Health Psych Exam 2
A key factor in why adolescents and young adults are prone to unintentional injury is: A) poor decision making on their part. B) their slow reflexes. C) immature visual acuity. D) the slow pace at which the brain's limbic system matures
A
About half of the sleep of full-term newborns is: A) REM sleep. B) NREM-1 sleep. C) NREM-2 sleep. D) NREM-3 sleep
A
Which of these was NOT suggested as an explanation for gender differences in the epidemiology of AIDS? A) Because women are often economically subordinate to men, they are less able to protect themselves from HIV. B) HIV is found in higher concentrations in vaginal and cervical secretions than in ejaculate. C) On average, HIV levels in women are about half that of men with similar lymphocyte counts. D) Women progress to AIDS at a lower overall viral load than men.
B
Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than: A) 10. B) 20. C) 30. D) 50.
C
19. The hormone that helps move sugar into cells where it's used for energy is: A) glucagon. B) thyroxin. C) ghrelin. D) insulin.
D
Research on the relationship between attitudes and behavior has shown: A) no connection between the two. B) a connection between attitudes and behavior. C) that people do not always do what they say they intend to do. D) that attitudes are more likely to predict behavior when they are based on direct experience.
a connection between attitudes and behavior
Marsha runs two miles every day after work, rain or shine. When her coworker asks her why she runs on rainy days Marsha says running reduces her level of stress. Marsha maintains her running habit by using: A) gain-framed messaging. B) loss framed messaging. C) a self-monitoring program. D) a contingency contract.
B
The ______ protects some workers' jobs as they care for new babies or sick family members. A) Affordable Care Act B) Family and Medical Leave Act C) National Family Health Act D) Healthy People 2010
B
Which statement is NOT indicative of risky or hazardous drinking behavior? A) I make sure there is always time in my schedule for alcohol. B) I never use alcohol to manage social functions and relationships. C) I regularly need alcohol to relax and relieve stress. D) I drink four or five drinks regularly and don't feel any negative effects.
B
Drugs, pollutants, and other substances that cross the placental barrier and damage the developing person are called: A) glial-destroying enzymes. B) psychoactive agents. C) teratogens. D) astrocytes.
C
According to the health belief model, a man who believes that cancer is a fatal illness and that no good treatment exists for it, and who lives in a community with a relatively low cancer rate will take what action when he finds a lump in his testicle? A) He will immediately make an appointment with his doctor. B) He will probably not seek treatment. C) He will call a friend for advice. D) It is impossible to predict what he will do.
He will probably not seek treatment
AIDS patients who deny their diagnosis may: A) experience a more rapid development of AIDS-related symptoms. B) maintain strong levels of immunocompetence longer than patients who accept their diagnosis. C) often show an increase in the proliferation of T cells. D) may survive for a longer or shorter length of time than people who readily accept their diagnosis.
A
Many health behaviors are voluntary and would be classified as: A) operant behaviors. B) respondent behaviors. C) Pavlovian behaviors. D) discriminative behaviors.
A
The concordance rate for alcohol dependence among identical twins: A) is higher than that among fraternal twins. B) is much lower for those who were raised apart. C) is much lower for those who were raised with adoptive parents. D) is lower than that among fraternal twins.
A
The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is: A) behavioral activation. B) inoculation. C) CBT. D) aversion therapy.
A
The fatty cells that form the body's protective blood-brain barrier are the: A) glial feet. B) interneurons. C) Schwann cells. D) stem cells.
A
The fourth-leading risk factor for global mortality is: A) physical inactivity. B) cardiovascular disease. C) cancer. D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A
The glycemic index ranks ______ based on how quickly your body converts them to ______. A) carbohydrates; glucose B) proteins; body fat C) the fat in food; body fat D) foods; calories
A
Schachter and his colleagues found that stress ______ the body's efficiency in using nicotine and ______ smoking. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) has a predictable effect on; has a predictable effect on D) has an unpredictable effect on; has an unpredictable effect on
B
Which potential effects of THC is correctly matched with its allied brain region? A) anxiety and panic - hypothalamus B) impaired learning - basal ganglia C) euphoria - hippocampus D) increased appetite - cortex
B
As part of his program to quit smoking, Larry was instructed to smoke a cigarette as fast as he could, until he became nauseous. This form of aversion therapy is directed at having the person reach a point of: A) relapse. B) contingency management. C) satiation. D) nicotine titration.
C
Because they enter the bloodstream faster, drugs that are ______ usually have the most immediate and strongest effects. A) swallowed B) absorbed through the skin C) injected or inhaled D) mixed with foo
C
One measure of physical thriving is: A) a predominance of catabolic activity at rest. B) a predominance of anabolic activity at rest. C) a fluid allostatic system that flexibly shifts from light to low levels of arousal. D) high levels of cortisol, despite ongoing stress.
C
PYY is a: A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine. B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach. C) short-term appetite suppressant. D) long-term weight regulation hormone.
C
Prolonged elevations of catabolic hormones: A) strengthen the body's immune response. B) lead to faster recovery from illness. C) damage the body and promote chronic illness. D) are found in people who rely primarily on emotion-focused coping
C
Psychologists have a role in the AIDS epidemic because: A) in the absence of an effective HIV vaccine, intervention is the only means of battling AIDS. B) the major modes of infection are behaviors. C) psychosocial interventions can be effective in helping AIDS patients adhere to their treatment. D) most people with HIV/AIDS have emotional problems.
C
Regular exercise may reduce the risk of cancer by influencing: A) T cell counts. B) natural killer cells. C) proinflammatory cytokines. D) white blood cells.
C
Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and: A) introversion. B) extraversion. C) depression. D) compulsivity.
C
Sophia has been diagnosed with a bacterium-caused disease. Her doctor told her that she must have come in contact with another infected person within her crowded apartment building; and her already weakened immune system also increased her susceptibility. What disease has Sophia most likely contracted? A) HIV/AIDS B) malaria C) tuberculosis D) Zika
C
Strength training and sprinting short distances are examples of: A) aerobic exercise. B) sub-threshold exercise. C) anaerobic exercise. D) supra-threshold exercise
C
The ______ secretes the hunger-triggering hormone ______ as the time since the last meal increases and blood sugar levels drop. A) ventromedial hypothalamus; ghrelin B) lateral hypothalamus; PYY C) lateral hypothalamus; orexin D) ventromedial hypothalamus; orexin
C
The average time from HIV infection to AIDS is: A) about 2 years. B) about 5 years. C) about 10 years. D) about 15 years.
C
The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to: A) educate adolescents regarding the dangers of smoking. B) use peer models to persuade youths and adolescents not to smoke. C) teach practical skills that can be used to resist social pressures to smoke. D) provide young adolescents with alternatives to smoking.
C
The best predictor of heart disease is the amount of: A) serum cholesterol in the body. B) HDL in the body. C) LDL and triglycerides in the body. D) monounsaturated fats in the body.
C
The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is referred to as: A) disinhibition. B) dissociation. C) neuroadaptation. D) neurogenesis.
C
The closest thing we have to a fountain of youth is: A) a healthy diet. B) good sleep habits. C) regular exercise. D) state-of-the-art health care
C
The fact that opiate antagonists may be effective in reducing the frequency of binge-purge episodes suggests that bulimia may be caused in part by disturbances in the brain's supply of: A) glucose. B) insulin. C) endorphins. D) serotonin.
C
The fact that younger, less knowledgeable individuals tend to benefit more from educational interventions about how AIDS is transmitted, while older individuals benefit more from interventions that stir them into preventive action, most directly supports: A) the health-belief model. B) the theory of planned behavior. C) stage theories of behavior change. D) cognitive-behavior theory.
C
The first priority in treating anorexia nervosa is: A) changing the patient's eating patterns. B) helping the patient develop a more realistic body image. C) restoring the patient's body weight. D) boosting the patient's self-esteem
C
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every: A) 30 minutes. B) 60 minutes. C) 90 minutes. D) 120 minutes.
