Guitar Heroes Test 3

Potpouries

took themes from operas, commercial way to make output for guitar more familiar

Fan bracing

torres didn't invent _______ but the way he laid it out on the sound board that makes sense. Behaves like namesake abanico- a fan, pulsing air toward listener. Instead of 4, it had 7 braces, more sustainability and larger sound

Bridge

transmits sound onto soundboard, length/width/height/ was another innovation by Torres

Segovia's Goals

To extract the guitar from the noisy and disreputable folkloric amusements... Create a new repertoire for the instrument To make the guitar known by the philharmonic public of the world To provide a unifying medium for those interested in the development of the guitar. (Guitar Review) Place the guitar in the most important conservatories and universities.

Minimalism

basic elements should be used to construct a piece, so short motive gets repeated over and over i.e Steve Reich "Piano Face" doesn't change notes but shifts accents. In "Clapping Music" pattern doesn't change but shifts

12 tone system

became important system in 20th cent

Luigi Legnani

gifted musician and composer (1790-1877), has inate ability to play guitar, write music and sing. Italian composer, debuted as a singer. Came later in the same theater in Rivena on guitar, self taught, but used Carulli method to teach himself how to play. Also wrote method book in 1849, same year that Aguado wrote a method book. This book was different though because it taught how to become a virtuoso player and play in all 12 keys (play fast). Before, methods taught just how to play. Retired in 1862, only musician to actually retire, died at age 87, very successful. In the 1830s, toured with violinist Paginini and did concerts in Italy

Angle of the neck

has changed over years, It is tilted back which is different from 19th guitars right before torres, helps with tuning and playability • Materials- up until 1940s, most makers didn't use cedar because torres believed the top soundboard should only be spruce for longevity and the sound. Cedar sound wasn't bright enough

popular and classical

• 1840s-1850s guitar took a split. 2 directions: _________ • Flamenco-folk art form from Spain began to flourish in 19th century

Hector Buerlues

• 1858- ______claimed that the guitar is a 3rd rate instrument that is only worth accompanying

Legnani

• 19th cent was explosion of virtuosic playing 1820-1910. ______also went to Vienna in 1819 same year that Gulianni left. Critics had never heard someone play like _______. He had very virtuosic writing so most amateurs couldn't play the music.

Transcriptions

taking a piece from one instrument and transposing/adapting it to another instrument. One of the quickest way to expand repertoire which had been limited. Tarrega the 1st guitarist to play bach, did transcriptions of bach works, pieces for piano, orchestra, chamber string quartets. He gained credibility through making of transcriptions.

Atonality

• 2nd Branch: ________- means losing tonal center, driven by the German School (Bach/Beethoven) and then Arnold Schoenberg*. Idea that there is constant tension because there's no resolution because there's no home key. Schoenberg experimented with atonality

Andres Segovia

• Most important classical guitarist of 20th cent: 1893-1987 • Elevated the guitar to level of seriousness and respect of cello, violin, and piano • Incredible career, played in every major concert hall in the world. In 1960s, interviewer asked how many countries he travelled to which was all but 3-4

Segovia

• Playing Style: Sounded very good, wasn't trained in formal conservatory, ideas are now considered obsolete or wrong because they were personal playing style. 3 elements used to pick a piece: fit his technique, fit his playing style, please the audience. His consistency is what built his career

Segovia

• Speculation about how he learned: he said he was self taught but some claim that he studied guitar with Spanish flamenco guitarists where he learned basic techniques • Artistic debut at age 16 in 1909, very smart about career and future of guitar • In 1926, started to commission new works from non-guitar composers***, a few years before it was said to be impossible to write for guitar if you couldn't play. Between 1920s-death he commissioned hundreds of new works for guitar

segovia

• music was neo Romantic, nationalistic, tonally conservative

Claude Debussy

• worked with ambiguous rhythm and harmony in music, which was similar to paintings that lacked clear distinctions (impressionism)- wrote "Sunken Cathedral" which sounds like floating because tonal center was ambiguous. Music is described as colorful

Arabian Capris

Tarrega- _______ imitates Arabic sounds, exotic scales, depicts camel walking through the desert • Use of slurs (plucking with left hand), slides

neo classicism

(Russian and economic situation of Russia) used traditional forms, used dissonance

12 Tone System

- Schoenberg advocates losing old sense of tonality therefore all 12 tones are important and are the central focus, created 12 tone rows. 1. Prime row(central row constructed first), 2. retrograde (stated prime row backward), 3. inversion of intervals, 4. Retrograde inversion, (transpose can occur wherever composer decides) (C, Eb, D, F. Bb----transpose would be in an octave higher so its basically moved up on the music lines)

Antonio Torres

- the most influential guitar maker of 19th cent. Gave guitar the body that it now has. Sound that every maker strives for on the instrument wsa invented by _______, all of his guitars sounded great. _______'s innovations continue to be copied by modern luthiers to this day. Terrible businessman who studied carpentry, two periods of construction: before marriage and after. Had trouble keeping up with records and sales

Arching of the top and back

-strength that is gained from this arching helps (Torres)

Francisco Tarrega

1852-1909. Father of modern guitar technique. Greatest virtuosos of the later half of the 19th century. Music influenced by the late romantics and nationalistic trends flamenco and Spanish music • He took advantage of new resonance of harmonics on the guitars which were not as clean and clear on old 19th cent guitars

John Cage

1960s began taking blank sheet music and put pepper on it and played notes where it fel. Experienced with silent music and aleatoric style meaning music of chance. "4'33" was silent, written in 3 movements, every performance is different because of varying reactions to the performance. Radio dials change performance. However he was actually a great composer. Broke mold and emphasized that anything could happen

Impressionism

1st Branch: - associated with the French art which distorted images

String length

650mm string length commonly accepted today, affects tension and is essential element of tone production (Torres)

Julian Bream

English guitarist, next best guitarist after Segovia. Biggest contribution- 1st guitarist to include non-nationalist music in the repertoire. If not for him, composers wouldn't have been as interested in writing for guitar. Knowing history of music and style and cultural background of music is important for performing. Brought music that was not traditional Spanish style, attributed for creating renaissance of Elizabethan music in 20th cent because he also played lute (considered pioneer for lute).

