydrocarbon chain that is typically made of 12-24 carbon atoms -A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain

Which of the following options correctly describe carbohydrates? Select all that apply.

-Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. -Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Which of the following options correctly describe the hydrogenation of C=C double bonds in fatty acids? Select all that apply.

-Hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a metallic catalyst. -One or more C=C double bonds are converted into C-C single bonds.

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural make-up of triglycerides? (Select all that apply.)

-The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may all be different. -The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated.

Which of the following options correctly describe the process of interesterification? Select all that apply.

-The use of an enzyme for interesterification may reduce the BOD of the aqueous waste streams produced when using other catalysts. -Interesterification may be carried out using a base as a catalyst.

Which of the following options correctly describe the mineral calcium?

1. Ca is required for blood clotting 2. Ca is required for the transmission of nerve impulses 3. Ca is a major constituent of bones and teeth

Which of the following options correctly describe carbohydrates?

1. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an oxygen atom 2. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Which of the following correctly reflect the discoveries relating fat consumption to heart disease?

1. Eating unsaturated fat decreases the risk of heart disease 2. The risk of heart disease is strongly influenced by teh type of dietary fat consumed 3. The total fat intake alone is not associated with the heart disease risk

Which of the following options correctly describe essential amino acids?

1. Essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds 2. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body. 3. These amino acids are required for protein synthesis

Consumption of vitamins in excessive quantities may lead to serious problems. Match the problems listed below to the vitamin that, when consumed in excess, leads to the given problem

1. Excessive consumption of vitamin A: blurred vision and liver damage 2. Excessive consumption of vitamin D: heart and kidney damage

Which of the following options correctly describe respiration?

1. Glucose is "burned" as fuel in the body during respiration 2. Glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water during respiration

Which of the following factors are associated with increasing obesity in the US?

1. Increased portion sizes 2. Sedentary lifestyles

Which of the following options correctly relate the melting points of fatty acids to their molecular structure?

1. Increasing the number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain raises the melting point 2. Saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids containing the same number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

Which of the following options correctly describe the mineral iodine?

1. Iodine is a trace mineral 2. Most of the body's iodine is found in the thyroid gland 3. Most of the body's iodine is incorporated into the hormone thyroxine

The basal metabolism rate is the minimum amount of energy required to support which of the following on a daily basis?

1. Keep the heart beating 2. Keep the brain active 3. Keep all major organs working 4. Keep the body temperature at 37C 5. Keep the lungs pumping air

Match. Type of carbohydrate with its appropriate description

1. Monosaccharide: a single sugar 2. Disaccharide: a double sugar

Which of the following options correctly describe the hydrogenation of C=C double bonds in fatty acids?

1. One or more C=C double bonds are converted into C-C single bonds 2. Hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a metallic catalyst

Which of the following options correctly describe the functions of proteins in the human body?

1. Proteins are a major component of muscle 2. Many hormones are proteins 3. Proteins are the main component of hair

Match. Process with the correct description.

1. Respiration: releases energy 2. Photosynthesis: absorbs energy 3. Glucose is converted to CO2 and H2O: in respiration 4. CO2 and H2O are converted to glucose: in photosynthesis

Match. Type of fatty acid to the correct description

1. Saturated fatty acid: contains only single bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain 2. Unsaturated fatty acid: contains at least one C=C bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

Match the type of fatty acid given below with its appropriate description

1. Saturated: contains only single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain 2. Monounsaturated: contains one C=C bond in the hydrocarbon chain 3. Polyunsaturated: contains two or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Match. Lifestyle designation with the correct description

1. Sedentary: includes light physical activity associate with typical day-to-day life 2. Moderately active: includes physical activity equivalent to walking 1-3 miles per day at 3-4 miles per hour 3. Active: includes physical activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3-4 miles per hour

Match. Polysaccharide with its correct description

1. Starch contains glucose units: with a linkages between them 2. cellulose contains glucose units: with B linkages between them 3. Humans can digest: starch 4. Humans cannot digest: cellulose

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural make-up of triglycerides?

1. The 3 fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated 2. The 3 fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may all be different

Match. Structure of each monosaccharide shown in the accompanying figure with its appropriate structural designation

A: B monosaccharide B: a monosaccharide

Match. Structure of the monounsaturated fatty acid with the correct bonding arrangement (cis or trans)

A: cis isomer B: trans isomer

___ are molecules that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity

Coenzymes

A ___ is formed by joining two monosaccharide units together

Disaccharide

Why must labeling indicate the quantity of trans fats in a particular food?

Eating trans fats has been found to increase the risk of heart disease.

___ are a class of compounds that include triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids

Lipids

___ are ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions

Minerals

Which of the following options correctly describe monosaccharides? Select all that apply.

Monosaccharides are single sugars. A monosaccharide ring contains an oxygen atom.

Which of the following options correctly describe oils and fats? Select all that apply.

Most oils are liquids at room temperature. Oils and fats have similar chemical structures. Many oils are of plant origin.

Which of the following options correctly describe the structures of starch and cellulose?

The structures of cellulose and starch differ in the orientations of the a (starch) and B (cellulose) linkages of the glucose units

Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

They are mostly derived from animal sources. They are solid at room temperature.

Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

They are solid at room temperature. They are mostly derived from animal sources.

Triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

Three fatty acids Glycerol

The structure shown in the accompanying figure is a(n) ___

amino acid

___ is an artificial sweetener compsoed of thea mino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine

aspartame

The identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the ___ of the amino acids in the peptide chain

sequence

Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce _____.

triglycerides

Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as ___

triglycerides

Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as _____.

triglycerides

Trans fats are ___ that are made from the reaction of three trans fatty acids and a molecule of glycerol

triglycerides

___ are organic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. THey are essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease

vitamins

Which of the following are micronutrients?

vitamins; minerals

Trans _____ are triglycerides that are composed of one or more trans fatty acids.

fats

A fatty acid has ___ oxygen atoms per molecule than a sugar containing the same number of carbon atoms and will therefore release ___ energy when converted to CO2 and H2O during respiration

fewer; more

Fatty acids include a nonpolar _____ chain and a polar _____ group.

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

Fatty acids include a nonpolar _______ chain and a polar ______ group

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

Hydrogenation of an oil _____ its degree of saturation and _____ its melting point.

increases; raises

Hydrogentation of an oil ___ its degree of saturation and ___ its melting point

increases; raises

A process where two fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a set of new triglycerides is known as _____.

interesterification

A process where two fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a set of new triglycerides is known as ___

interesterificiation

glycerol

is a component of all triglycerides.

Glycerol ______. (Select all that apply.)

is an alcohol is used in manufacturing soaps and lotions combines with fatty acids to produce triglycerides

Which of the following foods are rich sources of linoleic and linolenic acids? Select all that apply.

leafy vegetables fish plant oils

Our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are ___ and ___ acids

linoleic; linolenic

Our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are _____ and _____ acids.

linoleic; linolenic

Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as _______.

lipids

Minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Minerals are classified as either ___, micro, or ___

macro; trace

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are all considered to be ___, because these substances supply both the energy and most of the raw material necessary for body repair and synthesis

macronutrients

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life is called .

metabolism

A single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a ___

monosaccharide

A single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a _____.

monosaccharide

Condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units are called ___

polysaccharides

The molecule shown int he diagram below is a ___ fatty acid

polyunsaturated

Foods that have been altered from their natural state by processes such as cooking, freezing, or the addition of chemicals are said to be ___

processed

A ___ is a polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers

protein

Once incorporated in to the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid

residues

Which of the structures shown represent fatty acids?

A & D

Which of the structures shown represent fatty acids?

A & C

Match. Guide to healthy eating with the correct description

1. The basic four: 1958 model; designated four basic food groups 2. Food pyramid: ranked food groups in order of serving size, starting with bread and cereals at the base and ending with fats and oils at the top 3. MyPyramid: six different food groups are placed at the bottom of a pyramid; the individual is visualized "climbing" to health by assessing both diet and physical acitivity 4. MyPlate: a more straightforward representation of dietary needs, started in 2011

Which of the following options correctly describe the release of energy in the body?

1. The conversion of foods into CO2, H2O, and energy occurs over many steps 2. The conversion of foods into CO2, H2O, and energy involves enzymes 3. The conversion of foods into CO2, H2O, and energy involves hormones

A diet that is deficient in certain vitamins (or amino acids required for synthesis of the vitamin) may lead to serious problems. Match the vitamin/amino acid dietary deficiency with the condition that is seen as a result of the deficiency

1. Tryptophan deficiency: pellagra, a condition characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death 2. Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy

Classify each vitamin correctly according to its solubility

1. Vitamin E: fat soluble 2. Vitamin C: water soluble

Vitamins are classed as being water- or fat-soluble. Match each of the following descriptions with its appropriate classification

1. Water-soluble: vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure 2. Fat-soluble: vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms in the molecular structure

Place the following artificial (synthetic) sweeteners in order of increasing sweetness, starting with the least sweet substance at the top of the list

1. aspartame 2. saccharin 3. sucralose

Rank the following food sources in order of increasing ecological cost of production, starting with the lowest cost food source at the top of the list

1. chicken 2. pork 3. beef

Match. Type of bonding arrangement with its correct description

1. cis isomer: H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond 2. trans isomer: H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the opposite sides of the C=C bond

Which of the following are ways to lower your food carbon footprint?

1. eat foods that are in season 2. eat everything that you buy 3. recycle food packaging

Match. Type of lipid to the correct description

1. fats tend to be: solid at room temperature 2. oils tend to be: liquid at room temperature 3. plants are the source of: most oils 4. animals are the source of: most fats

Which of the following substances are sweeter than pure glucose?

1. honey 2. table sugar 3. fructose

Rank the following sweeteners in order of increasing sweetness, starting with the least sweet substance at the top of the list

1. lactose 2. glucose 3. honey 4. table sugar (sucrose) 5. fructose

Match. Dietary term to correct description

1. malnutrition: caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients 2. undernourishment: caused by the consumption of insufficient calories to meet metabolic needs

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a _____ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of _____ containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

2:1 rings

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a ___ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of ___ containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom

2:1; rings

Triglycerides are made from a chemical reaction between which two species?

Glycerol; three fatty acids

trans isomer

H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond.

cis isomer

H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond.

Lipids include _______. Select all that apply.

Steroids Oils Fats Triglycerides

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

Which of the following options correctly describes a disaccharide?

a disaccharide is a double sugar

Match. Form of glucose to its appropriate description

a form: the OH group on carbon number 1 is on the opposite side of the ring from the -CH2OH group attached to carbon 5 B form: the OH group on the carbon number 1 is on the same side of the ring as the -CH2OH group attached to carbon 5

Minerals are ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. The metals exist in the body as ___ and nonmetals typically are present as ___

cations; anions

Triglycerides always contain three _____ functional groups.

ester

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

the complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

In most natural fatty acids the hydrogen atoms attached to the two carbons of the C=C double bond are on _____ side(s). This bonding arrangement is called _____.

the same; cis