C
The leading cause of death among people between ages 1 and 44 is: A) cardiovascular disease. B) cancer. C) unintentional injury. D) AIDS.
C
The main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS in Western Europe and North America is: A) intravenous drug use. B) heterosexual transmission. C) sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. D) transfusion of tainted blood.
C
The minimum number of calories your body needs to maintain bodily functions at rest is called: A) the set point. B) the body mass index. C) the basal metabolic rate. D) satiety.
C
The most important factor in setting our internal 24-hour biological clock is bright light, which signals the brain's ______ to decrease its production of ______. A) prefrontal cortex; dopamine B) hypothalamus; ghrelin C) suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin D) corpus callosum; PYY
C
The most prevalent type of injury resulting in death among adolescents and young adults is due to: A) homicide. B) suicide. C) motor vehicle accidents. D) falling.
C
The phenomenon called social jet lag refers to the fact that people today: A) need less sleep than their ancestors did. B) need more sleep than their ancestors did. C) sleep less than their counterparts did 100 years ago. D) sleep more than their counterparts did 100 years ago.
C
The process by which the brain's functioning is shaped by feedback from neuroendocrine systems that are working to maintain homeostasis is: A) allostatic load. B) physical thriving. C) biological embedding. D) methylation
C
The recommended amount of exercise for healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 65 years is: A) moderate aerobic activity for at least 30 minutes, three days each week. B) intense aerobic activity for at least 15 minutes, seven days each week. C) moderate aerobic activity for at least 60 minutes, five days each week. D) moderate aerobic activity for at least 30 minutes, five days each week.
C
The relationship between body mass index and relative risk of death is best described as being: A) linear. B) inverse. C) U-shaped. D) an inverted U.
C
The theory of ______ has been used to explain how social norms and perceived behavioral control guide our exercise behaviors. A) health behavior B) reasoned action C) planned behavior D) behavioral health
C
Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are often referred to as ______ because they open the door to experimentation with other, more dangerous drugs. A) teratogens B) disinhibitors C) gateway drugs D) threshold drugs
C
Unit bias refers to the finding that: A) people underestimate the number of calories they consume. B) people overestimate the number of calories they consume. C) people eat more when they are given larger portions. D) dieting every day often backfires.
C
Until recently, medical interventions for HIV/AIDS focused on: A) eliminating the HIV virus. B) controlling the spread of the virus. C) treating the opportunistic diseases that resulted from immune failure. D) reducing high-risk sexual behaviors.
C
Chronic alcohol use has all of these effects EXCEPT: A) weakening the immune system. B) damaging cellular DNA. C) interfering with normal endocrine system development. D) increasing the secretion of growth hormone.
D
Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it: A) lowers blood pressure. B) decreases alertness. C) reduces activity in the sympathetic nervous system. D) induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles.
D
Communicable diseases can be controlled in many ways. Which of these is a primary control measure for diseases such as Ebola and sexually transmitted infections? A) healthier sanitation practices B) vector control and containment C) vaccination D) behavioral change
D
Despite growing up in poverty and having a childhood characterized by extreme adversity, Rosa has lived an exceptional life filled with success and well-being in every domain. Rosa exemplifies the outcome called: A) anabolism. B) catabolism. C) allostatic load. D) thriving.
D
Drug potentiation refers to: A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs. B) a state in which the use of a drug is required for a person to function normally. C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug. D) the effect of one drug used to increase the effects of another.
D
During stage 4, the final stage of HIV/AIDS, the number of ______ drops dangerously low. A) red blood cells B) NK cells C) B lymphocytes D) CD4 (T) cells
D
Gary has been diagnosed with pre-diabetes and his dietician has suggested that he reduce the number of sugary snacks he consumes each day. To reduce his temptation to buy and consume these snacks Gary starts shopping at a local farmer's market and subscribes to a healthy eating blog. Gary's behavior demonstrates principles of a: A) stimulus-control intervention. B) contingency contract. C) relapse prevention program. D) self-monitoring program.
D
Generally speaking, mass media education campaigns emphasizing how AIDS is transmitted have: A) not been very successful. B) only been successful among well-educated individuals. C) only been successful among affluent individuals. D) been quite successful
D
HIV and AIDS are commonly found in heterosexuals and equally distributed among men and women in: A) Western Europe. B) Asia. C) North Africa. D) sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean.
D
Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of: A) nicotine. B) cocaine. C) marijuana. D) alcohol.
D
In small doses, alcohol is a ______; in large doses, it is a ______. A) stimulant; depressant B) depressant; stimulant C) hallucinogen; stimulant D) depressant; depressant
D
In the United States and much of the world, which of these is most likely to cause premature death? A) lack of exercise B) an unhealthy diet C) an automobile accident D) smoking
D
Korsakoff's syndrome is sometimes suffered by chronic, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by: A) behavioral disinhibition. B) the formation of fat deposits on the heart muscle. C) a dramatic change in personality. D) the inability to store new memories.
D
Which of these has NOT been identified as an important factor in the development of eating disorders? A) body image at puberty B) biochemical abnormalities of the HPA system C) relationship with parents D) a nonconforming personality
D
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the families of women with bulimia? A) a higher-than-average incidence of alcoholism B) a higher-than-average incidence of depression C) disengaged, or even hostile parent-daughter relationships D) overprotective, competitive parents
D
Which of these is most strongly linked to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes? A) having a "pear-shaped" body B) female pattern obesity C) the overall amount of body fat D) abdominal obesity
D
Which of these reduces the risk of death and has a favorable influence on a person's self-image, self-esteem, and depression? A) anti-depressant medication B) stopping all use of tobacco products C) reducing the amount of trans fat in the diet D) improving one's physical fitness
D
Which personality trait has NOT been linked to alcohol dependence? A) negative emotionality B) behavioral undercontrol C) attraction to excitement D) unrealistic optimism
D
Which statement about people living in affluent countries is true? A) They are less likely to have the ability to protect themselves from parasitic diseases. B) They are less able to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable diseases. C) They are more likely to live in conditions likely to spread diseases like tuberculosis. D) They are more likely to have access to the knowledge of precautions against diarrheal diseases
D
3. The major finding of the Alameda Health Study was that: A) men who regularly practiced seven particular health habits had lower mortality rates than those who practiced few or none of these habits. B) people who become too obsessive in their health behaviors have higher morbidity rates than their more moderate counterparts. C) people who become too obsessive in their health behaviors have higher mortality rates than their more moderate counterparts. D) women who ate breakfast and slept for at least seven hours per night were able to mediate the negative effects of smoking.
Men who regularly practiced seven particular health habits had lower mortality rates than those who practiced few or none of these habits
Which theory emphasizes the importance of a perceived susceptibility to a health threat, the perceived severity of the threat, and the perceived benefits of treatment? A) health belief model B) theory of planned behavior C) prototype/willingness theory D) transtheoretical model
health belief model
One shortcoming of the health belief model is that it: A) ignores the importance of perceived barriers to being able to practice a health behavior. B) does not take into account advice from friends and other cues to action. C) does not take into account the perceived benefits and barriers of treatment. D) has not been widely tested in research studies.
ignores the importance of perceived barriers to being able to practice a health behavior
Which statement is NOT true regarding tertiary prevention? A) It is more cost-effective than primary prevention. B) It is less beneficial than secondary prevention. C) It is the most common form of health care. D) Medical schools traditionally have focused on teaching it.
it is more cost-effective than primary prevention
Research on those individuals who are insured and uninsured since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 has uncovered some interesting trends. Which statement is true regarding the data collected? A) People of color have a lower risk of being uninsured as compared to non-Hispanic Whites. B) Illegal immigrants represent the largest portion of uninsured individuals. C) Most uninsured individuals come from working families. D) People in the South and the West are least likely to lack insurance coverage.