Julian Bream

Frigian scale, _____holds notes a little bit longer, greater depth, because of something culturally embedded in the ornamentation through religion and Flamenco music, usually about pain

Segovia

In the postwar years, begins a new phase in his career which involved several tours of the US and Europe. Over 50 recordings (1947-1977) which sold thousands of copies and set the standard of classical guitar artistry for the next generation of guitarists. Segovia's impact on the progress and status of the guitar was immeasurable.

Zani De Ferranti

Last virtuoso of 19th century, ________1801-1878, decided to stop playing because lost interest. Could play at a very high level. Became dedicated to writing in the last few years, wrote treatist on dante's inferno. Knighted by king of Belgium. Self taught virtuoso. Nothing he wrote was easy. Legnani "on steroids". 2 recordings of ______work because of difficulty. He is sort of a mystery, at least 100 works. 1850-on decline of instrument took toll on guitarists, a lot of Legnani's work got lost. Interest came back with 2nd half of 20th cent. No major scholarly works done on de Ferranti's life.

Tarrega

Most of his compositions were nationalistic( Spanish dance influence or following pattern of ultra romantics), he didn't write any major works (wrote stand-alone pieces), didn't write a method book but it considered the "father of modern guitar technique" because of the way he holds the guitar as well as his sitting position, used foot stool to elevate the left leg, he went blind, lost some fingernails and became the reason fingernails were popularized

Stravinsky

Rite of Spring (ritualistic killing of a woman) 1913 ballet

Segovia

Self-taught. Gave his artistic debut in 1909 Madrid Debut in 1913 then Uruguay and Argentina in 1919 Parisian debut 1924 followed by recitals in Switzerland, Germany, Austria 1926 his guitar Archive Series published by Schott began with compositions of Moreno-Torroba, Manuel Ponce, Alexandr Tansman, Castelnuovo-Tedesco and Turina among others. 1927 1935 he plays the Bach Chaccone in Paris 1936 because of the war and the Franco Regime he leaves Spain for Montevideo, Uruguay.

Thicknesses

Torres worked the wood quite thin. The made the guitar very alive, although more delicate. He thought the thicker the wood, the less chance of vibrating so the guitars were light weight. Torres believed the sound board was most important part of guitar making

Serialism

Transpose became known as ________*- mathematical way to construct music, so dynamics or any part of form are serialized and everything is preconceived

Nationalism

_________ in 20th cent led by Spanish and French included national identity (Flamenco for the Spanish), just needed to depict something of natural origin.

Shape of the body

__________- (most important part)Torres came up with outlines that are both visually pleasing and subtle.

Body depth

determines the air cavity inside the guitar, which affects the guitar's voice (Torres)

Legnani

experimented with shorter pieces- 1. Opus 36- 36 caprices in all 12 keys (major and minor), brilliant, compact and short, expressive melodies, romantic aesthetic, what he is most well known for***, showed inventiveness.

Neo romanticism

followed German romantic way , not as dissonant as neo classical

Decoration

most were simple, cost kept simple, when Torres turned 40, a guitar made called the "Supreme" because it was the most elaborate guitar he ever built • These guitars revolutionized guitar playing. Francisco Tarrega- is to guitar technique as torres is to guitar making

Segovia

• After war, became only recorded artist for many years, over 50 recordings • Goals: to extract guitar from the noisy and disreputable folkloric amusements. To create a new repertoire for the instrument. To make the guitar known by the philharmonic public of the world ( to be part of large concert halls-achieved by commissioning concertos). To provide a unifying medium for those interested in the development of the guitar, wanted to maintain the public in where concerts were. To place the guitar in the most important conservatories and universities, this goal hadn't come to fruition yet when he was older, but has happened now.

Segovia

• As established artists he couldn't play major/serious works • 1935 played Bach Chaccone in Paris, concert where Chaccone was played for the 1st time. (piece was in memory of bach's late wife and was very difficult to play) • Left spain for Uruguay because of war in 1936

Tarrega and left hand

• Biggest change: ______(which was aligned straight), players previously used violin position, the neck was thicker and different on 19th cent guitar so violin position didn't work. Angle of attack with right hand changed • Never performed in large halls, shy performer

Tarrega

• Compositions had expanded repertoire through transcriptions and works • Career: mostly concentrated on salon concerts (small concerts in the house of a patron or small venue) • Played lighter, less serious music. Didn't write large scale works, which was a crutch to the repertoire

Segovia's

• Downfall of ________'s contributions: his playing style was very personal and romantic, so his selection of repertoire was not broad in musical genres, wasn't playing currents trends of 20th century. "Isms" started to arise in the 20th cent and variety exploded. Segovia had conservative taste in music so he didn't reach out to composers in main stream classical music

Chromaticism

• Guitar couldn't compete with orchestra and new tonal explorations like on piano or violin. _______ was one of the reasons for decline. 19th century is time of great change and tonal exploration, orchestra grew and piano got iron frame, violins moved to metal strings, overall aesthetic was changing attitudes toward guitar. Now seen for accompanying songs, mentality comes from 19th century

Tarrega

• Highlighted guitaristic techniques, expanded repertoire through compositions and transcriptions, helped guitar gained credibility as concert instrument. • Music didn't expand into more serious works however • transcribed several of Albeniz's pieces