Grammar--- types of sentences
Passive construction
(object of action into subject) Form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice (verb)
What two pieces of punctuation put together compound sentences?
,FANBOYS ;
Complex sentence
1 subordinate (dependent) clause & 1 independent clause
Compound sentence
2 independent clauses joined together with a coordinate conjunction
Abstract writing
A brief summary of the essential view, facts, or statements in an article, chapter, or book.
Modal
A helping verb that is joined with a main verb to express an attitude such as necessity or possibility. (ex. if you must go outside, you should wear a good hat)
Participle
A verb that can be used as an adjective
Clause
A word group that contains a verb & its subject & that is used as a sentence or as a part of a sentence. Although every clause contains a subject & verb, not every clause expresses a complete thought.
Articles
A, an, & the
_____ _____ is a prepositional phrase that is used to modify a noun or pronoun.
Adjectival Phrase
What type of phrase is this: "Some frogs secret poison from glands in their skin"
Adjective phrase "in their skin" modifies "glands"
What type of phrase is this: "The life cycle of the piranha is interesting"
Adjective phrase "of the piranha" modifies "life cycle"
A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun is called an ______
Adjective phrase (answers which one?)
What type of phrase is this: "Through his poetry Hughes reveals something of the African American experience."
Adverb phrase (telling how)
What type of phrase is this: "Later in life Hughes wrote several plays"
Adverb phrase (telling when)
A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb is called an ____
Adverb phrase (answers how? when? where?)
Noun Clauses
Any clause that functions as a noun becomes a noun clause.
Verb Phrase
Auxiliary Verb + main verb + verb ending when necessary
Type of sentence: "While the tiger sang, the dog danced."
Complex sentence
Type of sentence: "The tiger sang & the dog danced"
Compound sentence
Linking verb
Connect the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject (renames). Most common linking verbs are forms of the verb "be". (ex. is, are, was, were, appears, seems, becomes)
Present participle
End in -ing
Intransitive verb
Express action (or tells something about the subject) without the action passing to a receiver, or object (ex. the children ate quickly)
Transitive verbs
Express an action directed toward a person, place, or thing. Words that receive the action are called objects.
What type of phrase is this: "Working after school has taught us the importance of using our spare time wisely."
Gerund "working after school" is the subject of the verb "has taught'
What type of phrase is this: "Both of us enjoy working"
Gerund "working" is the direct object of the verb "enjoy"
Prepositional phrase
Includes a preposition, the object of preposition, & any modifiers of that object
What type of phrase is this: "I cannot decide which puppy to adopt"
Infinitive phrase "to adopt" adjective modifying the noun "puppy"
What type of phrase is this: "To train any dog requires patience"
Infinitive phrase "to train any dog" the subject of the verb "requires"
Coordinating conjunctions
Join words or word groups that are used in the same way. These are the FANBOYS- for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Simple sentence
Made up of a subject & predicate. Contains 1 independent clause (may have many phrases attached)
What type of clause is this: "Cola spilled over the glass & splashed onto the counter"
Main (independent) clause
What type of clause is this: "My dog loves pizza crust"
Main (independent) clause
Adverb
Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells when, where, how, or to what extent. Many adverbs end with -ly; however, you must look at the way the word is used in sentences. May also introduce questions. (ex. there, tomorrow, very, weekly, later)
Proper nouns
Name a particular person, place, thing, or idea and are capitalized.
Noun Phrase
Optional modifier + noun + optional modifier
Type of sentence: "Card utilizes visual imagery to characterize Ender as violent"
Passive construction
_______ is a group o related words that functions as a single part of speech. Does not have a subject or verb!
Phrase
Adjective phrases
Prepositional phrases that modify a noun or pronoun
personal pronoun
Refer to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person)
What type of clause is this: "That had spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter."
Relative (adjective) clause
What type of clause is this: "Whom Mrs.Russell hit in the head with a chalk eraser"
Relative (adjective) clause
Main Clause (independent)
Subject + Verb = complete thought
What type of clause can never stand alone by itself?
Subordinate (dependent) clause
What type of clause is this: "As cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter"
Subordinate (dependent) clause
What type of clause is this: "Because my dog loves pizza crust"
Subordinate (dependent) clause
Object of preposition
The noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase
Demonstrative adjectives
This, that, these, and those
Conjuctive adverbs (or adverb connectors)
Used as connecting words between independent clauses in a compound sentence. (ex. however, therefore, nevertheless)
Relative Adverbs
Used to introduce adjective clauses (ex. when he drove, where he lived)
Relative Clauses
Will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) or a relative adverb (when, where, why)
Noun
Word or group of words that is used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.
Pronouns
Word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns.
Prepositions
Word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. The noun/pronoun that a preposition relates another word to is called the object of preposition. (ex. about, for, to, from, on, under, near)
Verbs
Word used to express action or a state of being.
Adjective
Word used to modify a noun or pronoun; modify means to describe. An adjective tells what kind, which one, or how many.
Antecedents
Words that a pronoun stands for or refers to
Interjections
Words that express emotion & have no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. It is set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point or comma.
Conjunctions
Words that join words or word groups
Dependent clause
a group of words with a subject & a verb, but they can't make sense alone. Usually begins with a subordinate conjunction
Every ____ has at least a subject & verb
clause
Compound nouns
consist of two or more words used together as a single noun which may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word.
Gerund phrase
consists of a gerund & any modifiers or compliments the gerund has. The entire phrase is used as a noun.
Infinitive phrase
consists of an infinitive & any modifiers or complements the infinitive has. The entire phrase can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Compound Complex
consists of two or more independent clauses & at least one dependent clause
Intensive pronoun
emphasize their antecedents & have no grammatical function
Action verb
express either physical or mental action; can be transitive or intransitive
A _______ phrase is used like other nouns, as subjects, predicate nominatives, direct object, indirect object, & objects of prepositions.
gerund
Helping verbs (auxiliary verbs)
help the main verb express action or state of being. (ex. do, can, has, should, would)
Interrogative pronoun
introduce a question (ex. who, whom, which, what, whose)
Relative pronoun
introduce a subordinate clause (ex.that, which, who, whom, whose)
Subordinate conjunctions
introduce adverb clauses or dependent clauses (ex. since, because)
Proper adjectives
like proper nouns begin with a capital letter
Every sentence must have at east one ________ clause, otherwise you have a fragment
main (independent) clause
List the 4 types of clauses:
main (independent), subordinate (dependent), relative (adjective), & noun
To complete a thought, you must attach a subordinate clause to a _____ clause
main clause
Concrete nouns
name a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell)
Abstract nouns
name an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.
Common nouns
name any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas and are generally not capitalized.
Correlative conjunctions
pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. (ex. either... or, neither... nor, not only... but also)
a _____ is 2 or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause
phrase
What is this an example of: "in the deep blue sea"
phrase (no subject or verb)
What is this an example of: "would have arrived"
phrase (no subject)
Demonstrative pronoun
point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea (ex. this, that, these, those)
Adverb phrases
prepositional phrases that modify a verb, adjective, or adverb
Indefinite pronoun
refer to one or more persons, places, things, or ideas that may or may not be specifically named.
Reflexive pronouns
refer to the subject of a sentence & functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition
Participial phrase
used as an adjective & consists of a participle & any complements or modifiers the participle has
Past participle
usually end in -d or -ed
Collective nouns
words that name a group