most uninsured individuals come from working families
The most widely used health education model is the: A) health belief model. B) theory of planned behavior. C) transtheoretical model. D) precede/proceed model
precede/proceed model
Primary prevention refers to measures designed to: A) prevent illness from developing. B) manage symptoms of illness that have already begun to occur. C) minimize the damage of a chronic disease. D) identify an illness early in its course
prevent illness from developing
Wearing a seat belt is to ______ prevention as taking chemotherapy to treat a cancerous tumor is to ______ prevention. A) primary; tertiary B) primary; secondary C) secondary; tertiary D) tertiary; secondary
primary; tertiary
Because he has high blood pressure, Jake watches his diet and takes antihypertension medication. These behaviors are examples of ______ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
secondary
Which of these family variables has NOT been linked with risky health-related behaviors among adolescents? A) parental conflict B) absence of parental supervision C) parental drug and alcohol use D) single parenthood
single parenthood
9. Because he lives in the fraternity house, Carl finds it hard to eat a low-fat diet since his housemates think such a diet is unmanly. According to the theory of planned behavior, Carl's interpretation of his fraternity brothers' views and his failure to eat what he knows is a healthier diet is being influenced by: A) perceived benefits. B) feelings of invulnerability. C) behavioral willingness. D) the subjective norm
the subjective norm
The adult offspring of problem drinkers are: A) themselves at increased risk of abusing alcohol. B) at no greater risk of abusing alcohol than children whose parents do not abuse alcohol. C) seemingly unaffected by alcohol's gradient of reinforcement. D) have a lower threshold for intoxication than others
themselves at increased risk of abusing alcohol
Which theory of health behavior emphasizes the importance of perceived behavioral control in attitude formation and behavior change? A) health belief model B) theory of planned behavior C) precede/proceed model D) transtheoretical model
theory of planned behavior
12. Which theory of health behavior has the practical advantage of allowing health psychologists to match an intervention to the specific needs of each person? A) health belief model B) theory of planned behavior C) transtheoretical model D) theory of reasoned action
transtheoretical model
Which theory contends that people pass through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance when altering health-related behaviors? A) health belief model B) precede/proceed model C) theory of planned behavior D) transtheoretical model
transtheoretical model
According to the theory of planned behavior, the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur is to measure a person's: A) subjective norm. B) perceived behavioral control. C) behavioral intention. D) past behavior.
behavioral intention
The life-threatening disease in which the body's immune system is suppressed, leaving the disease's victim vulnerable to opportunistic infections is: A) Kaposi's sarcoma. B) HAART. C) AIDS. D) dementia complex.
c
Behavior modification programs for obesity typically include all of these components EXCEPT: A) stimulus control. B) contingency contracts. C) careful self-monitoring. D) the use of anorexigenic medication
D
According to the hypersensitivity theory, addiction is the result of efforts by the body to: A) counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state. B) establish a set point for the level of a specific drug in the body. C) minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms. D) eliminate the need for an increasing drug dosage with increasing use.
A
According to the nicotine-titration model, smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine: A) regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies. B) are also psychologically dependent on nicotine. C) are genetically sensitive to the physiological effects of nicotine. D) will also be at increased risk for other addictions.
A
Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli because drinkers tend to: A) focus on only the most salient cues. B) have trouble narrowing their perceptual fields. C) become impatient quickly. D) develop a false sense of confidence in their perceptual skills.
A
All major drugs of abuse overstimulate the brain's ancient reward system, which runs through the: A) hypothalamus. B) occipital and temporal lobes. C) right hemisphere. D) left hemisphere.
A
Although Chris has been obese all his life, he is determined to lose weight by following a low-calorie diet. He is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because: A) fat tissue has a low metabolic rate and can be maintained by fewer calories. B) his set point is too low. C) his leptin level is too low. D) his ghrelin level is too high.
A
Among younger age groups, ______ are the leading cause of death; among older age groups, ______ are the leading cause of death. A) external causes; chronic conditions B) external causes; external causes C) chronic conditions; external causes D) chronic conditions; chronic conditions
A
Anabolism is to catabolism as: A) bodybuilding activities are to activities that break down the body. B) activities that break down the body are to bodybuilding activities. C) immunosuppression is to immune enhancement. D) immune enhancement is to immunosuppression
A
Anaerobic exercise has many beneficial health-related effects. Which health benefit is attributed to anaerobic exercise as stated in the text? A) decrease in menstrual cycle length B) decrease in VO2max C) reduction in HDL cholesterol D) decrease in slow-wave sleep
A
Animal research studies have shown that chronic stress leads to a dramatic shrinkage and loss of connectivity among neurons in one area of the: A) prefrontal cortex. B) amygdala. C) temporal lobe. D) parietal lobe
A
As ghrelin levels rise, neurons in the ______ are activated, leading to a(n) ______ in appetite levels. A) arcuate nucleus (ARC); increase B) hippocampus; decrease C) hippocampus; increase D) arcuate nucleus (ARC); decrease
A
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a: A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine. B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach. C) short-term appetite suppressant. D) long-term weight regulation hormone
A
Cocaine produces its stimulating effects by: A) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synapse. B) causing presynaptic cells to release more norepinephrine. C) causing presynaptic cells to release more dopamine. D) blocking serotonin receptors in postsynaptic cells.
A
Cutting, self-administered tattoos, and inserting objects under the skin are examples of: A) nonsuicidal self-injury. B) presuicidal self-destruction. C) suicide gesturing. D) unintentional self-injury
A
Discriminative stimuli are: A) environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement. B) voluntary behaviors that "operate" on the environment. C) delayed events that acquire reinforcing power by association. D) the events that immediately follow operant behaviors.
A
Drugs that are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and placental barriers to damage a developing fetus must be: A) fat soluble. B) glial-destroying enzymes. C) psychoactive. D) positively charged
A
Emotional regulation, impulse control, and thoughtful analysis occur in the brain's: A) prefrontal cortex. B) amygdala. C) hypothalamus. D) cingulate gyrus.
A
Endurance-trained athletes preserve the length of ______ in their ______, which otherwise systematically decrease with aging. A) telomeres; chromosomes B) telomeres; white blood cells C) DNA segments; chromosomes D) DNA methylation; body cells
A
Exercise increases ______ sensitivity, which is especially important for people living with ______. A) insulin; diabetes mellitus B) glucose; metabolic syndrome C) cortisol; cardiovascular disease D) thyroxin; lymphoma
A
From an evolutionary perspective, what is the advantage of a set point for body weight? A) The tendency to maintain excess calories as fat helped protect people during food shortages. B) People with stable body weights have healthier offspring. C) Wide swings in body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues. D) Stable body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues.
A
HIV infects mostly: A) lymph tissues, where lymphocytes develop and are stored. B) blood cells. C) glial cells. D) RNA.
A
Hemophilia is a genetic disease in which: A) the blood fails to clot quickly enough. B) DNA mutations occur much more often than usual. C) the immune system is unable to manufacture CD4 cells. D) there is an abnormal thinning of lymph tissue
A
In most states, a blood alcohol level of ______ constitutes legal intoxication. A) 8% B) 10% C) 12% D) 20%
A
Loss-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting ______ behaviors, whereas gain-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting ______ behaviors. A) detection; prevention B) prevention; detection C) health screening; compliance D) compliance; health screening
A
Most deaths caused by falling are classified as ______ because ______. A) unintentional injuries; the injured person didn't intend for it to happen B) intentional injuries; they are, in fact, suicides C) intentional injuries; they could have been prevented D) unintentional injuries; they are predictable and preventable
A
Neuroimaging data demonstrate that aerobic exercise is associated with increased activity in the ______, which predicts better ______ functioning. A) prefrontal cortex; cognitive B) amygdala; emotional C) temporal lobe; auditory D) occipital lobe; visual
A
Neurotransmitter enhancement is an attribute of a(n) ______, and neurotransmitter blocking is an attribute of a(n) ______. A) antagonist; teratogen B) teratogen; agonist C) agonist; antagonist D) antagonist; agonist
A
Omega-3 fatty acids are a kind of: A) polyunsaturated fat. B) trans fat. C) monounsaturated fat. D) saturated fat.
A
One calorie is equivalent to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of ______ of water ______ degree Celsius. A) 1 gram; 1 degree B) 1 ounce; 2 degrees C) 5 grams; 5 degrees D) 10 grams; 10 degrees
A
One massive study identified a variant of the ______, which seemed to double a person's risk of becoming obese. A) FTO gene B) BMR C) metabolic syndrome D) settling point
A
One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior. This finding highlights the importance of ______ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol. A) alcohol expectancy effects B) behavioral undercontrol C) temperament D) drug potentiation
A
Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by: A) declining bone density due to calcium loss. B) elevated blood pressure. C) a weakened immune system. D) respiratory problems.
A
People who successfully quit smoking typically: A) change their beliefs to see less psychological benefit and more of a health threat from smoking. B) have not been smoking for very long. C) lack a variant of a specific gene that promotes nicotine dependence. D) have never tried to quit before
A
People with AIDS often succumb to pneumonia, certain cancers, and other ______ because the virus preys on their weakened immune systems. A) opportunistic infections B) retroviruses C) lymphatic diseases D) systemic illnesses
A
Poor sleep promotes increased body weight by triggering: A) an increase in the hormone ghrelin and a decrease in the hormone leptin. B) a decrease in the hormone ghrelin and an increase in the hormone leptin. C) an increase in both ghrelin and leptin. D) a decrease in both ghrelin and leptin
A
Recent studies have suggested that neighborhood socioeconomic status influences health, in part because of: A) differences in physical activity. B) health disparities. C) the decline in physical education classes. D) low exercise self-efficacy.
A
Research on fat-cell hyperplasia reveals that: A) no matter how much people diet, they can never lose fat cells. B) the size of the adipocytes in a person's body never changes. C) men have more adipocytes than women do. D) adipocytes can swell to three times their unfilled size when a person overeats
A
Research studies have demonstrated that African-American women generally have: A) more positive attitudes toward their bodies, food, and weight than European-American women do. B) more negative attitudes about their bodies, food, and weight than European-American women do. C) a higher incidence of obesity and eating disorders than European-American women do. D) decreasing incidence rates of both obesity and eating disorders.
A
Research studies suggest that for American women, eating disorders: A) are responses to social roles and cultural ideals of beauty. B) are a symptom of a strong sense of identity. C) represent poor assimilation into the majority culture. D) develop at younger ages.
A
Sleep loss may contribute to the development of diabetes because it promotes: A) insulin resistance. B) insulin sensitivity. C) chronic inflammation. D) neurogenesis.
A
Tailored messaging refers to health messages that are: A) designed according to the individual characteristics of participants. B) approach-oriented rather than avoidance-oriented. C) avoidance-oriented rather than approach-oriented. D) designed as "one size fits all" communications.
A
The STI caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite is: A) trichomoniasis. B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV). C) chlamydia. D) gonorrhea
A
The San Francisco Model is an HIV-prevention intervention that: A) is communitywide, and that involves schools, churches, and other organizations. B) targets low SES-individuals. C) teaches specific skills to reduce negative emotionality. D) focuses on fear-framed health messages.
A
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's nutrition guide states that a healthy meal consists of 30 percent ______ and 20 percent ______, accompanied by a small dairy portion. A) vegetables and grains; fruits and protein B) carbohydrates; protein C) protein; carbohydrate D) protein; fat
A
The brain's "master center" for weight regulation is the: A) prefrontal cortex. B) parietal lobe. C) arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. D) melanocyte-stimulating center.
A
The central idea behind stepped care for treating obesity is that: A) people need to be matched to individualized treatment programs. B) overeating is often the result of simple conditioning. C) as weight loss occurs, exercise levels need to be gradually increased in order to offset decreasing metabolic rate. D) obesity is a multifaceted health problem
A
The concordance rate for a certain trait refers to the: A) degree of similarity between a pair of twins for that trait. B) number of genes involved in determining variation in the trait among individuals. C) extent to which variations in the trait among a large group of individuals can be attributed to heredity. D) relative influence of environmental and biological factors on the trait.
A
The initial spread of AIDS among IV drug users and gay men is believed to have occurred because: A) these are small, closed populations in which an individual is more likely to be exposed to the virus repeatedly. B) these groups tend to engage in many other high-risk behaviors. C) immunocompetence is already low among these groups. D) education and medical literacy among these groups is significantly lower than among other populations.
A
The main transmission route for HIV among African-Americans is: A) high-risk sexual contact. B) male-female sexual contact. C) IV drug use. D) blood transfusion
A
The most common sexually transmitted infection is: A) HIV/AIDS. B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV). C) chlamydia. D) gonorrhea.
A
The most effective stress management interventions for HIV-infected persons appear to be: A) multimodal cognitive-behavioral stress management. B) biofeedback training. C) biofeedback training combined with hypnosis. D) simple relaxation training.
A
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of: A) tolerance. B) potentiation. C) psychological dependence. D) withdrawal.
A
The positive psychology movement: A) is a strength-based, preventive approach to health behavior research and intervention. B) is not endorsed by the American Psychological Association. C) maintains that adversity only rarely yields benefits. D) emphasizes tertiary prevention
A
The set of obesity-related risk factors that increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and diabetes is called: A) the metabolic syndrome. B) hyperinsulinemia. C) hypoinsulinemia. D) morbid obesity.
A
The state called allostatic overload is characterized by: A) a predominance of catabolic activity at rest. B) a predominance of anabolic activity at rest. C) a fluid allostatic system that flexibly shifts from light to low levels of arousal. D) low resting levels of serum cortisol.
A
Two-thirds of all HIV-infected people live in ______, where the main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS is ______. A) Africa; heterosexual transmission B) Africa; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men C) Asia; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men D) Asia; intravenous drug use
A
Weight cycling is: A) an unhealthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss. B) a healthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss. C) a person's average weight over his or her lifetime. D) the range of calories, from high to low, that will maintain the body's settling point.
A
What proportion of people in the United States get the minimum recommended amount of weekly physical activity? A) one in four B) one in five C) one in ten D) one in twenty
A
When a person's weight falls below its set point, he or she is likely to feel a(n) ______ in hunger and a(n) ______ in metabolic rate A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) increase; increase D) decrease; decrease
A
When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced, smokers tend to: A) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes. B) smoke the same number of cigarettes. C) smoke the same number of cigarettes, but only if they are long-term smokers. D) experience potentiation
A
Which drugs boost activity in the central nervous system? A) stimulants B) depressants C) hallucinogens D) psychoactive drugs
A
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States? A) AIDS has taken the greatest toll on young European-American men. B) AIDS is increasing at a faster rate among women than among men. C) African-American and Hispanic women account for 78 percent of AIDS cases in women in the United States. D) In 2013, 21 percent of new HIV diagnoses were people aged 50 and over.
A
Which of these has NOT been linked to a more rapid onset of AIDS among HIV-infected individuals? A) a pessimistic outlook B) acceptance of STI diagnosis C) social isolation D) genetic vulnerability
A
Which of these is NOT an aspect of social-cognitive theory that has been linked to successful AIDS intervention programs? A) the stage of readiness to change one's behaviors B) perceived social norms regarding HIV-risk-reducing behaviors C) self-efficacy beliefs about avoiding unsafe behaviors D) social skills in negotiating risky behaviors
A
Which of these is most often cited as a reason that people start smoking? A) situational factors such as peer influence B) personality factors such as rebelliousness C) the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine use D) self-consciousness
A
Which of these is not an anabolic hormone? A) cortisol B) insulin-like growth factor C) growth hormone D) sex steroids
A
Which statement is NOT empirically supported? A) As countries develop, noncommunicable diseases replace communicable disease as the main source of ill health. B) Developing nations face the double burden of both high rates of noncommunicable and communicable diseases C) In low-income nations, infections cause the majority of deaths D) Nowhere in the world have communicable diseases become only a negligible cause of mortality and morbidity
A
Which type of metabolism counters arousal and promotes relaxation and healing processes such as protein synthesis? A) anabolic B) catabolic C) allostatic D) sympathetic
A
Withdrawal refers to: A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs. B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally. C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug. D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of anothe
A
Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of developing: A) fetal alcohol syndrome. B) behavioral disinhibition. C) tolerance. D) Korsakoff's syndrome
A
______ transmission of HIV through vaginal intercourse is far more common than is ______ transmission. A) Male-to-female; female-to-male B) Female-to-male; male-to-female C) Young adult; older adult D) Older adult; young adult
A
Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who: A) have physically or sexually abused their children. B) are high achieving and protective. C) have been recently separated or divorced. D) are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight.
B
As a treatment for alcohol dependence, the therapy that uses a nauseating drug such as Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n): A) operant response. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned response. D) secondary reinforcer.
B
As an illustration of AIDS complacency, researchers have found that women involved in ______ relationships are more likely to practice safer sexual behaviors than women in ______ relationships. A) committed; casual B) casual; committed C) single; multiple D) long-time; recent
B
Because our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible, some researchers have adopted the term: A) homeostasis. B) settling point. C) BMR. D) dynamic set point
B
2. Light- to moderate-intensity exercise performed for an extended period of time is called: A) anaerobic exercise. B) aerobic exercise. C) resistance training. D) cross-fit training.
B
21. Which of these causes of death is represented in the top 10 for low-income countries but NOT in the top 10 for high-income countries? A) stroke B) HIV/AIDS C) lower respiratory infections D) ischemic heart disease
B
A health message that focuses on a negative outcome from not performing a health-promoting behavior is a(n) ______ message. A) gain-framed B) loss-framed C) approach-oriented D) avoidance-oriented
B
A person who engages in bouts of excessive overeating, followed by feelings of distress—but who does not binge, purge, fast, or exercise excessively—is said to have: A) anorexia nervosa. B) binge-eating disorder. C) bulimia nervosa. D) pica.
B
AIDS is: A) a variety of genital herpes. B) a sexually transmitted infection. C) caused by bacteria. D) a self-limiting, bacterial infection
B
According to the ______ theory, the stronger a person's attachment to family, school, and other institutions, the less likely he or she will be to use drugs. A) behavioral disinhibition B) social control C) peer cluster D) hypersensitivity
B
According to the text, antibiotic resistant bacteria may NOT be spread by: A) the hands of unclean health care providers B) the use of hand sanitizer C) contaminated food D) recommended and prescribed use of antibiotics
B
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is: A) a mutated form of pneumonia that first appeared in Central America. B) a viral disease that appeared around 1980. C) a rare form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1700s. D) a bacterial infection that passed from chimpanzees to humans.
B
After 12 hours without eating, Seth is very hungry. It is likely that Seth's blood glucose level is ______ and his blood insulin level is ______. A) low; low B) low; high C) high; high D) high; low
B
After a non-stop flight from California to Maine, Francine experienced a restless, sleepless night. Her problem was probably caused by a disruption of her normal: A) dopamine reward system. B) circadian rhythm. C) BMR. D) delta waves.
B
After an especially stressful day at work, Connie isn't interested in talking to her family; she just wants to be by herself. Her behavior is an example of: A) an interaction effect. B) social withdrawal. C) negative emotion spillover. D) avoidance.
B
Alcohol use disorder is a: A) state in which the use of alcohol is required for a person to function normally. B) maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations. C) neurological state induced by excessive use of alcohol. D) personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence.
B
Although shows like My 600 Pound Life and The Biggest Loser represent and espouse different approaches to weight loss and treatment related to obesity, they are theoretically and conceptually linked in their use of what conceptual framework? A) the cognitive behavioral model B) the stepped care process C) the biobehavioral health model D) the psychosocial behavioral process
B
Anabolic reactions involve activities that: A) break down the body. B) build the body. C) help the body quickly mobilize energy. D) promote arousal.
B
Between ages 55 and 64, ______ cause(s) the most injury-related fatalities. A) poisoning B) motor-vehicle crashes C) suicides D) homicides
B
Brandon, a college sophomore, has highblood pressure, high blood-sugar, and high triglycerides; excess body fat around his waist; and low HDL cholesterol. His doctor would most likely say that Brandon: A) will "mature out" of these attributes. B) has metabolic syndrome. C) is doing too much resistance training as part of his exercise regimen. D) is too sensitive to insulin.
B
Caffeine is an ______ that blocks the effects of ______. A) agonist; adenosine B) antagonist; adenosine C) agonist; serotonin D) antagonist; serotonin
B
Drug abuse is defined as: A) ingestion of a drug, regardless of the amount of ingestion. B) use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological, social, or psychological well-being. C) the use of any illegal substance. D) an emotional and cognitive compulsion to use a drug.
B
During stage 2 of an HIV infection: A) the first major symptoms of AIDS appear. B) HIV is constantly being replicated. C) the number of T cells drops dramatically. D) the number of T cells increases dramatically.
B
Fear, excitement, and other intense emotions originate in the ______, which is part of the ______. A) prefrontal cortex; limbic system B) amygdala; limbic system C) hypothalamus; endocrine system D) cingulate gyrus; central nervous system
B
Food deserts are: A) suburban neighborhoods in which there are no fast food restaurants. B) geographical areas with little or no access to healthy foods. C) communities in which there is little ethnic variation. D) "walkable cities" that have re-engineered physical activity back into daily routines
B
From 1970 to 2010, ______ of Americans were ______ the legalization of marijuana. A) less than 10%; in favor of B) more than 60%; against C) less than 10%; against D) more than 60%; in favor of
B
Ghrelin is a: A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine. B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach. C) short-term appetite suppressant. D) long-term weight regulation hormone.
B
In the early 1980s ______ of Americans were classified as overweight or obese; today ______ are classified as obese or overweight. A) 25 percent; 75 percent B) 47 percent; 65 percent C) 65 percent; 47 percent D) 75 percent; 25 percent
B
Loss-framed messages are particularly effective with people who are: A) avoidance oriented. B) approach oriented. C) young. D) old
B
Max has been smoking cigarettes so long that his body requires nicotine in order to function normally. A health psychologist would say that Max clearly has developed a state of: A) hypersensitivity. B) dependence. C) potentiation. D) tolerance.
B
One research study (Broom and others, 2009) reported that levels of the hormone ______, high levels of which stimulate ______, were lower when participants exercised. A) PYY; hunger B) ghrelin; hunger C) ghrelin; satiety D) cortisol; satiety
B
Over time, smoking behaviors become ______ to a variety of environmental triggers. A) conditioned stimuli B) conditioned responses C) discriminative stimuli D) discriminative responses
B
Particularly among ______ in developed countries, there is a(n) ______ relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. A) men; inverse B) women; inverse C) men; direct D) women; direct
B
Petra, who has been working as a public health educator in rural areas for 30 years, has recently noticed a phenomenon in which the infectious diseases of childhood have been overtaken by the chronic, noncommunicable diseases typical of adulthood. What is the term for the phenomenon that Petra is witnessing? A) epistemological transition B) epidemiological transition C) endocrinological transition D) environmental transition
B
Physical fitness includes each component EXCEPT: A) muscular strength. B) low body weight. C) endurance. D) flexibility.
B
Regarding the health hazards of secondhand smoke exposure, most experts agree that: A) the dangers are not nearly as great as popularly believed. B) nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease and cancer than those who live with nonsmokers. C) secondhand smoke is unhealthy, although it has a much lower concentration of carcinogens than smoke that is directly inhaled. D) the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke are more than offset by eating a balanced diet and engaging in other healthy lifestyle behaviors.
B
Research and study findings in positive psychology have been criticized for oversimplifying situations and not taking context into account. An example of this has been the work surrounding psychological trait attributions and abusive-relationship dynamics. Which of statement is TRUE regarding the criticisms levied on the studies conducted? A) Most of the studies conducted have involved couples in abusive relationships and not those involved in nonabusive relationships. B) Labeling certain traits as positive or negative influences what researchers expect to find, creating observer bias. C) Since science is essentially value-free, criticism of the research is unfounded. D) Psychological trait attributions in abusive relationships are applicable only for certain abusive relationships.
B
Research on Americans' smoking habits shows that over the past few decades: A) the percentage of teenage smokers has steadily decreased. B) smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women. C) smoking has decreased more rapidly among women than among men. D) the incidence and prevalence of smoking have remained quite stable.
B
Research on obesity and weight regulation indicates that: A) severe dieting can result in a loss of adipocytes. B) fat tissue requires fewer calories to maintain itself than lean tissue. C) most obese people simply lack willpower. D) once an obese person has lost weight, his or her body set point is reset to the new, lower level.
B
Research to date has shown that college students who have ______ are more likely to avoid high-risk sexual behaviors than other students. A) an external locus of control B) strong feelings of self-efficacy C) a relative with AIDS D) a relatively high IQ
B
Self-efficacy refers to: A) beliefs about one's ability to distinguish different subjective norms in different situations. B) beliefs about one's ability to perform a certain health behavior. C) the ability to self-regulate one's emotions. D) a patient's attitude about the importance of treatment compliance
B
Several researchers have suggested that the relationship between denial and the progression of AIDS is part of a larger syndrome of: A) unrealistic optimism. B) psychological inhibition. C) neuroticism (emotional instability). D) low self-efficacy.
B
The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to homeostasis is called: A) allostatic load. B) resilience. C) biological embedding. D) eustress.
B
The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced supply of oxygen to their brains, resulting in a condition called: A) delirium tremens. B) fetal hypoxia. C) Korsakoff's syndrome. D) nicotine titration.
B
The global burden of communicable diseases is generally about the same for men and women with two exceptions. The exceptions are ______, which affects more men than women, and ______, which ranks higher as a cause of death for women than men. A) HIV/AIDS; diarrheal diseases B) tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS C) HIV/AIDS; cholera D) malaria; HIV/AIDS
B
The global burden of disease has shifted to diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, which collectively are categorized as______ diseases. A) communicable B) noncommunicable C) infectious D) transmissable
B
The hippocampus has large concentrations of receptors for: A) IGF-1. B) cortisol. C) growth hormone. D) sex hormones.
B
The low rate of ______ between ages 18 and 25 is offset by a high rate of ______. A) unintentional injury; chronic illness B) chronic illness; violent deaths C) violent deaths; chronic illness D) chronic illness; acute illness
B
The most common method of suicide among males is by ______, and the most common method among females is by_______. A) firearms; firearms B) firearms; poisoning C) poisoning; poisoning D) poisoning; firearms
B
Triglycerides are: A) lipoproteins that carry cholesterol around the body for use by cells. B) the chemical form in which most fat exists in food. C) a type of "good" cholesterol. D) a type of "bad" cholesterol
B
Twenty-two-year-old Shanta is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly junk food and high-calorie desserts. Fearful of gaining weight, Shanta often takes a laxative following an episode of binge eating. Shanta seems to be suffering from: A) binge-eating disorder. B) bulimia nervosa. C) anorexia nervosa. D) unit bias.
B
What has been identified as the single most important factor in the development of antimicrobial resistance? A) the use of antibacterial soap B) the use of antibiotics C) the use of hand sanitizer D) the use of antiviral drugs
B
When compared with 18- to 23-year-olds, people 14 to 15 years of age display: A) decreased arousal in the limbic system. B) increased arousal in the limbic system. C) increased arousal in the prefrontal cortex. D) equivalent levels of arousal in the limbic system and prefrontal cortex
B
When she drinks alcohol, Eboni experiences the false sense of confidence and freedom from social constraints that is known as: A) hypersensitivity. B) behavioral disinhibition. C) adolescent invulnerability. D) drug potentiation.
B
Which health concern was supported empirically as a reason e-cigarette usage is just as dangerous as conventional cigarette smoking? A) E-cigarettes have lower nicotine and carcinogenic material content. B) Flavoring used in e-liquids were found to contain toxic chemicals not found in conventional cigarettes, C) E-cigarette use lowers the probability of other tobacco product use. D) E-cigarette vapor is less toxic than tobacco smoke because it does not contain nicotine.
B
Which individual would be classified as having the lowest morbidity risk in terms of BMI and waist to hip ratio? A) a black male with 22 BMI and 1.0 waist to hip ratio B) a white female with 23 BMI and .75 waist to hip ratio C) an Asian female with 18 BMI and .8 waist to hip ratio D) a Native American male with 26 BMI and .85 waist to hip ratio
B
Which of the following is the unhealthiest type of fat? A) polyunsaturated fat B) trans fat C) monounsaturated fat D) polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and trans fat.
B
Which of these is NOT a stated benefit of exercising for older adults aged 50-70 years old? A) reduction in the loss of bone density. B) increased respiratory functioning. C) increased muscle mass and strength. D) reduced morbidity and mortality.
B
Which of these pairs are NOT the most prevalent multiple chronic conditions in women and men? A) hypertension and diabetes B) heart disease and diabetes C) cancer and hypertension D) hypertension and heart disease
B
Which one of these communicable diseases is properly paired with its primary mode of transmission? A) HIV - vector-borne B) rabies - traumatic contact C) tuberculosis - food-borne D) Zika - blood-borne
B
Which statement is true about fear appeals? A) Greater levels of fear promote greater attitude change. B) High levels of fear can actually backfire and lead to less adherence. C) Fear appeals are most effective in changing the attitudes of people who perceive low self-efficacy for the behavior in question. D) Fear appeals are more effective with men than with women
B
Which statement regarding obesity in the United States is true? A) Obesity is less prevalent among African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and other minority groups. B) Obesity and income are inversely related. C) Obesity is positively correlated with education level. D) Two-thirds of people living below the poverty threshold are obese.
B
Which statement was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence is genetically influenced? A) People who abuse alcohol tend to be impulsive and vulnerable to depression, both of which are at least partly genetic in origin. B) Adopted children are more susceptible to alcohol dependency if one or both of their biological parents was alcohol-dependent. C) Identical twins have twice the concordance rate for alcohol dependency of fraternal twins. D) Female children of alcohol-dependent parents are more likely to develop alcohol abuse than male children in the same family.
B
Within seven seconds of taking a puff from a cigarette, the nicotine causes the brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving, reduce anxiety, and alleviate insomnia. These effects are examples of: A) positive reinforcement. B) negative reinforcement. C) conditioned responses. D) conditioned stimuli.
B
A number of successful psychosocial interventions designed to modify high-risk sexual behaviors derive from ______ theory, which emphasizes reciprocally determined relationships among environmental events, internal processes, and behavior. A) prospect B) self-efficacy C) social-cognitive D) reasoned-action
C
A persistent problem in falling or staying asleep is called: A) apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) insomnia. D) a sleep disparity
C
AIDS was first discovered when a group of individuals developed a cluster of symptoms indicative of: A) leukemia. B) multiple sclerosis. C) Kaposi's sarcoma. D) a highly infectious skin rash.
C
According to the ______ theory, the influence of friends is strong enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family, school, and other institutions in determining drug use. A) behavioral disinhibition B) social control C) peer cluster D) hypersensitivity
C
According to the ______, drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters. A) hypersensitivity theory B) reuptake hypothesis C) withdrawal-relief hypothesis D) psychoactive set-point hypothesis
C
According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, once drug use passes from the initial good feelings of first-stage use, repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues: A) become adverse stimuli. B) evoke cortisol release. C) trigger craving for the drug. D) are recognized exclusively by the subconscious mind.
C
Adipocytes are: A) simple sugars in foods. B) chemical additives that promote cancer. C) fat cells. D) hormones monitored by the brain to help maintain the body's set point
C
Adolescents today average ______ sleep each night than that averaged by their grandparents as teenagers. A) one hour less B) one hour more C) two hours less D) three hours less
C
An environmental signal that indicates that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement is a: A) contingency stimulus. B) loss-framed message. C) discriminative stimulus. D) gain-framed message.
C
Approximately what percent of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach directly into the bloodstream after drinking an alcoholic beverage? A) 80 percent B) 50 percent C) 20 percent D) 30 percent
C
Bill finds it very difficult to start an exercise program because he hates the unpleasant feelings of stiffness and sore muscles that he is sure he will experience at the beginning of each workout. Bill is evidently experiencing: A) low exercise self-efficacy. B) low self-esteem. C) forecasting myopia. D) aerobic anxiety.
C
Both men and women who drank alcohol: A) perceived themselves as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink. B) perceived their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink. C) perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink. D) rated their conversation partner as more attractive than did men and women who did not drink.
C
Cardiometabolic disease is a complex of chronic conditions that include: A) cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. B) cancer, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. C) cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. D) diabetes, obesity, and immunodeficiency.
C
Concerns over the legalization of marijuana have centered around all of these EXCEPT: A) the impairment in judgment, memory, and motor function caused by marijuana use. B) the impact of marijuana on brain chemistry, structure, and development. C) increased rates of overdose in states with legalized medicinal marijuana laws. D) the noted increase in the level of THC in marijuana sold legally.
C
Dennis has just heard a public service message on the hazards of smoking. He is most likely to quit smoking as the result of this campaign if he: A) has been smoking for a long time. B) has tried to quit several times in the past. C) believes that he can perform those behaviors that are necessary to quitting. D) has been smoking only a short time.
C
Electrical stimulation of an animal's ventromedial hypothalamus: A) stops digestion. B) increases digestion. C) creates satiety and decreases or stops eating. D) increases hunger and eating.
C
Ethnic and racial differences in rates of HIV transmission are thought to reflect: A) genetic differences in vulnerability to viral infection. B) physiological differences in immune responsiveness. C) sociocultural differences in drug use. D) health disparities in access to health care.
C
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with: A) NREM-1 sleep. B) NREM-2 sleep. C) REM sleep. D) sleep spindles.
C
Grunberg and Straub found that stress was especially likely to increase appetites for sweets in: A) men who were not dieting. B) women who were not dieting. C) women who were dieting. D) men who were dieting.
C
HIV infection is NOT likely to result from: A) having vaginal intercourse with someone who is infected. B) sharing a drug needle with someone who is infected. C) drinking from the same cup as someone who is infected. D) having anal intercourse with someone who is infected.
C
If the body's set point is something like a thermostat, the "thermometer" corresponds to the: A) amount of stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus. B) lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. C) level of leptin. D) amount of pituitary gland secretion.
C
In 2010, Congress passed the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, which made it easier for schools to limit the number of ______ purchased from vending machines. A) beverages B) food desserts C) competitive foods D) binge foods
C
In one study of HIV-infected gay men, Jane Leserman and her colleagues found that the risk of AIDS increased with: A) the age of the participants in the study. B) the average score on a satisfaction with social support scale. C) the use of denial as a coping strategy. D) each decrease in the socioeconomic status of the participants
C
In the United States more people are treated for ______ than for all other health conditions combined. A) heart disease B) cancer C) obesity D) stress-related disorders
C
In treating AIDS, reverse transcriptase inhibitors are often combined with protease inhibitors that: A) increase the proliferation of lymphocytes. B) block the inflammation response. C) attack HIV at a different stage of its life cycle. D) stimulate stem cell production.
C
Inhaling atomized nicotine with an e-cigarette is known as: A) smoking. B) puffing. C) vaping. D) huffing.
C
It is estimated that genes contribute approximately ______ percent to obesity. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 70
C
Kendra wants to cut down on the number of soft drinks in her diet. Her plan begins with a week of careful record-keeping in which she counts the number of soft drinks she consumes each day. This is an example of: A) operant reinforcement. B) stimulus control. C) self-monitoring. D) aversion therapy.
C
Lower cortisol levels and stronger immune systems are found in people who: A) score low in measures of self-efficacy. B) score high in measures of neuroticism. C) have a strong sense of control in their lives. D) have a weak sense of mastery in their lives.
C
Lydia, who suffers from seizures, lives in a state in which medical marijuana has been approved for use. Which of these could her physician prescribe to alleviate her symptoms? A) FDA-approved marijuana cigarettes B) nabilone C) cannabidiol D) THC resin balm
C
Marijuana and LSD are: A) depressants. B) stimulants. C) hallucinogens. D) opiates.
C
Most unintentional deaths from poisoning are caused by ______, especially ______. A) household chemicals; drain-cleaning products B) recreational drugs; methamphetamine C) drugs; prescription painkillers D) food-borne agents; E. coli
C
Neurogenesis refers to: A) the damaging neural effects of chronic sleep loss. B) the suppressed immunity that accompanies sleep loss. C) the formation of new nerve cells during sleep. D) the reorganization of memories during sleep
C
One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain why: A) people begin to experiment with drugs in the first place. B) certain drugs induce physical dependence while others do not. C) drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur. D) previous experience significantly decreases subsequent use.
C
Which of the following groups in North America and Western Europe are most commonly affected by HIV? A) prescription drug users B) heterosexual men C) IV drug users and gay men D) heterosexual women.
C
Which of these is NOT one of the preventive measures aimed at reducing motor vehicle accidents that are caused by poor decision making in young drivers? A) graduated driver licensing B) restricted night driving C) driver "buddy systems" D) no teenage passengers
C
Which of these is a measure of cardiorespiratory endurance? A) anaerobic capacity B) BMR C) VO2max D) ambulatory blood pressure
C
Which statement about THC and endocannabinoids is empirically supported? A) THC and endocannabinoids are quickly metabolized and eliminated from the body within 24 hours. B) Tolerance requires higher amounts to be taken in by the user to attain the same effects. C) THC and endocannabinoids are involved in appetite and mood regulation as well as in pain perception. D) Eating THC-rich foodstuffs is the fastest method to get THC into the bloodstream
C
Which statement about the consumption of fast food in the United States is NOT true? A) Frequent fast-food consumption has been shown to contribute to weight gain. B) The percentage of calories consumed varies by body weight. C) Non-Hispanic White adults consume the highest percentage of calories from fast food. D) As income increases, the consumption of calories from fast food decreases.
C
Which term refers to the body's ability to adapt to stress and to other elements of rapidly changing environments? A) anabolism B) catabolism C) allostasis D) resilience
C
After having an argument at work, Jack becomes impatient with his son's behavior at the dinner table. Jack's behavior is an example of: A) an interaction effect. B) social withdrawal. C) negative emotion spillover. D) avoidance.
Cc
34. Which type of intervention focuses on the conditions that elicit health behaviors and the factors that help maintain and reinforce them? A) cognitive interventions B) self-monitoring interventions C) aversion therapy D) cognitive-behavioral interventions
D
56. In one study, HIV-positive men participated in a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention. Which of these was NOT a finding of this study? A) lower post-treatment levels of anxiety and anger B) lower levels of perceived stress C) lower levels of norepinephrine output D) diminished levels of testosterone
D
A focus on improving lifestyle behaviors that influence sleep, such as getting regular exercise and not consuming caffeine late in the day, is known as ______. A) sleep relaxation training B) sleep environment improvement C) sleep restriction D) sleep hygiene
D
A healthy work culture is one in which employees pay attention to: A) individual and group performance. B) equipment, management systems, and workplace design. C) biology, cognition, and experiences. D) the people, the environment, and behaviors
D
A person with a BMI of 43 would be considered: A) normal weight. B) underweight. C) obese. D) morbidly obese
D
AIDS is considered a pandemic because: A) there is, at present, no cure. B) it affects a large group of people. C) it appears equally often in women and men. D) it is a worldwide epidemic.
D
Adults who habitually sleep more than seven hours a night night after night: A) have lower resting heart rates and higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. B) are less likely to be obese or hypertensive. C) have lower rates of cardiovascular disease. D) are at risk for health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
D
Alcohol abuse rates are lowest among which of the following sociocultural groups of U.S. high school students? A) European-American B) Hispanic-American C) African-American D) Asian-American
D
Alcohol consumption tends to: A) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control. B) decrease self-awareness and increase impulse control. C) increase self-awareness and increase impulse control. D) increase self-awareness and decrease impulse control
D
Animal studies show that aerobic exercise promotes learning and performance by increasing ______ in the brain, which stimulates neurogenesis. A) temperature B) the number of telomeres C) white blood cell counts D) growth factors
D
Negative emotion spillover and social withdrawal are examples of: A) interaction effects. B) main effects. C) allostasis. D) cross-over effects.
D
Obesity in mice has been traced to a defective gene for producing: A) serotonin. B) norepinephrine. C) acetylcholine. D) leptin.
D
People who tend toward self-enhancement: A) see themselves more negatively than others see them. B) tend to be maladjusted. C) struggle in environments that are changing or threatening. D) tend to be healthy
D
Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors. Which of these is NOT one of those factors? A) motivation to quit B) level of physical dependence on nicotine C) barriers to or support in remaining smoke-free D) age of the smoker
D
Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol users that alters the function of DRD2, which is a receptor for: A) serotonin. B) epinephrine. C) norepinephrine. D) dopamine.
D
Sleep loss can lead to exaggerated pain perception, perhaps by increasing blood levels of: A) ghrelin. B) PYY. C) cortisol. D) interleukin-6.
D
Sonya suffers from chronic pancreatitis. Her doctor asks her to lower her intake of fatty foods and to record how she feels after eating to learn which foods trigger a flare up. Sonya's doctor is employing an intervention that relies on the principles of: A) stimulus control. B) contingency contracting. C) relapse prevention. D) self-monitoring.
D
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's current nutrition guide is called: A) MyNutrition. B) the glycemic guide. C) the food pyramid. D) MyPlate.
D
The ______ areas of the brain develop ahead of the ______ areas. A) analytic; executive B) executive; analytic C) impulse control; emotional D) emotional; executive
D
The best way to lose weight and keep it off is to ______ and ______. A) count calories; limit portion size B) eat one less meal each day; limit portion size C) exercise; take an appetite-suppression drug D) develop sound eating habits; engage in regular physical exercise
D
The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include all of these EXCEPT: A) refusal to maintain body weight above a BMI of 18. B) intense fear of weight gain. C) disturbance of body image. D) lack of control over eating
D
The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called: A) disinhibition. B) tolerance. C) neuroadaptation. D) withdrawal
D
The fact that people who are physically dependent on one substance (such as nicotine) are more likely to be addicted to others as well (such as alcohol) provides support for a(n) ______ model of addiction. A) social learning B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) reward
D
The group of adults who are most likely to have tried and most likely to be current users of e-cigarettes are non-Hispanic A) white females. B) black males. C) Asian females. D) American Indian or Alaskan native males.
D
The health hazards of bulimia often include each of these EXCEPT: A) laxative dependence. B) damaged teeth from purging. C) anemia. D) slowed thyroid function
D
The intervention in which individualized health messages are delivered over multiple time periods to provide unique feedback to patients is: A) evidence-based messaging. B) stepped care. C) ecological momentary assessment. D) dynamic tailoring.
D
The major dietary culprit in cancer is: A) beta-carotene. B) polyunsaturated fat. C) monounsaturated fat. D) saturated fat.
D
The minimum number of calories the body needs to maintain bodily functions while at rest is called: A) aerobic threshold. B) resting metabolism. C) caloric baseline. D) basal metabolic rate
D
The second-leading cause of unintentional injury deaths worldwide is: A) overexertion. B) cutting or piercing. C) poisoning. D) falling.
D
The so-called bad cholesterol is to ______ as good cholesterol is to ______. A) HDL; LDL B) HDL; LH C) LDL; VMH D) LDL; HDL
D
The terms injury control and harm reduction underscore the fact that most injuries are: A) random events. B) unavoidable events. C) predictable and unavoidable. D) predictable and preventable
D
The two leading causes of death in lower-middle and high-income countries are: A) HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. B) stroke and HIV/AIDS. C) heart disease and HIV/AIDS. D) ischemic heart disease and stroke.
D
Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are those who ______ value thinness and have the ______ body image satisfaction. A) least; lowest B) most; greatest C) least; greatest D) most; lowest
D
Which factor is NOT an influence on an individual's willingness to enter treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD)? A) ethnicity B) gender C) age D) educational attainment
D
Which of these drugs does NOT belong with the others? A) cocaine B) amphetamines C) nicotine D) alcohol
D
Which statement has NOT been offered as an explanation for the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status? A) Lower-income people have more limited access to health care services. B) Less educated people may lack knowledge about the hazards of obesity. C) The stress of poverty may trigger increased eating as a defensive coping mechanism. D) Lower-income people have lower levels of will-power
D
Which statement is NOT true of catabolic reactions? A) They are characterized by the release of catecholamines. B) They break down tissues to be converted to energy. C) They are characterized by the release of cortisol and other "fight-or-flight" hormones. D) They build the body.
D
With the approach of night, a person's body temperature begins to drop. This illustrates the dynamics of the: A) dopamine reward system. B) REM/NREM cycle. C) basal metabolic rate. D) circadian rhythm.
D
Women are generally more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of all of these reasons EXCEPT: A) women who use IV drugs are more likely to use a needle only after their male counterpart has used it. B) women often have less control over whether a condom will be used. C) more of the virus is found in male ejaculate than in vaginal secretions. D) HIV levels in women are twice those of men with similar lymphocyte counts.
D
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System project identified each of these health-risk behaviors as ones that put young people at risk for premature death and illness EXCEPT: A) not using proven medical methods for diagnosing disease early. B) abusing alcohol or other drugs. C) engaging in violent behavior. D) irregular sleep habits.
Irregular sleep habits
Which statement is NOT true of people who do not have health insurance (compared with those who do)? A) They receive about one-half the medical care. B) They are likely to die at a younger age. C) They are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages of illness. D) They are more often women than men
They are more often women than men
Educational interventions aimed at changing health beliefs: A) have not proven to be very successful. B) are more effective when aimed at people with high socioeconomic status. C) are more effective with women than with men. D) are effective in increasing health-protective behaviors
are effective in increasing health-protective behaviors
Most people in the United States who do not have health insurance: A) come from families living below the federal poverty level. B) come from working families with incomes above the federal poverty level. C) are elderly, retired adults. D) can afford to buy insurance but choose not to.
come from working families with incomes above the federal poverty level
Maturing out refers to the: A) decline in heavy drinking among college students as they grow older. B) tendency of younger adolescents to imitate the health behaviors of older, admired peers. C) new trend of highly stressed workers electing to take early retirement. D) decline in the rate of accidental injuries as children grow older
decline in heavy drinking among college students as they grow older
Morbidity refers to a state of being: A) disabled. B) ill. C) in pain. D) disabled, ill, or in pain.
disabled, ill or in pain
Community-based interventions: A) work best when they are multifaceted rather than single-shot campaigns. B) are generally less effective than interventions aimed at the individual. C) are difficult to promote due to a lack of evidence that links rates of mortality and morbidity to social conditions such as poverty. D) are on the decline due to economic issues.
work best when they are multifaceted rather than single-shot campaigns